Current Frame of Religious Freedom in the System of European Protection of Human Rights Abstract This thesis deals with the topic of protection of Freedom of Religion in the System of European Protection of Human Rights. It begins with a description of the formulation of this freedom in the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the legal systems of Germany, Austria and Czech Republic. The legal systems of Germany and Austria are very close to the Czech one, therefore the acquired knowledge might become an inspiration for considerations of possible future legislative changes in the Czech Republic (also considering that while the integration of other cultures is still a relatively new topic in here, the above mentioned other states have already much more experience on this field). Another reason why this choice was made is also a wide range of interesting court decisions concerning the topic of this thesis mainly in Germany, but also in Austria. The description of the formulation of the Freedom of Religion in general is followed by the theoretical description and praxis of teaching Religion at public schools in the above stated countries. It is obvious from the comparison of the praxis in the aforementioned states that...

El presente trabajo de investigación, tiene como premisa principal el análisis de la libertad testamentaria en el Perú, es decir, los limites que se encuentran contemplados en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico así como su posible modificación o eliminación. Teniendo ello en consideración, dicho análisis será realizado en seis capítulos. El primer capítulo versara sobre la Libertad para Testar y contendrá el marco conceptual necesario para entender el tema de fondo. El segundo capítulo tratara sobre la legítima y la porción de libre disposición así como la finalidad, naturaleza y fundamentación. Por otro lado el tercer capítulo contendrá los límites que existen en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico. Por su parte, el cuarto capítulo contendrá jurisprudencia tanto nacional como internacional referente a la materia sucesoria materia del presente trabajo. En concordancia con ello, el quinto capítulo realizara un análisis a fondo de lo plasmado en los capítulos anteriores y contara además con la propuesta que se considere necesaria establecer como modificación de la normativa. Finalmente, en el sexto y último capítulo, se apreciaran las conclusiones y sugerencias que se puedan hacer sobre el tema. / The following thesis, has as its main purpose the analysis of the freedom of will in Peru, ergo, the limits that legally exist in our legal system and therefore its possible modification or elimination. Having that in consideration the analysis made in this thesis will be divided in six chapters. The first of these chapters will be about the freedom of will and the main concepts, required to understand the thesis. The second chapter will be about the concept of “legitima” and the concept of free disposition, its purpose, nature and foundation. On the other hand, the third chapter will be about the limits that exist in our legal system. Likewise, the fourth chapter will verse about both national and international jurisprudence. In accordance with all mention above, the fifth chapter will make a deep analysis of the previous chapters ant therefore will contain the proposal of a modification to our legal system. Lastly, the sixth chapter will contain the conclusions of the thesis. / Tesis

Le Règlement SE est un outil européen au confluent des intérêts nationaux et du droit de l’Union européenne. Il est un instrument juridique novateur permettant aux entreprises d’envergure européenne d’élaborer des restructurations transfrontalières par voie de constitution d’une SE et du transfert du siège social de celle-ci ; tout en préservant les intérêts des créanciers, des salariés et des actionnaires minoritaires de ces entreprises. Pour y parvenir, le Règlement SE ne se suffit pas à lui-même : il est pluraliste. Il coordonne les règles applicables à la SE. En outre, il procède lui-même aux renvois vers les droits nationaux qui permettent de préserver les particularités nationales des Etats membres. Ainsi, la SE est rattachée d’une part à un ordre juridique européen et d’autre part à un ordre juridique étatique à titre subsidiaire. Par ailleurs, le Règlement SE n’est pas uniquement bénéfique aux entreprises. En effet, il permet de favoriser l’adoption d’autres outils européens parmi lesquels la directive relative à la fusion transfrontalière entre sociétés de capitaux. / The SE regulation is an european tool in between national law and European Union law. It is an innovative legal tool allowing companies with European scale to elaborate cross-border reorganizations through the creation of a SE and the transfer of the head office of such company; while preserving benefits of creditors, of employees and shareholders of such companies. In order to achieve this goal, the SE regulation is not enough: it is pluralistic. It coordinates the rules applied to the SE. In addition, it proceeds itself to remand to national law that enables to preserve national specificities of each State Member. So, the SE is attached on one end to the European Union law and on the other end it is attached to the national law on a subsidiary basis.Furthermore, the SE regulation is not only useful to companies. Indeed, it enables adoption of other european tools such as the directive related to cross-border merger between joint-stock companies.

Thesis advisor: Susan M. Shell / Title: Martin Heidegger's Critique of Freedom Author: Charles Robinson Advisor: Professor Susan Shell Boston College Political Science Department This is a study of thought and politics of Martin Heidegger. It presents an examination of his understanding of freedom, principally as he expressed it in Being and Time, but also considers some of his subsequent essays and lectures, as well as his Rectorate Address. Ever since Heidegger's public embrace of National Socialism, his defenders and critics have argued about the possible relation between his thinking and his infamous political commitments. While many of his critics have linked his commitments to an alleged lack of understanding of freedom, some of his scholarly defenders have sought to present interpretations of his concept of freedom at odds with his infamous politics, in order to separate his thought from any association with Nazism. The conclusions of these critics and defenders of Heidegger are both mistaken: in Being and Time Heidegger sought the meaning of being in the authentic experience of human self-determination revealed by the conscience, which he worked out as "forward running resolve." It was this militant concept of freedom that grounded his project for a destined community of battle to be championed by a free corps of freedom fighters, and led him to embrace, in the very name of freedom, the tyranny of Hitler's new Reich. The study of Heidegger's concept of authentic freedom reveals that, far from lacking any understanding of freedom, it was rather a central theme and concern of his philosophical efforts, and that his infamous political commitments were indeed its necessary and coherent practical consequence. Heidegger's thought thus poses a more trenchant and pressing challenge to liberal (and leftist) politics than many of his critics and defenders appreciate. There have been comparatively few sustained thematic treatments of Heidegger's understanding of freedom in English. This study accordingly hopes to contribute to an understanding of this central theme of Heidegger's philosophical efforts, which not only reveals their necessary connection to his politics, but also promises to improve our access to the coherent intelligibility of his thought as a whole. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2009. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Political Science.

In this research report I examine the current approaches to the design of technology against the development of the Golden Shield project, as undertaken by the Chinese government. The Golden Shield technology is designed to control all forms of electronic communication, including social media technologies. I argue that the current approaches to the design of technology are inadequate. There is a need to include moral values as a consideration in the design of social media technologies, specifically when human well-being is impacted. I offer the capabilities approach as a solution that the designers of technology ought to consider as an option when designing technology as this approach defines conditions for human well-being. I define informational freedom as a capability. Excluding informational freedom in the design of social media technology leads to the user of the technology suffering harm as they are unable to fulfill the capability of informational freedom.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Political Studies, 2016 / The emergence of the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) as a new and ‘radical’ political party significantly altered the shape of the political landscape in South Africa. As one of the starting points in this paper, I show how the EFF comes out of a history in the ANCYL before turning attention to public discussions on the organisation. These contemporary debates about the EFF have taken numerous forms, oftentimes in deeply polarised ways - from those who argue that the EFF is pejoratively populist or fascist to arguments that the party is a crucial left alternative. Within the context of these debates, this research paper grapples with the question of the political character of the EFF, ultimately arguing that the EFF is populist. I use, however, a framework for populism set out by Ernesto Laclau thus marking a break with most discussions on the EFF that are often theoretically limited. This research works with both the empirical and the theoretical – in doing this I utilise Michael Burawoy’s ‘extended case method’ to ground the discussion and to provide a method that encompasses the field research – I used semi-structured interviews and participant observation – with a theoretical inquiry. This research is based on the Marikana Branch of the EFF, in the North West Province. In using data from respondents, a number of conclusions about the EFF in Marikana are drawn out around the membership base of the EFF, organisational structures, the relations with other organisations as well as the class, gender and age substance of the party. These conclusions partly stand on their own in building an understanding of the EFF. They are also used in a central discussion around populism in the EFF and the building of a collective political subjectivity that is premised on the popular. In this way, this research works on two interlinked levels that feed into answering questions around the EFF as a new political formation. In line with Burawoy’s method that is used throughout this research, I also outline some of the key limitations of using Laclau’s theory of populism in understanding the EFF and how we move from these limitations through the work presented around the Marikana Branch. / MT2017

The central theme of this diploma thesis is the mutual relationship between the employee protection and the contractual freedom as legal principles standing against each other. This relationship must be balanced as much as possible within the framework of legislation on labour law relationships, which is the task of labour law. This diploma thesis deals with the assessment of the level of flexibility against the legal instruments used to protect the employee. In other words, this diploma thesis attempts to outline the operation of the modern principle of flexicurity in the Czech law, while also explaining what the flexicurity itself means. The first part of this diploma thesis describes labour law in general terms as a legal branch, its aims and its object. At the same time, it outlines the historical development of labour law relationships with a focus on the operation of the contractual freedom and the employee protection in order to better understand the whole matters. The second part deals with the explanation of the concept of flexicurity and the meaning of its particular parts, which form this concept. The notional first half of this work dealing with the general definition of flexibility and the employee protection is then completed by the third and fourth parts dealing with both the concept...

Esta dissertação é uma leitura de A Paixão segundo G.H., de Clarice Lispector. Tem como foco a questão da liberdade do homem no mundo e de suas possibilidades de dizer, como tratadas no romance. Aproxima-se em diversos aspectos da crítica de Benedito Nunes à obra da escritora, no que diz respeito à identificação e às diferenças entre Clarice e o existencialismo de Sartre. Uma idéia de ritmo binário é formulada, sucessão de afirmações e negações, que dá cadência ao texto e o estrutura. Os dois tempos desse ritmo são relacionados a duas idéias diferentes de liberdade, (1) a de poder (e ser obrigado a) escolher e (2) a de não ser obrigado a (nem poder) escolher. Formuladas como características de dimensões diferentes do ser humano, as duas vias que tais liberdades abrem não podem ser sintetizadas numa única. / This dissertation is about Clarice Lispector\'s A Paixão Segundo G.H. Its main focus is on the issue of mankind\'s freedom and its possibilities of saying, as dealt with in the novel. In many respects, it is close to Benedito Nunes\' viewpoint in what regards the similarities and differences between Clarice Lispector and the Sartrean existentialism. A sense of binary rhythm is built, sequence of statements and negatives, which structures the text and gives it a cadence. This rhythm\'s two tempos are related to two different ideas about freedom. First, the sense of being able (having to/being forced to) choose and, second, of not being forced to (or being able to) choose. Enounced as characteristics of human beings\' different dimensions, the two paths opened up by these senses of freedom cannot be merged into a single whole.

As especificidades das monarquias ibéricas e de suas experiências coloniais na América e na África Ocidental definiram uma configuração das relações de dominium e poder em uma perspectiva ibero-atlântica, que teve início na passagem do século XV para o XVI, consolidou-se com a União Ibérica e entrou em crise em meados da década de 1610. A conquista da ilha Espanhola e o povoamento de São Tomé, entre 1493 e 1499, revelaram a relação entre o dominium sobre as populações não cristãs e o poder político no processo de colonização. A partir desse ano, as Coroas ibéricas começaram a interferir nas relações de dominium sobre os indígenas e no tráfico de escravos africanos, a fim de definir sua autoridade sobre as sociedades novas estabelecidas nos espaços ultramarinos. A ruptura com o processo de conquista se definiu entre 1542 e 1549, nas Índias Ocidentais, pelo estabelecimento dos vice-reinados e das Leyes Nuevas, e, no Brasil pela instituição do governo-geral e o esboço de uma política indigenista. Entre as décadas de 1570 e 1590 define-se a perspectiva ibérica do poder monárquico e a complementaridade das formas de dominium sobre os indígenas e africanos no Atlântico. A política de Felipe III foi o marco culminante desse processo que definiu os limites e resistências a essa nova arquitetura de poder. / The specificities of Iberian monarchies and of their colonial experiences in America and in West Africa defined a configuration of the relationships of dominium and power in a Iberian-Atlantic perspective, which started in the end of the fifteenth century to the sixteenth. It was consolidated with the Iberian Union and started to decline in mid-1610. The conquest of the island Espanhola and the settlement of São Tomé, between 1493 and 1499, revealed the relation between the dominium upon the non Christian populations and the political power in the process of colonization. From that year on the Iberian Crowns started to interfere in the dominium relations upon the Indians and on the traffic of African slaves, to define their authority on the new societies established overseas. The rupture with the process of conquest was defined between 1542 and 1549, in West Indies by the establishment of viceroyalties and the Leyes Nuevas, and in Brazil by the institution of the general government and the sketch of an Indian policy. Between the decades of 1570 and 1590 an Iberian perspective of the monarchical power and the complementarity of dominium forms upon the Indians and Africans in the Atlantic were defined. The policy of Felipe III was the culmination of the process that defined the limits and resistances to the new architecture of power.

Esta tese propõe uma leitura da obra de Bergson que procura evidenciar a centralidade da ação no pensamento do filósofo. Em primeiro lugar, examinamos o problema da liberdade, destacando o papel que o ato do espírito desempenha na concepção de consciência como um ser em duração capaz de realizar ações livres. Em seguida, nos instalamos na perspectiva do corpo, descrevendo suas funções psicológicas (percepção e memória) em vista da ação prática e não do conhecimento especulativo. Essa ênfase na dimensão humana da ação nos levou a considerar certas tensões entre o bergsonismo, a fenomenologia e o pragmatismo. Contudo, sugerimos que a intuição bergsoniana marca uma diferença essencial no que concerne ao alcance da ação vital e ao seu sentido metafísico de criação da realidade enquanto movimento. / This thesis proposes a reading of Bergsons work that intends to make evident the centrality of action in the philosophers thinking. At first, we examine the problem of freedom, highlighting the role that the act of spirit plays in the conception of consciousness as a being in duration capable of taking free actions. Next, we adopt the perspective of the body, in order to describe its psychological functions (perception and memory) in sight of the practical action and not of the speculative knowledge. This emphasis on human dimension of action led us to consider some tensions between bergsonism, phenomenology and pragmatism. Nevertheless, we suggest that bergsonian intuition marks an essential difference in what concerns the reach of vital action and its metaphysical sense of creation of reality as movement.