O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento, a sobrevivência e o desempenho de leitões leves quando uniformizados com leitões de maior peso. Os leitões foram transferidos para 60 fêmeas receptoras, sendo divididos em três grupos (G) (n= 20): G1- 12 leitões leves (0,80-1,25 kg); G2- seis leitões leves e seis leitões médios (1,40-1,60 kg) e G3- seis leitões leves e seis leitões pesados (>1,70 kg). Para a análise, os grupos 2 e 3 foram subdivididos em LG2 (leves do G2), MG2 (médios do G2), LG3 (leves do G3) e PG3 (pesados do G3). Observações comportamentais foram efetuadas nos dias 1, 2, 4 e 6 (avaliação visual direta) e nos dias 3 e 5 (câmeras de vídeo) após o nascimento. Após a abertura do escamoteador, foi observado que os leitões LG3 e HG3 se dirigiram mais para o úbere do que os leitões LG1, LG2 e IG2, no dia 6. O percentual de mamadas perdidas foi maior nos leitões LG3 do que nos outros grupos, no dia 1, e maior do que os leitões LG1, IG2 e HG3, no dia 2. No dia 4, mais leitões leves (LG1, LG2 e LG3) perderam mamadas do que os leitões IG2 e HG3. No dia 1, os leitões IG2 brigaram mais durante a mamada do que os leitões LG1 e LG3. Também no dia 1, o número de brigas e o percentual de leitões envolvidos em brigas, durante 15 minutos após a mamada, foi maior nos leitões LG1, LG3 e HG3 do que nos leitões LG2. No dia 2, mais leitões LG2 se envolveram em brigas do que leitões LG1, LG3 e HG3. Maior número de brincadeiras foi observado no dia 2 em leitões IG2 e HG3 em comparação aos leitões LG1, LG2 e LG3. Não houve diferença entre os grupos no percentual de leitões vocalizando, antes e após a mamada, em todos os dias de observação. Os leitões leves (LG1, LG2 e LG3) apresentaram peso semelhante, nos dias 4, 8, 12 e 16 após o nascimento, independentemente de serem ou não misturados com leitões de maior peso; no entanto, a taxa de sobrevivência até o dia 16 foi menor nos leitões LG3 do que nos outros grupos. Apesar do peso ao desmame dos leitões leves não ter sido influenciado pelo peso de seus companheiros de leitegada, os resultados de sobrevivência mostram que eles não devem ser misturados com leitões pesados. / The aim of the study was to evaluate the behaviour, pre-weaning survival and growth performance of low-birth weight piglets cross-fostered with piglets of higher weights. Piglets were transferred to 60 foster sows, and divided in three groups (G; n=20): G1- 12 low-birth weight piglets (0.80-1.25 kg); G2- six low-birth weight piglets and six intermediate-birth weight piglets (1.40-1.60 kg), and G3- six low-birth weight piglets and six high-birth weight piglets (>1.70 kg). For analysis purposes, groups G2 and G3 were subdivided in LG2 (six G2 light piglets); IG2 (six G2 intermediate-weight piglets), LG3 (six G3 light piglets), and HG3 (six G3 heavy piglets). Behavioural observations were performed on days 1, 2, 4 and 6 (visual direct observation) and on days 3 and 5 (video recording) after birth. After opening the creep box, more LG3 and HG3 piglets moved towards the udder than LG1, LG2 and IG2 piglets, on day 6. The percentage of missed nursings was higher in LG3 piglets than in the other groups, on day 1, and more than LG1, IG2 and HG3 piglets, on day 2. On day 4, light piglets (LG1, LG2 and LG3) missed more nursings than IG2 and HG3 piglets. On day 3, video recording showed a higher percentage of missed nursings in LG1, LG2, and LG3 piglets as compared to HG3 piglets. On day 1, the number of fights during nursing was higher in IG2 than in LG1 and LG3 piglets. Also on day 1, number of fights and percentage of piglets engaged in fights, during 15 min after nursing, were higher in LG1, LG3 and HG3 than in LG2 piglets. On day 2, more LG2 piglets were engaged in fights than LG1, LG3 and HG3 piglets. More playful behaviours were observed on day 2 in IG2 and HG3 piglets compared to LG1, LG2 and LG3 piglets. There were no differences among groups in percentage of piglets vocalizing, before and after nursing, on any day of observation. Light piglets (LG1, LG2, and LG3) presented similar body weight on days 4, 8, 12 and 16 after birth, regardless of being or not mixed with piglets of higher weights; however, the survival rate until day 16 was most compromised in LG3 piglets compared to the other groups. In spite of weaning weight of low-birth weight piglets not be influenced by the weight of their littermates, the results of survival until weaning show that they should not be mixed with high-birth weight piglets.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento, a sobrevivência e o desempenho de leitões leves quando uniformizados com leitões de maior peso. Os leitões foram transferidos para 60 fêmeas receptoras, sendo divididos em três grupos (G) (n= 20): G1- 12 leitões leves (0,80-1,25 kg); G2- seis leitões leves e seis leitões médios (1,40-1,60 kg) e G3- seis leitões leves e seis leitões pesados (>1,70 kg). Para a análise, os grupos 2 e 3 foram subdivididos em LG2 (leves do G2), MG2 (médios do G2), LG3 (leves do G3) e PG3 (pesados do G3). Observações comportamentais foram efetuadas nos dias 1, 2, 4 e 6 (avaliação visual direta) e nos dias 3 e 5 (câmeras de vídeo) após o nascimento. Após a abertura do escamoteador, foi observado que os leitões LG3 e HG3 se dirigiram mais para o úbere do que os leitões LG1, LG2 e IG2, no dia 6. O percentual de mamadas perdidas foi maior nos leitões LG3 do que nos outros grupos, no dia 1, e maior do que os leitões LG1, IG2 e HG3, no dia 2. No dia 4, mais leitões leves (LG1, LG2 e LG3) perderam mamadas do que os leitões IG2 e HG3. No dia 1, os leitões IG2 brigaram mais durante a mamada do que os leitões LG1 e LG3. Também no dia 1, o número de brigas e o percentual de leitões envolvidos em brigas, durante 15 minutos após a mamada, foi maior nos leitões LG1, LG3 e HG3 do que nos leitões LG2. No dia 2, mais leitões LG2 se envolveram em brigas do que leitões LG1, LG3 e HG3. Maior número de brincadeiras foi observado no dia 2 em leitões IG2 e HG3 em comparação aos leitões LG1, LG2 e LG3. Não houve diferença entre os grupos no percentual de leitões vocalizando, antes e após a mamada, em todos os dias de observação. Os leitões leves (LG1, LG2 e LG3) apresentaram peso semelhante, nos dias 4, 8, 12 e 16 após o nascimento, independentemente de serem ou não misturados com leitões de maior peso; no entanto, a taxa de sobrevivência até o dia 16 foi menor nos leitões LG3 do que nos outros grupos. Apesar do peso ao desmame dos leitões leves não ter sido influenciado pelo peso de seus companheiros de leitegada, os resultados de sobrevivência mostram que eles não devem ser misturados com leitões pesados. / The aim of the study was to evaluate the behaviour, pre-weaning survival and growth performance of low-birth weight piglets cross-fostered with piglets of higher weights. Piglets were transferred to 60 foster sows, and divided in three groups (G; n=20): G1- 12 low-birth weight piglets (0.80-1.25 kg); G2- six low-birth weight piglets and six intermediate-birth weight piglets (1.40-1.60 kg), and G3- six low-birth weight piglets and six high-birth weight piglets (>1.70 kg). For analysis purposes, groups G2 and G3 were subdivided in LG2 (six G2 light piglets); IG2 (six G2 intermediate-weight piglets), LG3 (six G3 light piglets), and HG3 (six G3 heavy piglets). Behavioural observations were performed on days 1, 2, 4 and 6 (visual direct observation) and on days 3 and 5 (video recording) after birth. After opening the creep box, more LG3 and HG3 piglets moved towards the udder than LG1, LG2 and IG2 piglets, on day 6. The percentage of missed nursings was higher in LG3 piglets than in the other groups, on day 1, and more than LG1, IG2 and HG3 piglets, on day 2. On day 4, light piglets (LG1, LG2 and LG3) missed more nursings than IG2 and HG3 piglets. On day 3, video recording showed a higher percentage of missed nursings in LG1, LG2, and LG3 piglets as compared to HG3 piglets. On day 1, the number of fights during nursing was higher in IG2 than in LG1 and LG3 piglets. Also on day 1, number of fights and percentage of piglets engaged in fights, during 15 min after nursing, were higher in LG1, LG3 and HG3 than in LG2 piglets. On day 2, more LG2 piglets were engaged in fights than LG1, LG3 and HG3 piglets. More playful behaviours were observed on day 2 in IG2 and HG3 piglets compared to LG1, LG2 and LG3 piglets. There were no differences among groups in percentage of piglets vocalizing, before and after nursing, on any day of observation. Light piglets (LG1, LG2, and LG3) presented similar body weight on days 4, 8, 12 and 16 after birth, regardless of being or not mixed with piglets of higher weights; however, the survival rate until day 16 was most compromised in LG3 piglets compared to the other groups. In spite of weaning weight of low-birth weight piglets not be influenced by the weight of their littermates, the results of survival until weaning show that they should not be mixed with high-birth weight piglets.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento, a sobrevivência e o desempenho de leitões leves quando uniformizados com leitões de maior peso. Os leitões foram transferidos para 60 fêmeas receptoras, sendo divididos em três grupos (G) (n= 20): G1- 12 leitões leves (0,80-1,25 kg); G2- seis leitões leves e seis leitões médios (1,40-1,60 kg) e G3- seis leitões leves e seis leitões pesados (>1,70 kg). Para a análise, os grupos 2 e 3 foram subdivididos em LG2 (leves do G2), MG2 (médios do G2), LG3 (leves do G3) e PG3 (pesados do G3). Observações comportamentais foram efetuadas nos dias 1, 2, 4 e 6 (avaliação visual direta) e nos dias 3 e 5 (câmeras de vídeo) após o nascimento. Após a abertura do escamoteador, foi observado que os leitões LG3 e HG3 se dirigiram mais para o úbere do que os leitões LG1, LG2 e IG2, no dia 6. O percentual de mamadas perdidas foi maior nos leitões LG3 do que nos outros grupos, no dia 1, e maior do que os leitões LG1, IG2 e HG3, no dia 2. No dia 4, mais leitões leves (LG1, LG2 e LG3) perderam mamadas do que os leitões IG2 e HG3. No dia 1, os leitões IG2 brigaram mais durante a mamada do que os leitões LG1 e LG3. Também no dia 1, o número de brigas e o percentual de leitões envolvidos em brigas, durante 15 minutos após a mamada, foi maior nos leitões LG1, LG3 e HG3 do que nos leitões LG2. No dia 2, mais leitões LG2 se envolveram em brigas do que leitões LG1, LG3 e HG3. Maior número de brincadeiras foi observado no dia 2 em leitões IG2 e HG3 em comparação aos leitões LG1, LG2 e LG3. Não houve diferença entre os grupos no percentual de leitões vocalizando, antes e após a mamada, em todos os dias de observação. Os leitões leves (LG1, LG2 e LG3) apresentaram peso semelhante, nos dias 4, 8, 12 e 16 após o nascimento, independentemente de serem ou não misturados com leitões de maior peso; no entanto, a taxa de sobrevivência até o dia 16 foi menor nos leitões LG3 do que nos outros grupos. Apesar do peso ao desmame dos leitões leves não ter sido influenciado pelo peso de seus companheiros de leitegada, os resultados de sobrevivência mostram que eles não devem ser misturados com leitões pesados. / The aim of the study was to evaluate the behaviour, pre-weaning survival and growth performance of low-birth weight piglets cross-fostered with piglets of higher weights. Piglets were transferred to 60 foster sows, and divided in three groups (G; n=20): G1- 12 low-birth weight piglets (0.80-1.25 kg); G2- six low-birth weight piglets and six intermediate-birth weight piglets (1.40-1.60 kg), and G3- six low-birth weight piglets and six high-birth weight piglets (>1.70 kg). For analysis purposes, groups G2 and G3 were subdivided in LG2 (six G2 light piglets); IG2 (six G2 intermediate-weight piglets), LG3 (six G3 light piglets), and HG3 (six G3 heavy piglets). Behavioural observations were performed on days 1, 2, 4 and 6 (visual direct observation) and on days 3 and 5 (video recording) after birth. After opening the creep box, more LG3 and HG3 piglets moved towards the udder than LG1, LG2 and IG2 piglets, on day 6. The percentage of missed nursings was higher in LG3 piglets than in the other groups, on day 1, and more than LG1, IG2 and HG3 piglets, on day 2. On day 4, light piglets (LG1, LG2 and LG3) missed more nursings than IG2 and HG3 piglets. On day 3, video recording showed a higher percentage of missed nursings in LG1, LG2, and LG3 piglets as compared to HG3 piglets. On day 1, the number of fights during nursing was higher in IG2 than in LG1 and LG3 piglets. Also on day 1, number of fights and percentage of piglets engaged in fights, during 15 min after nursing, were higher in LG1, LG3 and HG3 than in LG2 piglets. On day 2, more LG2 piglets were engaged in fights than LG1, LG3 and HG3 piglets. More playful behaviours were observed on day 2 in IG2 and HG3 piglets compared to LG1, LG2 and LG3 piglets. There were no differences among groups in percentage of piglets vocalizing, before and after nursing, on any day of observation. Light piglets (LG1, LG2, and LG3) presented similar body weight on days 4, 8, 12 and 16 after birth, regardless of being or not mixed with piglets of higher weights; however, the survival rate until day 16 was most compromised in LG3 piglets compared to the other groups. In spite of weaning weight of low-birth weight piglets not be influenced by the weight of their littermates, the results of survival until weaning show that they should not be mixed with high-birth weight piglets.

[pt] O presente trabalho tem por objetivo examinar de que forma se dão os processos de acolhimento, inclusão e subjetivação da pessoa em situação de refúgio no Rio de Janeiro. Para isso, analisou entrevistas realizadas com um grupo de refugia-dos e migrantes vinculados ao projeto gastronômico de valorização cultural chamado Chega Junto. Nesse processo, foram realizadas entrevistas com os responsáveis pelas instituições e iniciativas parceiras, como a Junta Local, a Igreja Christ Church e a PARES Cáritas, assim como com os próprios organizadores e colaboradores da feira, como o Abraço Cultural. À luz dessas entrevistas e dessas histórias, este trabalho propõe-se a entender a construção da autoestima dos refugiados através da possível rede de solidariedade criada, assim como ressaltar o papel da comida como expressão de identidade e cultura, e por isso, imbuída de grande valor social. / [en] The present study aims to examine how the processes of shelter, inclusion and subjectivation of the people in refugee situation in Rio de Janeiro are given. For that, was analyzed a number of interviews with a group of refugees and migrants linked to the gastronomic project of cultural valorization called Chega Junto. In this process, interviews were conducted with those responsible for the institutions and partner initiatives, such as the Junta Local fair, the Christ Church, and PARES Cáritas, as well as with the organizers and collaborators of the fair. In the light of these interviews and these stories, this work aims to understand the construction of refugee self-esteem through the possible network of solidarity created, as well as to emphasize the role of food as an expression of identity and culture, and therefore, imbued with great social value.

This study aims to understand the experience of a non-White family trying to adopt a transracial child. ‘Transracial adoption’ is defined as a family adopting a child from a different race than theirs. My overarching focus is on how society comes to understand transracial adoption as a one-way transfer of minority children into White families, however, when the roles are reversed there is a lack of acceptance for minority families adopting transracially – specifically, when the adoptive child is White. The purpose of my study is to share my mine and mother’s life experience of fostering, social workers, child welfare and adoption so that minorities who are looking to adopt transracially may use mine and/or my mother’s life experience to help guide their adoption process if they feel they are being discriminated against. This study will also explore motivations, values, ethics and possible biases regarding transracial adoptions. Highlighting the contradictions that exist in transracial adoption practices I will use my own research as a platform for awareness of how social work practice can influence the lives of minorities who would like to adopt transracially, and for the need at both a macro and micro to create clearer transracial adoption policies for minority and White families. / Thesis / Master of Social Welfare (MSW)

In an era of information explosion, cut-throat global competition and fast-paced innovation, small software companies have no alternative but to be more creative. This thesis aims to investigate the impact of using gamification as a creativity fostering mechanism on the proliferation of creative ideas in Banan Information Technologies, a small software development company in Sudan. Through quantitative and qualitative analysis, the thesis studies gamification’s influence on the number and quality of ideas proposed within the gamification experience. To better quantify quality, certain software quality assessment metrics, inspired by the industry’s best practices, were utilized and adhered to by a cohort of software experts. The case study presented in this thesis aimed to understand not only the direct impact of the utilization of gamification as a creativity catalyst, but also – through deep, hours-long interviews – strived to grasp the wider cultural and psychological ramifications of employing such mechanism. Gamification was found to have a strong impact on the number of ideas proposed over the tenure of the study, with the total number of ideas jumping almost fourfold in comparison to the number of ideas reported in an equally-long period prior to the introduction of gamification. The quality of proposed ideas deteriorated, however, averaging only half of the records reported over the said prior period. Through qualitative analysis, the researcher tried to investigate the reasons behind these figures. Interviews revealed myriad factors that may have affected the quantity and quality of ideas, ranging from peer pressure and internal campaigning within the company to fearing that one’s high-quality idea will be lost in the midst of mediocre ideas

[pt] A tese se insere no campo de estudos sobre o refúgio e sua intersecção com o campo das dissidências LGBTQIA+. Nesse contexto, produziu-se uma leitura acerca da geopolítica de corpos dissidentes em deslocamento em busca de refúgio no Brasil, em particular na cidade de São Paulo. Corpos que se deslocam nas fronteiras, atravessados por seus gêneros, sexualidades e outros marcadores da diferença. Corpos que sofrem perseguições, violências e políticas de morte (necropolítica), que têm os seus direitos humanos negados: o direito à vida, à residência e a viver livremente. Os principais objetivos deste trabalho basearam-se em refletir sobre as articulações entre a tríade gêneros, sexualidades e a política de refúgio na perspectiva contemporânea; analisar o contexto sociopolítico em que ocorreu a incorporação da temática das dissidências de gêneros e sexuais no Sistema Internacional de Proteção às pessoas refugiadas; analisar as experiências dos atendimentos dos profissionais de um centro de atendimento que atuam com o deslocamento, a integração local e o acolhimento de pessoas refugiadas e solicitantes de refúgio LGBTQIA+ na cidade de São Paulo; conhecer os processos de partidas e chegadas das tessituras institucionais de refugiados/as LGBTQIA+ no acesso aos direitos em São Paulo e identificar barreiras nos serviços, projetos e programas prestados nos diferentes espaços das redes de apoio e proteção, dentro das políticas públicas aos/as refugiados/as LGBTQIA+ na cidade de São Paulo. O percurso metodológico baseou-se em pesquisa qualitativa e exploratória. Foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico sobre dissidências de gênero e sexuais, Teoria Queer, refúgio, migração e análise de documentos internacionais e nacionais das políticas de proteção aos refugiados. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas de forma remota com duas profissionais do Centro de Referência e Atendimento para Imigrantes – Oriana Jara (CRAI) de São Paulo e com um ativista que atua com a população LGBTQIA+ em situação de refúgio, tendo em vista o cenário pandêmico da COVID-19. Observou-se que em São Paulo, apesar de possuir uma rede complexa de serviços públicos e privados que integram políticas de atendimento/acolhida/integração para imigrantes e refugiados/as (heterossexuais) e políticas para LGBTIs (nacionais), ainda não dispõe de ações e estratégias consolidadas em relação ao público imigrante LGBTQIA+. Logo, o cenário vivenciado pela população LGBTQIA+ é de vulnerabilidade e marginalização, suscetíveis a sofrerem desproteção social, LGBTfobia, xenofobia e racismo. Pode-se inferir que existe uma invisibilidade das pessoas que migram devido às questões de gênero e sexualidade nos atendimentos do CRAI, pela ausência de dados oficiais dos órgãos locais, nacionais e internacionais. O maior desafio apontado pelos profissionais é a questão do trabalho para este público, por sofrer discriminação de várias ordens. Ressalta-se, porém, que mesmo com obstáculos de ordem jurídica, social, política e econômica, encontra-se potência na agenda de proteção social no Brasil para pessoas LGBTQIA+ refugiadas, como os grupos organizativos que possibilitam resistências coletivas, o respeito ao uso do nome social nos equipamentos públicos e o acesso aos serviços de saúde. São inúmeros os desafios ao acesso da população LGBTQIA+ aos tratamentos no Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS, principalmente ao grupo trans, como a transfobia, discriminação, exclusão, violências, patologização da transexualidade, porém, de acordo com os profissionais, o Brasil é um dos países compreendidos por esse público, onde possuem o direito ao acesso a tratamentos e serviços específicos. / [en] The thesis is part of the field of studies on refuge and its intersection with the field of LGBTQIA+ dissidences. In this context, a reading was produced about the geopolitics of dissident bodies in displacement in search of refuge in Brazil, particularly in the city of São Paulo. Bodies that move across borders, crossed by their genders, sexualities and other markers of difference. Bodies that suffer persecution, violence and death policies (necropolitics), who have their human rights denied: the right to life, residence and to live freely. The main objectives of this work were based on reflecting on the articulations between the triad of genders, sexualities and the refuge policy in the contemporary perspective; to analyze the socio-political context in which the issue of gender and sexual dissidence was incorporated into the International System for the Protection of Refugees; to analyze the experiences of professionals from a service center who work with displacement, local integration and reception of refugees and LGBTQIA+ asylum seekers in the city of São Paulo; to know the departure and arrival processes of the institutional fabrics of LGBTQIA+ refugees in accessing rights in São Paulo and identify barriers in the services, projects and programs provided in the different spaces of the support and protection networks, within the public policies for refugees LGBTQIA+ in the city of São Paulo. The methodological course was based on qualitative and exploratory research. A bibliographic survey was carried out on gender and sexual dissidence, Queer Theory, refuge, migration and analysis of international and national documents on refugee protection policies. Semi-structured interviews were conducted remotely with two professionals from the Centro de Referência e Atendimento para Imigrantes – Oriana Jara (CRAI) from São Paulo and with an activist who works with the LGBTQIA+ population in refugee situations, in view of the COVID pandemic scenario. It was observed that in São Paulo, despite having a complex network of public and private services that 17 integrate care/welcome/integration policies for immigrants and refugees (heterosexuals) and policies for LGBTIs (nationals), it still does not have actions and consolidated strategies in relation to the LGBTQIA+ immigrant public. Therefore, the scenario experienced by the LGBTQIA+ population is one of vulnerability and marginalization, susceptible to social unprotected, LGBTphobia, xenophobia and racism. It can be inferred that there is an invisibility of people who migrate due to gender and sexuality issues in CRAI care, due to the absence of official data from institutions (local, national and international). The biggest challenge pointed out by professionals is the issue of work for this public, as they suffer discrimination of various kinds. It is noteworthy, however, that even with legal, social, political and economic obstacles, there is power in the social protection agenda in Brazil for LGBTQIA+ refugees, such as the organizational groups that enable collective resistance, respect the use of the social name in public facilities and access to health services. There are numerous challenges to the LGBTQIA+ population s access to treatments in the Unified Health System - SUS in portuguese, especially to the trans group, such as transphobia, discrimination, exclusion, violence, pathologization of transsexuality, however, according to professionals, Brazil is a of the countries comprised by this public, where they have the right to access specific treatments and services.

Current sequencing technologies allows researchers unprecedented insight into our biology, and how these biological mechanisms can become distorted and lead to disease. These aberrant mechanisms can be brought about by many causes, but some occur as a result of genetic mutations or external factors through the epigenome. Here, we used our microfluidic technology to profile the epigenome and transcriptome to study such aberrant mechanisms in three different diseases and illnesses: breast cancer, chronic inflammation, and mental illness. We profiled the epigenome of breast tissue from healthy women with the BRCA1 mutation to understand how the mutation may facilitate eventual breast cancer. Epigenomic changes in breast cells suggest that cells in the basal compartment may differentiate into a different cell type, and perhaps become the source of breast cancer. Next, we compared the epigenome and genome of murine immune cells under low-grade inflammation and acute inflammation conditions. We found that low-grade inflammation preferentially utilizes different signaling pathways than in acute inflammation, and this may lead to a non-resolving state. Finally, we analyzed the effect of the maternal immune activation on unborn offspring, and how these changes could cause later mental illness. The insights we made into these diseases may lead to future therapies. / Doctor of Philosophy / Despite advances in medical and scientific research, there is still a dearth of information on how diseases affect the expression of our genes, such as breast cancer, chronic inflammation, and influenza. Mutation in the BRCA1 gene is probably the most well-known mutation that can lead to breast cancer. We know the overarching reason that mutation in BRCA1 can lead to cancer, as BRCA1 is responsible for repairing damage in the DNA, so mutations can compound and create cancerous cells. However, we do not know the exact mechanisms by which this actually happens. Another widespread problem is chronic inflammation, which can promote or lead to diseases such as diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer's, Rheumatoid arthritis, and heart disease. In addition, there are many causes of chronic inflammation that many people have experienced at some point in time, including stress, insomnia, being sedentary, poor eating habits, and obesity. Despite this, we still do not fully understand why chronic inflammation differs from normal inflammation, which is a healthy process, or why it does not resolve. There are also other connections that are surprising, and many are not aware of. If a pregnant woman gets the flu during her second trimester, her baby has much higher odds of developing schizophrenia later in its lifetime. Given the prevalence of the flu, there is a very real chance that an expecting mother will be infected during her pregnancy.

Sustiprintas muzikinis ugdymas pradinėje mokykloje sudaro ypatingas sąlygas vaiko muzikiniam augimui. Tam, kad muzikiniai interesai netaptų trumpalaikiais ir atsitiktiniais, reikia juos nukreipti į pastovių interesų vagą. Ypatingai sėkmingai formuojasi muzikiniai interesai tada, kada jų ugdymas tikslingai nukreipiamas žemesnėse klasėse. Tuomet galima išugdyti mokinių domėjimąsi įvairiažanre muzika. Šio tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti ir nustatyti, kokią įtaką vaikų muzikiniams interesams turi sustiprintas muzikinis ugdymas pradinėje mokykloje. Tyrimo objektas - pradinių klasių mokinių muzikinių interesų formavimo efektyvinimas. Keliama tyrimo hipotezė, kad tik sustiprintas muzikinis ugdymas gali užtikrinti įvairiapusių muzikinių interesų ugdymo efektyvumą. Tikrinant hipotezę buvo įgyvendinti tokie tyrimo uždaviniai: 1) išanalizuota literatūra apie interesų, taip pat muzikos interesų ugdymą; 2) atliktas tyrimas ir nustatytas sustiprinto muzikinio ugdymo pradinėse klasėse efektyvumas, formuojant įvairiapusius vaikų muzikinius interesus. Atliekant empirinį tyrimą taikyti šie metodai: anketinė apklausa, aprašomoji statistika, interviu. Tyrimo metu apklausti Prienų Nemuno pradinės mokyklos, kurioje dirbama pagal sustiprinto muzikinio ugdymo programą, 2–4 klasių mokiniai: 181 mokinys, lankantis sustiprintą muzikinį ugdymą ir 54 mokiniai, nepasirinkę šio ugdymo. Interviu tyrimu buvo apklausti 6 gimnazijos moksleiviai, kurie pradinėje... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Heighted musical education in primary school makes very special conditions for child‘s musical growth. It is necessary to form learner‘s interests, otherwise they can not last long and be permanent. The earlier the interests are formed, the more successful are the achievements. In that time the highest level of musical interests are fostered. The aim of this investigation is to evaluate and to establish the influence in children‘s musical interests, when they are taught in heighted musical level in primary school. In the hypothesis it is said that only heighted musical fostering can confirm the efficiency of versatile musical interests fostering. During the checking of the hypothesis those tasks were done:1) the literature of interests , musical interests fostering was analysed; 2) the investigation was made and it was established the efficiency of heighted musical fostering in formation versatile musical children interests in primary school. During the investigation such methods were pointed: questionnaire, statistics description, interview. The learners of 2- 4 classes took part in investigation. They attend Prienai Nemunas primary school (there is heighted musical fostering programme). 181 pupils who are taught by heighted musical fostering programme and 54 students who have not chosen it were interviewed. Also 6 students from gymnasium, who previously attended Nemunas school and... [to full text]

The aim of this study is to acquire knowledge regarding democratic education in upper secondary school programmes with different gender and social class profiles. It covers the teaching in and about democracy, pupils’ power-positions and their attempts to affect routine school activities. A particular focus of attention was processes of influence, through which the pupils themselves pursue issues in school. The analysis is based on theories and previous research focused on gender and class perspectives of fostering democracy. Basil Bernstein’s theories regarding power, control and pedagogic codes, in combination with feminist theories (principally those of Arnot, Reay, Skeggs, Gordon and Walkerdine), form the basis of the theoretical framework. Ethnographic methods have been applied, including participatory observations, conversations, interviews, and analysis of relevant documents over one academic year. Two Swedish upper secondary school classes were followed: one from the vocational Child and Recreation Programme and one from the academic Natural Science Programme. Teaching students about democracy and invitations for them to exert influence appeared generally to be unplanned and were marginalised in school. The few invitations that occurred had an individual stamp and focused on pupils’ choices, responsibilities and duties, rather than on their rights in school. Democracy was presented in the form of facts about formal democracy and formal participation in democracy in the future, while a more critical   attitude and possible influence strategies for youths were marginalised. Pupils in both classes wished and attempted to influence teaching, primarily through informal means. There were, however, significant differences between the classes in what they were able to influence. Analysis of pupils’ voices in relation to the pedagogic context revealed that the power relationships in these influence processes depend partly on the focal academic subject. More   importantly, they also differ between the upper secondary school programs, which differ in strength of classification (sensu Bernstein), demands, pace and difficulty levels. These   differences are related, in turn, to whether the programmes are intended to prepare the pupils for higher education and/or a vocation after school. Generally, the Child and Recreation pupils exerted influence more successfully when they wished to reduce the pace and difficulty of lessons than when they wished to get more out of their education, while the opposite applied to the Natural Science class. Who had influence over what was principally   related to the programmes’ gender and class profiles and the pupils’ expected positions in society. / Ett aktivt medborgarskap? Om demokratifostran i gymnasieskolan