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This dissertation examines how we construct security threats. Theoretically, it contributes to the literature on securitization and threat construction, which has hitherto overlooked how influential bureaucracies that – in contrast to the police and the military – have little to gain from widened threat perceptions, may still contribute to threat construction. The dissertation studies the European Commission and the issue of irregular immigration. By using frame analysis, it firstly explores what constructions of irregular immigration that the Commission generates and to what extent these contribute to threat construction. Using the Bourdieusian concepts of field, capital and habitus, it secondly analyzes how certain constructions of irregular immigration are authorized at the expense of others, due to the inner bureaucratic logic of the Commission. The empirical result reveals that the Commission mostly defines irregular immigrants as victims, yet simultaneously favors policy solutions that mainly seek to avert immigration. The Commission thus contributes to threat construction primarily through its policy solutions. Studying the inner logic of the Commission field highlights how informal routines and tacit power relations between Commission departments authorize certain frames over others. Importantly, the analysis shows how the naming of irregular immigrants as victims tends not to cost the officials anything in terms of symbolic capital, whereas the suggesting of less restrictive solutions tends to do so. Definitions and policy solutions thus follow different bureaucratic logics, which enables a mismatch between them. Moreover, the threat construction appears not because Commission officials believe that restrictive measures are the only way to solve problems linked to irregular immigration. On the contrary, officials believe that a multitude of solutions are needed. Instead, the threat construction is an unintended consequence of the logic of the field. / <p>Författaren är verksam både vid Statsvetenskapliga institutionen på Stockholms universitet och vid Statsvetenskapliga avdelningen på Försvarshögskolan.</p>

Det här är en studie i hur män och kvinnor avbildas och  beskrivs i bilder på sportsidorna under tre olympiska spel, OS i Amsterdam 1928, OS i Melbourne 1956 och OS i Los Angeles 1984, mot bakgrund av Anja Hirdmans uppsats Male Norms and Female Forms. Hon har i sin studie endast studerat nyhetsplats och inte idrottssidor och den här uppsatsen är ett försök att problematisera hennes resultat.  I uppsatsen har vi valt att studera de båda svenska tidningarna Dagens nyheter och Idrottsbladet genom att använda semiotisk analys och textanalys.  Vi kan visa att det råder en dikotomi i beskrivningen och avbildningen av män och kvinnor men att resultaten skiljer sig i detaljer mot Hirdmans studie eftersom sportsidor har en annan nyhetslogik än övriga sidor. På många sätt avbildas män och kvinnor på sportsidorna över tid mer jämlikt än på övrig nyhetsplats. Män och kvinnor får ungefär lika stor bevakning i förhållande till antalet deltagare, beskrivs ofta efter sina resultat och avbildas som ungefär lika aktiva och ungefär lika ofta som individer. Men på andra sätt är det tvärtom; kvinnor omnämns oftare med sitt kön, de ler oftare mot kameran, avbildas oftare som poserande och det saknas helt kvinnliga ledare under vår undersökningsperiod.  Män avbildas oftare i helkropp, oftare som narcissistiska och begrundande på ett sätt som förefaller ikoniskt, i det att bilden av en allvarlig man som funderar är en viktig del av vår bildkultur och ofta återkommer som manligt ideal.

With its origins in the early 1990s, feminist advocacy directed at influencing public policies is a relatively new phenomenon in Latin America that is commonly studied at the national level. The aim of this thesis was to study feminist advocacy on reproductive rights at the sub-national level in Peru. Specifically, it explored two research questions: how do feminist movements carry out advocacy to intervene with government agencies and what effects does their advocacy have on policies. This aim ties in with the body of literature that seeks to explain how and what outcomes are produced by social movements. Grounded Theory was used to collect and analyze empirical materials on two reproductive rights coalitions and their members in Arequipa and Cusco, Peru. Empirical materials consisted of focus group discussions, individual interviews and participant observation. Data analysis resulted in two core categories: Coalition-Government Interactions and Policy Outcomes. Linked to the core categories are thirteen categories, which constitute factors that the reproductive rights coalitions “deal with” or “strategize about” in order to interact with government officials and attain policy outcomes. The coalitions maneuver those factors they have immediate control over - tactics, organization, framing and emotions - as a means to deal with those factors they do not have immediate control over - relationships with other policy actors as well as political, cultural and social contexts. The findings help refine existing theories on how and what outcomes are attained by social movements. The coalitions and their members influence policies through various channels by developing an array of interactions with government officials. This allows the coalitions to handle potential constraints on their ability to be a critical voice. Political, cultural and social contexts are not the only external factors affecting the coalitions’ influence on policies. Another key external factor is their relationships with other policy actors comprised of a range of organized political and social groups. Concerning internal factors, the coalitions and their members rely on framing activities and emotion work in addition to organization and tactics. Indeed, the coalitions and their members engage in framing activities and emotion work by means of their relationships with other policy actors to influence policies. Finally, the coalitions perceive effects of their advocacy including, but not limited to, the modification of laws and policies. Instead, outcomes were identified along different stages of the policy process, including the impact of coalition frames on policy positions.

There is a growing body of research on the ways in which people process and organize political information. However, these studies have focused almost exclusively on textual analysis at a time when people are turning to more visually oriented media in increasing numbers. While researchers have failed to account for this trend, political organizations have quickly adapted and begun to use visual media to their advantage for political messaging. This study examines people’s ability to perceive bias in visual representations of political information. Through a series of surveys and one-on-one interviews, I found that participants exhibited significant confirmation bias in their assessments of visual information. This effect was particularly strong in participants’ initial assessment of each example. The results reveal two potential paths to increasing awareness of bias in visual information. First, basic training in visual design could encourage more thorough examination of new information and result in increased awareness of bias. Second, illustrating the effects of confirmation bias could encourage viewers to pause and reassess their initial reaction to information, again resulting in increased awareness of bias. With these two hypotheses in mind, I have created an interactive guide that teaches basic elements of visual design, such as size and color, and then illustrates the effects of cognitive biases on assessment of information.

媒體危機事件扮演之角色: 以台灣印刷媒體在SARS危機為例 / This study aims to explore the interaction between the media and the government during Taiwan’s SARS crisis of 2003 and observe the media’s attitude toward the government’s efforts to contain the epidemic. This paper is particularly interested understanding whether the media presented the government in a way that enabled or inhibited the government’s efforts to manage the crisis. Qualitative content analysis is used to operationalize print media’s “framing” of events. Articles are collected from two print media outlets, China Post and Taipei Times.

Vad innebär det att jobba med integration i ett fusionerat företag? Studien som denna avhandling bygger på syftade till att utforska, skildra och reflektera över hur en ledningsgrupp strävade efter att uppnå socio-kulturell integration. Resultatet illustreras genom påvisandet av hur nya referensramar skapades i den pågående kommunikationen på integrationsmöten i ett nordiskt konfektyrföretag. På dessa möten försökte ledningsgruppen, som bestod av medarbetare med olika nationell, funktionell och organisatorisk hemvist, att skapa en ny gemensam kultur. En paradox uppstod då företagsledningen hade för avsikt att bevara de gamla kulturerna, samtidigt som de ville skapa något nytt. Kultur har i denna studie betraktats som en social referensram vilket möjliggör att man kan tala om kultur i förhållande till andra föreställningar i integrationsprocessen. Genom analys av integrationsdiskursen med hjälp av begreppet föreställningsramar, framträdde ett flertal i integrationsprocessen aktiva föreställningsramar. Dessa visar hur ledningen rörde sig mot en gemensam föreställningsram under integrationsprocessen. Med tiden framträdde en gemensam föreställning: the one company frame. Denna föreställningsram drevs på ett djupare plan av människors vilja att tillhöra och skapa mening i det som hände, något som beskrivs i the faith frame. På mötet utmanades dock the faith frame av the game frame som betonar den konkurrensmässiga aspekten av affärsverksamhet. Avhandlingen avslutas med en diskussion om hur förståelsen för integrationsprocessen skulle kunna ökas genom att tydligare erkänna konkurrens som ett inslag i integration. / What does it mean to integrate an organization after a merger? The purpose of the study on which this thesis is based was to explore, depict and reflect on how a management group strived to achieve socio-cultural integration. The findings are illustrated by applying the idea of framing to the on-going communication at integration meetings in a Nordic confectionery company. At these meetings, the management group - with different national, functional and organizational backgrounds - worked with creating a new, shared culture. Paradoxically, the intention of the managers was to keep their old cultures at the same time as they wanted to create something new. In this text, culture has been regarded as a frame of reference. This makes it possible to talk about culture in relation to other constructs in the integration process. The use of the frame concept in the analysis of the integration discourse revealed different frames at work, and how people observed in the study moved towards a shared frame of reference during the integration process. Over time, there was frame alignment at the integration meetings towards a one company frame. On a deeper level, the one company frame seemed to be motivated by people’s desire to belong in the new company and to make sense of what was going on. This was expressed in the faith frame. At the integration meetings, the faith frame was challenged by the game frame. The game frame enhanced the competitive aspect of business. It is suggested that recognition of the competitive aspects of integration could increase our understanding of the integration process.

The study examines medias impact on every day racism through Agenda Setting and Framing. Prior studies on the subject are either conducted from an American perspective, or are several years of age. In this study we highlight how todays media depicts our society and how it affects the concept of the world on an individual level. The study is a content analysis of the case study on the news stories “The hunt for the unregistered immigrants”, which have been analyzed through critical discourse analysis. It builds upon studies conducted by Löwander (1997) and Brune (2004) regarding ethnic groups in the Swedish society. The result of this study suggests that Swedish public service media, SR and SVT convey an image in which ethnic minority groups are of lower value than “the white norm” in Swedish society.

A qualitative study of the Swedish Instagram account Kvinnohat´s framing of media criticism. The Instagram account Kvinnohat is an example when citizens with a feminist agenda participate in a public debate. With a critical point of view Kvinnohat approach society; which media is a part of. Social network with photo-sharing implement such as Instagram is a quite new type of social media. Instagram has quickly become a part of many peoples everyday life, especially among adolescents. Kvinnohat allows guest admins to do personal photo-sharing from the account Kvinnohat so that different feminist users have an opportunity to express their opinions. We have analyzed how Kvinnohat use rhetorical strategies and frames to express their opinions about media. By analyzing the frames with help of Robert Entmans (2004) Cascading Activation Model the result of the study shows how Kvinnohat frame their content. The semiotic analysis reveals the visual rhetoric in the post and is a supplement for the rhetorical analysis in which the strategies appears. The result of the study showed that the attitude in Kvinnohat's media criticism is both negative and positive. Kvinnohat and like-minded followers are not only consuming media but also questioning the content and the media industry. The founders of Kvinnohat often recommend their followers a positive media content where the content shows a norm critical perspective. The negative critique practiced by Kvinnohat tend to inform and educate their audience of a problem. To strengthen a relationship between Kvinnohat and its followers, Kvinnohat tend to be personal in their posts by relating to their followers, and inspire them to interact.

Contemporary architectural discourse commonly invokes the term framing. ??Derivative phrases contrived in education and practise are seemingly inexhaustible: framing the view, framing space, framing an idea, frame of reference, framework, window frame, body frame, space frame. ??The polymorphic nature of the term is perplexing, and despite its frequent and casual mention, the rich potential of framing in the architectural design process is often overlooked.?? ?? Framing is a primal phenomenon. It shapes an essential spatial experience with the power to divide, connect, fuse, reveal and conceal entities literally or notionally.??In the simple but profound act of recognizing, entering and exiting the boundary between, for example, an interior and an exterior, framing emerges in all its architectural and emotional significance. The experience of the frame is both intimate and metaphysical, hinting at shared but intangible dimensions of architecture. Through essays, drawings, installations, lists, poems, collages, and other architectural media, this thesis presents a body of twelve investigations that seek to elicit the broader notion behind the complex and transformative nature of framing in today???s parlance of architecture. To clarify, organize and interconnect the experiences of framing, the thesis constructs a theoretical framework on which to base further reflection, study, design and construction.