Cette thèse essaie d’établir dans un premier temps que Mallarmé, Valéry et Reverdy accomplissent exemplairement la critique théorique des fondations romantiques (à la fois ontologiques et rhétoriques) de la littérature ; que cette critique conduit à une crise de légitimité, qui, sans donner lieu à une rupture violente avec la tradition (à la différence de ce qu’implique par exemple l'ethos dominant des avant-gardes), témoigne cependant d’une lucidité sans concession. On montre alors que cette lucidité s'inscrit dans l'écriture même des poèmes selon une poétique a-théologique et par le réinvestissement de formes (l’allégorie, l’écriture moraliste) susceptibles d'indiquer, contre la considération idolâtre d’une autonomie sans autre de l’œuvre, une transitivité rhétorique et non résolutoire de celle-ci. On explique ainsi que l'écroulement de la métaphysique romantique ouvre la voie, chez ces auteurs, à une reconnaissance de la discursivité de l'œuvre, à sa considération tout à la fois poétique et rhétorique. De cela on conclut à l’éviction d’un paradigme esthétique de la poésie et de ses implications indissociablement politiques et communicationnelles, au profit d’une reconnaissance des contingences rhétorique et factuelle du discours littéraire, celles-ci définissant, sans dogmatisme, une inquiétude humaniste. / This thesis first aims at establishing that Mallarmé, Valéry and Reverdy build up a strong theoretical criticism of Literature’s romantic foundations (which are both ontological and rhetorical); it also points out that this criticism leads to a legitimacy crisis. This crisis, though it does not express itself through a violent break from tradition (unlike the main ethos of the avant-garde), bears witness to an uncompromising sense of lucidity. We then demonstrate that this lucidity shapes the very writing of the poems through a-theological poetics and by reinvesting traditional forms (such as allegory or moralist writing) which can convey, though in a problematic way, a certain rhetorical transitivity. We thus throw light on the fact that the wrecking of romantic metaphysics makes these authors acknowledge the discursive nature of the poem, its poetical and rhetorical aspects. We finally conclude on the overcoming of both the aesthetic paradigm of literature and its political and communicational implications to the benefit of an acknowledgement of factual and rhetorical contingencies of the literary discourse. This defines, without any dogmatism, a humanistic disquiet.

Orientador: Adalberto Luis Vicente / Banca: Maria Cláudia Rodrigues Alves / Banca: Maria Dolores Aybar Ramírez / Resumo: A produção romanesca de Marcel Pagnol se inicia em 1957, com a publicação dos dois primeiros volumes de sua trilogia Souvenirs d'enfance: La Gloire de mon Père e Le Château de ma Mère. O terceiro volume, Le Temps des Secrets, foi publicado somente em 1960. Mas, de certa forma, essa denominação de Souvenirs d'enfance como trilogia é questionável, pois, em 1977, houve uma publicação póstuma do que seria o quarto volume chamado de Le Temps des Amours. Marcel Pagnol começou a escrever suas memórias de infância quando seu pai Joseph morreu. Certamente este evento contribui para o autor como um retorno à sua vida passada e à sua infância. Destas reflexões, ele lançou o primeiro romance La Gloire de mon Père, no qual a figura do pai possui um papel primordial na vida do personagem Marcel. Vale ressaltar que Pagnol para homenagear a sua mãe Augustine, escreveu seu segundo romance Le Château de ma Mère, a partir de um conto no qual narrava suas memórias da infância para a edição de Natal da revista feminina Elle. Este trabalho tem como finalidade o estudo do espaço geográfico e simbólico nos dois romances citados. Para isso, faz-se a análise dos romances a partir da teoria da narrativa e de estudiosos do espaço romanesco. Apresenta-se, primeiramente, um estudo sobre o narrador, uma vez que o olhar deste configura o espaço, seguido de análise de componentes espaciais concretos e simbólicos presentes dois romances. Pode-se verificar que o espaço é um componente fundamental na criação literária de Marcel Pagnol / Abstract: The production novelistic of Marcel Pagnol begins in 1957 with the publication of the two volumes of his trilogy Souvenirs d'enfance: La Gloire de mon Père and Le Château de ma Mère. The third volume, Le Temps des Secrets, was published only in 1960. But somehow, the name of the trilogy as Souvenirs d'enfance is questionable, because in 1977 there was a posthumous publication of what would be the fourth volume called Le Temps des Amours. Marcel Pagnol began writing her memories of childhood when his father Joseph died. Certainly this event contributes to the author as a return to his past life and childhood. These reflections, he released his first novel La Gloire de mon Père, in which the father figure has an essential role in the life of the character Marcel. It is noteworthy that Pagnol to honor his mother Augustine, wrote his second novel Le Château de ma Mère, from a story in which recounted his memories of childhood for the Christmas edition of the women's magazine. This work aims to study the geographic and symbolic in the two novels mentioned. To achieve this, the analysis of the novels from the theory of narrative and scholars of space romance. It presents, first, a study of the narrator, since the look of this sets up the space, followed by analysis of concrete and symbolic space components present two novels. You can check that space is a critical component in creating literary Marcel Pagnol / Mestre

Proust em imagens é uma reescritura ou uma tradução intersemiótica de fragmentos da obra Em busca do tempo perdido de Marcel Proust e de sua crítica, sob a forma de uma exposição de artes plásticas. Além disso, seu texto consiste em uma busca pessoal, da minha vocação de artista espelhada na do narrador da Recherche e na do próprio autor, Marcel Proust; em um projeto de exposição e em uma reflexão sobre as duas linguagens: literatura e artes plásticas ou texto e imagem. Por fim, acrescento a análise de uma frase do caderno manuscrito 39 do mesmo autor, sob uma ótica da crítica genética e da pintura, o quadro Vista de Delft de Vermeer e seu pedacinho de muro amarelo / Proust in images is a rewrite or intersemiotic translation of fragments of the work In Search of Lost Time by Marcel Proust and his criticism in an exhibition of visual arts. Also, this text consists of a personal quest, my vocation as an artist mirrored in the narrator of the In Search of Lost Time and the authors own Marcel Proust; of a exhibition projects and of a reflection on the two languages : literature and visual arts or text and image. Finally, I add the analysis of a sentence of 39 notebook manuscript by the same author, in a perspective of genetic criticism and painting, the Vermeer painting and his little piece of yellow wall

Thesis advisor: Kevin Newmark / This dissertation constitutes a systematic literary study of the image of the mother in Camus’s works. The study is twofold: it represents 1) a reconstruction of the story of the image of the mother through the analysis of the image’s manifestations and meanings and 2) a reading of Camus’s oeuvre through the lens of this image. In this dissertation, the image of the mother is approached as a unique entity that 1) has its distinctive parameters, inner logic, language, manifestations, and levels of meaning, 2) manifests a tendency to remain central, and 3) leads an uninterrupted existence throughout the entire oeuvre. The narrative unfolding of the image of the mother repeats Camus's progression through his project and shows an intimate connection to the problematics of the self and the expression of emotion. Paralleling the twists and turns of Camusian creation, the existence of the image of the mother in the texts remains dual: embodied and hidden. Hence, the analysis of the sequence of the image’s perceptible forms – i.e., the mothers who appear in different works, in particular the mother of “Entre oui et non” (L’Envers et L’Endroit), Mme Meursault (L’Etranger), the mother of Jan (Le Malentendu), Mme Rieux (La Peste), and Catherine Cormery (Le Premier Homme) – is supplemented by an account of the image’s less perceptible forms – i.e., veiled presences, echoes, traces, and avatars. The narrative is not only cumulative, it has a specific direction. As the story of the image of the mother unfolds, moving from text to text, from one manifestation to another, the image of the mother is gradually unveiled as a living symbol, the Mother-Christ – a figure of conciliation of the living and the symbolic and a point of convergence of the vertical and the horizontal. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Romance Languages and Literatures.

Discuto e considero o papel da tradução dentro da história da Literatura Brasileira, observando a recepção dos poemas do livro francês Les Fleurs du mal, de Charles Baudelaire, a partir da reunião de suas traduções publicadas no Brasil desde 1957 até 2007; depois, questiono os métodos da tradução poética e procuro respostas junto a algumas teorias da tradução em discussão, comparando traduções de vários tradutores ao longo do tempo, sempre levando em conta aspectos lingüísticos, históricos e culturais que poderiam se depreender de cada texto. Os poemas do livro escolhido - publicado em Paris, em 1857, verdadeiro marco da literatura ocidental - foram traduzidos por mais de sessenta poetas brasileiros - alguns traduzindo apenas um poema, outros, o livro todo - sendo a tradução brasileira publicada mais antiga datada de 1872.Além do resgate historiográfico promovido, recuperando algumas importantes e significativas leituras dessa obra francesa, comparando suas traduções com outras produzidas ao longo do tempo, vislumbro não uma evolução, mas uma diferenciação entre as abordagens tradutórias, construídas sempre dentro de seu momento histórico e ideológico. Essa diferenciação chama a atenção para as novas possíveis leituras do clássico francês proporcionadas pelas traduções publicadas nos últimos cinqüenta anos. / I discuss and consider the role of translation in the history of Brazilian literature, by noting the reception of the French book of poems Les Fleurs du Mal, by Charles Baudelaire; this thesis is based on a collection of translations published in Brazil between 1957 and 2007; then I question the methods of poetic translation and search for answers in some translation theories under discussion. For this purpose, I compare different translations over time, regarding the linguistics, historical and cultural aspects that could arise from each text. The poems of selected book - published in Paris in 1857 and a mark of Western literature - have been translated by more than sixty Brazilian poets - among who translated only one poem, and others the whole book - the oldest translation published in Brazil is from 1872. Besides the historiographical reconstruction promoted in this thesis, by reviewing some important and significant readings of this French work, and by comparing its translations with others produced over time, I do not see an evolution, but a differentiation between the translation approaches, which have always been constructed within their historical and ideological moment. This differentiation draws the attention to news possibles readings of this French classic that result from the translations published over the last fifty years.

A partir do trânsito entre diferentes livros do escritor francês contemporâneo Pascal Quignard (1948) livros como Boutès, Vie secrète, Sur le jadis ou Petits Traités , este trabalho traça uma pequena constelação, tendo como centro os espaços vazios e os silêncios deixados pelo texto. Se a escrita é também a possibilidade de fazer emergir, junto dela, aquilo que não é dito (que não pode ser dito), ela aqui não se fixa em nenhum gênero específico, mas se movimenta entre eles, esboçando um pensamento vivo que por isso não se preocupa em esconder os caminhos das associações, permitindo-se ser interrompido e fazendo da interrupção uma potência rítmica. O texto fragmentário de Quignard, nesta pesquisa, torna-se ponto de partida para a construção de relações possíveis da leitura com a experiência, do passado com o presente, na tentativa de habitar os espaços intermediários, que nos possibilitam desestruturar algo das categorias fixadas e das noções pré-estabelecidas. / While creating a constellation in the crossings between different books by the contemporary French author Pascal Quignard (1948) such as Boutès, Vie secrète, Sur le jadis or Petits Traités , this work defines its center upon the empty spaces and silences left by the text. If writing enables the possibility of suggesting that which is not said (that which cannot be said), here we find no attachment to a specific genre; we rather move between genres, outlining a living thought. For this very reason, not much care is given to hiding the associations. The text allows itself to be interrupted and even to provoke a rhytmic potentiality out of interruption. The fragmentary texts by Quignard, in this research, become the starting point for the construction of possible relations between reading and experience, the past and the present, in the attempt of dwelling in the intermediary spaces, which allow us to structure something out of fixed categories and pre-established notions.

Este trabalho de pesquisa propõe um percurso pela sistematização do discurso indireto livre: uma observação, uma interpretação e uma análise de suas manifestações no romance Madame Bovary de Gustave Flaubert. A partir desses objetivos, apresentamos um exemplo de identificação de formas dotadas de fontes enunciativas múltiplas neste romance. Primeiramente a abordagem linguística serve-nos para identificação e descrição do fenômeno, em seguida passamos à análise literária, que se concentra no exame de discursos indiretos livres em um excerto específico, focalizando a questão da transposição temporal. A abordagem do discurso indireto livre aqui presente ainda contempla as suas decorrências em outros níveis narrativos, tais como: a representação, as vozes, o papel do leitor e a expressão da subjetividade no discurso do outro. / This research proposes a trajectory through the systematization of the free indirect speech: an observation, an interpretation and an analysis of its manifestations in the novel Madame Bovary, by Gustave Flaubert. From these objectives, we present examples of multiple enunciation sources identified in the forms of this novel. First of all, the linguistic approach is useful in the identification and description of the phenomenon; then, we start a literary analysis, which emphasizes the study of free indirect speech in a specific excerpt, focusing in the question of time transposition. This approach of free indirect speech also takes into account its consequences in other narrative levels, such as: the representation, the voices, the role of the reader and the subjective expression in the others discourse.

O objetivo da presente pesquisa é comparar as figuras femininas das poesias de Victor Hugo e Charles Baudelaire, tendo como eixo de análise a expressão da natureza e da artificialidade. O trabalho realiza-se especialmente a partir da leitura de poemas e consiste numa reflexão sobre as comparações entre os poetas encontradas na fortuna crítica, em uma apresentação geral de suas obras voltada para o estudo do progresso, da função do poeta e da paisagem em relação ao contexto do século XIX, e na análise de correlações e diferenças nas imagens de mulheres de suas poesias. / The aim of this research is to compare the female figures of poems by Victor Hugo, Charles Baudelaire considering the expression of nature and artificiality as their center. The comparison applied to these works will take place especially through reading poems. In addition to a literature review of the comparisons between them previously undertaken and an overview of their work focused on the study of progress, the role of poet and landscape in relation to the context of the nineteenth century, the work allows correlations and differences in the images of women on their poetry to be analyzed.

Em um contexto literário contemporâneo atravessado pela escrita de si, este trabalho buscou estudar a obra Um romance russo, de Emmanuel Carrère, à luz das propostas da autobiografia e da autoficção, esta última uma expressão que convoca diferentes definições e justificativas. Para isso debruçou-se sobre a construção do narrador-protagonista, que declara ter como objetivo contar a história de seu avô para romper o silêncio em torno dela, imposto por sua mãe, e, assim, enterrar o fantasma desse homem que continuaria assombrando seus descendentes com sua personalidade amarga. Observamos que o narrador, identificado ao autor, faz uso da metonímia em diferentes instâncias da obra: alinhava narrativas menores que remetem ao mesmo tema, apresenta personagens femininas que remetem à figura materna e o próprio protagonista se constrói em espelhamento com o personagem do avô. Tal recurso, somado a duas narrativas que se entrelaçam, organizando o texto de Um romance russo, age como argumentação em favor de seu objetivo, justificando a necessidade de romper com a proibição da mãe e publicar este livro. Pela responsabilidade implicada na reabilitação da figura do avô, seguindo os moldes do que o crítico Dominique Viart propõe para o récit de filiation, e pela performatividade que objetiva, além das referências sem ambiguidade em seu texto, Carrère estabelece um pacto autobiográfico, como estudado por Philippe Lejeune, que é essencial para a leitura de Um romance russo. Acreditamos que, embora o gênero moderno da autobiografia não se aplique nem a esta, nem a obras anteriores do mesmo autor, um autobiográfico percorre todas elas, recusando as possibilidades de pacto romanesco com que joga a autoficção; ainda, identificam-se em sua produção elementos como o uso comentado da psicanálise, incursões ficcionais demarcadas no texto, estruturas fragmentárias e hibridismo de formas que situam Carrère no debate contemporâneo. / In a contemporary literary context shot through with the notion of writing oneself, this thesis seeks to study the work My Life as a Russian Novel, by Emmanuel Carrère, in light of the proposals put forth by both autobiography and autofiction, the latter evoking a variety of definitions and justifications. As such, the work examines the construction of the narrator/protagonist, who states that his aim is to tell the story of his grandfather in order to break the silence around it imposed by his mother and thus put to rest the ghost of a bitter man left haunting his descendants. We observe that the narrator, identified with the author, turns to metonymy at several points in the work: he lines up several minor narratives that speak to the same theme and presents female characters that evoke his mother, while the protagonist constructs himself as a mirror image of the character of his grandfather. This tack, alongside the two interlocking narratives that structure My Life as a Russian Novel, serves as ammunition towards his ultimate goal: justifying the need to break his mothers ban and publish this book. In terms of the responsibility implied in the rehabilitation of the figure of his grandfather in keeping with the structure that critic Dominique Viart proposes for the récit de filiation and in terms of the performativity he crafts, in addition to the unambiguous references in his text, Carrère establishes an autobiographical pact, as studied by Philippe Lejeune, which is essential for the reading of My Life as a Russian Novel. We believe that, although the autobiography as a modern genre does not apply to this or other works by the author, a thread of autobiography runs through all of them, rejecting the openings towards a novelesque pact that autofiction plays with; moreover, one may identify such elements in his oeuvre as the commented usage of psychoanalysis, fictional incursions clearly demarcated in the text, fragmentary structures, and a hybridity of form that situate Carrère within the contemporary debate on the topic.

Thesis advisor: Régine Jean-Charles / Practice whereby a host (the one who receives) open his/her door to a guest (the one who is either invited or simply received), hospitality is nowadays under fire as the migrant crisis unfolds the plight of countless strangers who, at the end of their perilous journey across the Mediterranean Sea, come and knock at the doors of Europe, in particular France—birthplace of the Rights of Man. Taking the stand of Louis de Jaucourt on the socio-political challenges of hospitality outlined in his 18th century French article, Hospitalité, as the point of departure of our study, we focus on how hospitality intersects with social criticism through the person of the stranger in the following corpus of literary texts, which spans from the 18th to the 20th century: 1. Lettres persanes (Montesquieu), Lettres philosophiques (Voltaire), and L’Ile des Esclaves (Marivaux); 2. L’Ingénu (Voltaire), Lettres d’une Péruvienne (Françoise de Graffigny), and Ourika (Claire de Duras) ; 3. La Noire de… (Sembène Ousmane), and Xavier, le drame d’un émigré Antillais (Tony Delsham). Here, we enter in dialogue with Julia Kristeva’s essay, Etrangers à nous-mêmes, namely the chapter she writes about philosophers of the Enlightenment: L’Etranger : alter ego du philosophe. She argues that, as a satirical modus operandi, these philosophers withdraw behind the figure of the stranger, who then becomes their “double”, their “mask” (196). We show that Kristeva’s argument is not only limited to the works of 18th century French philosophers, but also to those of their literary heirs, who ascribe rather to the “mask” of the stranger of color, and moreover the hospitality he/she receives in France, as a satirical tool to lay bare the flaws of their own society. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2019. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Romance Languages and Literatures.