Nietzsche´s work criticizes the existing method of philosophizing which diverts man from his major problems. First of all it is neccessary to deal with human life and to understand what determines life and what defines world. Human life is dominated by the will to power. However it depends, wheather man recognizes the will and wheather he follows this awarness. So far, man has been controlled by emotions which are often considered to be the truth. The will to power predetermines the human evolution to the higher level - the Superman ( Der Übermensch). The Superman is able to implement the will, to become a completely free beeing, controlling everything within his reach - even humanity. The Superman is driven by his own benefits, creating a new morality in which it applies that good is what is useful for life of a Superman. Existing humanity seeks in its weakness support in the faith in God. Only Superman is able to avoid this domination, because for him God is dead. life is what constantly arises and expires in its particular actions. The way of the world is determinatd by the eternal return, which is accepted by a Superman.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-10-29T20:42:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Eduardo Carli de Moraes - 2013.pdf: 1868084 bytes, checksum: 32e1fd9c7d44e8b25112401a76dbd0ba (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-10-30T09:50:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Eduardo Carli de Moraes - 2013.pdf: 1868084 bytes, checksum: 32e1fd9c7d44e8b25112401a76dbd0ba (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-30T09:50:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Eduardo Carli de Moraes - 2013.pdf: 1868084 bytes, checksum: 32e1fd9c7d44e8b25112401a76dbd0ba (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation aims to reflect upon the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche (18441900), whose thought is here understood as an attempt to overcome both metaphysics and nihilism. This study highlights Nietzsche’s appraisal of philosophical thought endowed with historical sense, faithful to the uninterrupted process of becoming, which implies a worldview similar to that of Heraclitus. It is argued that Nietzsche's peculiar position in the history of moral philosophy lies in his critical analysis of the multiplicity of different moral evaluations always connected with their human, all too human, sources. Through attention to the circumstances and conditions of the emergence, development and decline of many ideals, moral values and religious doctrines, we intend to describe Nietzsche's philosophy as one in rupture with the notion of divine and immutable values and which de-estabilizes beliefs in absolute truths. In order to illustrate the nietzschean genealogical method in operation, we investigate phenomena such as resentment and asceticism, re-inserted into the historical flow and understood with connection with their physiological, psychological and socio-political basis. Grounded on extensive literature review of the work of Nietzsche and his commentators (especially Jaspers, Wotling, Rosset, Giacoia, Moura, Ferraz, among others), it is argued that Nietzsche’s philosophy surpasses Platonic-Christian split between two worlds and also overcomes the dualism between body and spirit. The anti-idealistic philosophy of Nietzsche, critical of moral absolutism and metaphysical supernaturalism, acts as a "school of suspicion" inviting us to free our thought from subservience, credulity and uncritical obedience to tradition. This research also explores the theme of “the death of God" and the collapse of the Judeo-Christian values, and the concomitant rise of nihilism, in the context of a philosophy that seeks to suggest and open new avenues for the human adventure, by mobilizing concepts such as amor fati, Over-Man and "fidelity to the earth." Nietzsche’s thought is not understood only in its critical potential, shattering traditional idealistic metaphysics, but also as a creator of a tragic and dyonisian wisdom which stands at the antipodes of both ascetic ideals and nihilistic doctrines. / Esta dissertação de mestrado tem por objetivo refletir sobre a filosofia de Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900), compreendida como tentativa de superação tanto da metafísica quanto do niilismo. Destaca-se a valorização nietzschiana de um pensamento dotado de senso histórico, fiel ao devir ininterrupto do real, o que implica em uma cosmovisão semelhante à de Heráclito. Defende-se que a posição peculiar de Nietzsche na história da filosofia moral consiste na análise crítica da multiplicidade de diferentes valorações morais, sempre remetidas a suas fontes humanas (demasiado humanas). Através da atenção às circunstâncias e condições de surgimento, desenvolvimento e ocaso dos diversos ideais, valores morais e doutrinas religiosas, procuramos mostrar como Nietzsche constitui uma filosofia que rompe com a noção de valores divinos e imutáveis, além de des-estabilizar crenças em verdades absolutas. De modo a ilustrar o método genealógico nietzschiano em operação, investigam-se fenômenos como o ressentimento e o ascetismo, re-inseridos no fluxo histórico e compreendidos a partir de seus pressupostos psicológicos, fisiológicos e sócio-políticos. Com base em ampla pesquisa bibliográfica da obra de Nietzsche e comentadores (como Jaspers, Wotling, Rosset, Giacoiua, Moura, Ferraz, dentre outros), argumenta-se que a filosofia nietzschiana realiza uma ultrapassagem da cisão platônico-cristã entre dois mundos, além de uma superação do dualismo entre corpo e espírito. Procura-se descrever como a filosofia anti-idealista de Nietzsche, avessa ao absolutismo e ao sobrenaturalismo, age como uma “escola da suspeita”, convidando-nos a um filosofar liberto de subserviência, credulidade e obediência acrítica à tradição. Explora-se também a temática da “morte de Deus” e da derrocada dos valores judaico-cristãos, além da concomitante escalada do niilismo, no contexto de uma filosofia que busca sugerir e abrir novas vias para a aventura humana ao mobilizar conceitos como amor fati, além-do-homem e “fidelidade à terra”. Nietzsche é compreendido não somente em seu potencial crítico, demolidor da tradição idealista e metafísica, mas também como criador de uma sabedoria trágica e dionisíaca que se posiciona nas antípodas tanto dos ideais ascéticos quanto dos ideários niilistas.

This essay provides an analysis of the novel When Nietzsche Wept written by Irvin D. Yalom. The novel takes place during the late eighteen hundred century in Vienna and throughout this essay I explore how Yalom has created a setting, where he has placed some of most prominent philosophers of this time in his fictional world in order to educate the reader about the birth of psychoanalysis and give an alternative version to how it emerged. I argue that Yalom manages to implement different original theories in connection to psychoanalysis to show how the ideas circulating at that point in history contributed to the development of psychoanalysis. The essay compares the original theories of Freud, Breuer and Nietzsche to those brought forward by the characters and illustrates the similarities in order to support Yalom´s alternative version. In conclusion, this essay demonstrates how Yalom has created an alternative version of the development of psychoanalysis by blending original theories with fictive events in order to show how psychoanalysis was a zeitgeist of its time and had more than one founding father.

This is an essay about the swedish modernist writer and poet Gösta Oswald’s novel En privatmans vedermödor. The essay focuses on the question about how he uses the modernist language to portray the subject and main character Mr O. Oswald’s novel and his portrayal of the subject is compared and contrasted to earlier ideas about the subject in the modernist and pessimistic traditions presented by philosophers, e g Friedrich Nietzsche. Oswald’s literary style and ideas are also compared to his contemporary modernist writers, for instance Stig Dagerman. Through a psychoanalytical reading of Oswald’s novel using mostly Jacques Lacan’s theories about language the essay argues that it is a story about the nothingness of the subject. It’s also argued that the environment in the novel and Oswald’s use of mythological and classical motifs from Orpheus, Virgil and Dante enhances the themes of nothingness and the bleak outlook on life in the nihilistic post World War II cultural climate. / <p>Slutgiltigt godkännandedatum: 2023-05-30</p>

This study examines the criticism of Christianity expressed by Friedrich Nietzsche and Soren Kierkegaard, particularly in relation to the question of moral action. These author's work were both published in the 19th Century. To analyze their written works, a hermeneutic approach is assumed. The Concepts pf slave morality, nihilism, and the disticntion between Christendom and Christianity are emphasized in the previous research and are here used analytically to contrast the author's works. The results of the study reveals both clear similarities and differences between Nietzsche and Kierkegaard's thought. The main difference lies in their views on the Church as an institutional doctrine and the impact of western moral principles on divine and human reason. The main similaraity is the emphasis both authors place on the individual's free will. The analysis also highlights the problematic nature of prevailing principles and the Christian image of God in the author's works. The concept of free will is seen as most central to their arguments, partilcarly in relation to wheter mankind's deire for the Christian God is rational or not. In conclusion to the result, the study also discusses the implications pf the study for teaching about philosophy of religion in the classroom. Therefore, a discussion regarding didactics is held to suggest how this subject matter could be utilized in a teaching context, espacially to encourage critical thinking and reflection.

Text in English / Summary: This work aims at establishing Jung's importance as a Nietzsche commentator. Although Jung's work is generally unacknowledged by the mainstream of Nietzsche scholarship, a number of philosophers have joined him in recognizing the relevance of Iranian religious lore to Nietzsche; the visionary nature of Nietzsche's experiences of Zarathustra; and the link between these experiences and his criticism of ethics. Jung sees Nietzsche as something of a kindred spirit, "and refers to that philosopher again and again throughout his writings. In his seminar on Nietzsche's Also sprach Zarathustra, Jung analyzes that work much as he would a patient's dream. While this approach allows Jung to project his own views onto Nietzsche, it also succeeds in restoring essential aspects of Nietzsche's thought which other, less foolhardy commentators fail to capture. Nietzsche and Jung both speak of going "beyond good and evil" (jenseits von Gut und Bose) as an integral part of their respective conceptions of human fulfillment. The notion that we ought to try to transcend the distinction between good and evil, rather than obstinately cling to the good, potentially constitutes an immense, fundamental challenge to our ordinary beliefs about ethics. At the same time, Jung's elaboration of this into a more general form of nonduality suggests a solution to that most basic problem of ethics--which Nietzsche raised most forcefully--namely that of how ethical standards might be justified without falling prey to such basic obstacles as the "is/ought" problem. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Philosophy)

尼采作品《查拉圖斯特拉如是說》中的一句：「你要到女人那兒去嗎？別忘記你的鞭子！」使得多數的人認為尼采是一個標準的「厭女主義者」。另外有些人則探究，到底尼采對女性真正的看法是什麼？他崇敬她們嗎？鄙視她們嗎？亦或是兩者皆是？尼采的哲學思想築於個人親身經驗並有著連貫性，唯有對其生平經歷和著作思想有全面徹底的了解，才能客觀的加以評論。 　　檢視19世紀的歐洲，當時的男性確實比女性來的主動，而女性也視愛情為生命中很重要的經驗。如果考慮當時的時代背景因素，尼采在當時對女性所做出的這些批評是可以理解的。他運用一種自我批評和自我嘲諷的手法，將當時社會女人的處境真實的陳述並提出他的見解，希望女人面對自己不利的情況，能夠善用自我的優勢，尋找、創造與提高自我的存在價值，以達到超人的境界。 　　本文從現代女性主義者的觀點出發，針對尼采一生的經歷及其作品中與女性議題相關的重要著作內容加以整理和分析，從而反思尼采論述中對女性觀的真實面目，以及現代女性主義者對他女性觀的評價。 / „Du gehst zu Frauen? Vergiess die Peitsche nicht!“ – wegen dieses Satzes in Friedrich Nietzsches „Also sprach Zarathustra“ veranlasste viele anzunehmen, er sei ein Misogynist. Einige aber versuchen zu ergründen, was genau die Einstellung Nietzsches zu den Frauen ist. Verehrte er sie? Verachtete er sie? Oder beides zugleich? Die Philosophie Nietzsches beruht hochgradig auf eigenen Erfahrungen und hat hierin seine Kohärenz. Das umfassende und vollständige Verständnis jener Lebenserfahrungen und philosophischen Schriften ist mithin Grundvoraussetzung fuer eine objective Diskussion über Nietzsches Philosophie. Betrachtet man das Europa des XIX. Jahrhunderts, so stellt man fest, dass Männer gesellschaftlich aktiver waren als Frauen; diese wiederum betracteten Liebe als wichtige Erfahrung im Leben. Zieht man die damalige gesellschaftliche Situation in Betracht, so wird die von Nietzsche an den Frauen geäusserte Kritik verständlich. Auf selbstkritische und selbstspöttische Art und Weise stellte er die Position der Frauen jener Zeit trefflich dar und bezog Stellung, in der Hoffnung, die Frauen würden ihrer misslichen Lage entgegentreten und lernen ihre Vorteile zu nutzen um ihren Selbstwert zu finden und den Existenzwert ihrer selbst letzlich so zu erhoehen, dass sie ins Reich des Übermenschen transzendieren koennen. Ich versuche im folgenden aus der Perspektive des modernen Feminismus eine Zusammenstellung und Analyse der in seinem Leben gesammelten Erfahrungen und der Teile seines Opus, der sich inhaltlich auf die Frage der Frau bezieht. In Anschluss sollen die tatsächlichen Merkmale des Frauenbildes Nietzschen einem Diskurs unterzogen und der Bewertung seiner Frauensicht durch den modernen Feminismus gegenübergestellt werden.

L’objectif de la thèse est de montrer en quoi le roman ou la littérature incarne une forme de connaissance qui lui est propre, que Pierre Klossowski appelle la « connaissance pathétique ». Celle-ci fait appel aux passions plutôt qu’à la seule raison et repose sur des percepts et des affects bien davantage que sur des idées et sur des concepts. L’œuvre romanesque de Georges Bataille et de Pierre Klossowski me servira d’exemple et d’objet d’analyse, dans la mesure où l’écriture fictionnelle y est toujours au service d’une ‘’passion’’ philosophique, dans laquelle l’auteur entraîne ses personnages en même temps que le lecteur. Cette « connaissance pathétique » que le sujet est amené à vivre passe notamment par les mécanismes d’une écriture qui tente d’énoncer l’innommable. Cette orientation esthétique suit la voie tracée par Nietzsche, et les grandes thématiques associées à ce dernier constituent à la fois, au niveau de l’énoncé, un contenu thématique et diégétique récurrent (par exemple : dans Le Baphomet, nous sommes en présence du personnage de Friedrich l’Antéchrist) et, au niveau de l’énonciation, une stratégie narrative qui consiste à piéger le lecteur dans un système d’interprétations ambiguës, contradictoires et provocatrices qui déclenchent chez lui une activité cognitive effrénée, de nature passionnelle ou pathétique (par exemple : Le récit Les lois de l’hospitalité commence par un avertissement au lecteur, où on le met en garde contre « l’attrape concertée » que représente le récit). J’étudierai en détail, sur le plan de l’expression et du contenu, ces stratégies cognitives de la transgression et du simulacre grâce auxquelles l’auteur amène ses personnages et son lecteur à éprouver des pensées comme une forme de passion. L’analyse de la poétique pathique comme forme privilégiée de l’écriture narrative chez Pierre Klossowski et chez Georges Bataille nécessitera le recours à une analyse de l’œuvre de Nietzsche et de Sade dans un premier temps pour retracer ce qui est l’enjeu de la réception de ces œuvres par les deux auteurs français. Dans un deuxième temps, l’analyse des œuvres de Georges Bataille et de Pierre Klossowski me permettra de comprendre comment elles déclenchent chez le lecteur une expérience pathétique où la difficulté d’atteindre à une connaissance rationnelle univoque déclenche chez le destinataire du texte une activité cognitive complexe de nature proprement littéraire ou romanesque. Enfin, le corpus qui me servira d’exemple dans la description de ces phénomènes sera constitué des principales œuvres discursives de Bataille et de Klossowski (L’expérience intérieure, Nietzsche et le cercle vicieux) ainsi que de leurs œuvres romanesques (L’histoire de l’œil, Divinus Deus, L’abbé C., La vocation suspendue, Les lois de l’hospitalité et Le Baphomet). / This thesis aims to show how the novel or literature in general embodies its own form of knowledge that Pierre Klossowski names “connaissance pathétique” (pathetic knowledge). This knowledge derives from emotivity rather than reason alone and relies on affects and percepts rather than on ideas and concepts. The works of Georges Bataille and Pierre Klossowski will serve both as the examples and the objects of this analysis. These two authors’ fictional writings inevitably appeal to a philosophical pathos that implicate the characters as well as the reader. This “pathetic knowledge” that the subject is called to experience comes to be through the literary process seeking to name the unnamable. This particular aesthetic draws upon Nietzsche’s work, the themes of which taken up in Bataille and Klossowski writings and appear on the levels of subject matter and narration. The resulting writing strategy leads the reader along, presenting a system of provocative, contradictory, and ambiguous interpretations that open up an affect-oriented knowing or thinking. In studying the expression and content of this literary knowing, we will examine how the authors rely on strategies of transgression and simulacra to enable the characters and readers to experience thinking as a form of pathos. In analyzing this “pathetic” poetics as the privileged form of narration in Bataille and Klossowski, this thesis first examines the works of Nietzsche (and, to a lesser extent, those of Sade) in order to understand their impact on the French authors’ works. The thesis’ second part, which focuses on Bataille’s and Klossowski’s writings, demonstrates how their works provoke in the reader a pathetic experience of knowing, particular to literature, that exceeds the knowing ascribed to rationalism. The corpus explored in this research includes Nietzsche’s Birth of Tragedy, The Genealogy of Moral and The Gaya Scienza; Bataille’s L’histoire de l’oeil, Divinus Deus and L’abbé C.; and Klossowski’s La vocation suspendue, Les lois de l’hospitalité and Le Baphomet.

The thesis treats the subject of how the work of Max Picard, Rainer Maria Rilke and Jan Zahradníček relate. Its unifying element is the motif of salvation, its negative and positive aspect. Picard, Rilke, and Zahradníček perceive the world overfilled with technology and become witnesses of dehumanisation of humans and the related destruction of speech. Their work mirrors this decomposition, but it alongside offers a positive counter movement, an alternative to the age of dominion of technology. A comparative analysis of the specific understanding of the two aspects of salvation also casts light on the reception of Max Picard in their work. The first part deals with the analysis of Heidegger's essence (Wesen) of modern technology (Gestell) and the possibility of alternative revealing (poiésis). It renders the transformation of a human beings and their relationship to things, a transformation diagnosed by Picard, Rilke, and Zahradníček in their work. It thus proposes a context for the observed motif of salvation. The introduction of the first part accounts for a treatise on the loss of a thing which is linked to the penetration of technology and on salvation consisting in paying heed to the inconspicuous state of affairs. The second part opens with the reception of Picard's book Hilter in Our Selves...

El estudio de la obra de un filósofo como el uruguayo Carlos Vaz Ferreira, en apariencia tan alejado de la tradición filosófica española, podría parecer extraño de no darse en él las condiciones de afinidad intelectual y comunidad de intereses que revela el estudio de dicha obra, una profunda simpatía mutua entre lo español y lo americano de la cual es en parte fruto el presente trabajo.La obra del filósofo uruguayo, una vez comenzada a estudiar desde esta perspectiva de los intereses comunes, ofrecía una interesante dimensión en tanto que filosofía crítica de la ciencia y, más adelante, con el descubrimiento de su "Lógica Viva" como el gozne donde hacer girar toda su reserva teórica a toda producción intelectual, esa filosofía de la ciencia se ofrecía como una de las alternativas más sólidas al racionalismo científico, mostrando con cuánta originalidad el autor se independizaba del lenguaje, estableciendo una separación casi estanca entre lenguaje y pensamiento de un lado, y realidad de otro.De este modo, el principio crítico defendido por Carlos Vaz Ferreira que separa y aísla el discurso racional (decir y pensar) de la realidad (ser) replanteaba un problema ontológico ya clásico en la filosofía, pero reconociendo en el hombre una limitación de sus capacidades racionales que le obligaba a postular un principio de humildad y de ignorancia consciente que no siempre se hallaba presente en el racionalismo científico.La obra de Carlos Vaz Ferreira se sitúa en el primer capítulo dentro de la reacción a las corrientes estrechamente positivistas que desde fines del siglo XIX intentaron terminar con toda manifestación especulativa del espíritu, destacándose H. Bergson y V. James junto con M. de Unamuno y Vaz Ferreira, quien coloca a Fr. Nietzsche en la base filosófica de los dos primeros autores. Respecto de H. Bergson, Vaz Ferreira reconoce haber heredado de él su espíritu independiente con el que abordar los problemas filosóficos, siendo provechoso observar los puntos en los que el filósofo francés rechaza la versión mecanicista de la vida y del espíritu. En cuanto a V. James, Vaz Ferreira se reconoce deudor de la interpretación fluida de la conciencia y del lenguaje frente a la realidad, repitiendo su concepto de la "corriente de pensamiento" pero rechazando la interpretación utilitarista del pragmatismo al poner en duda la validez de un principio que sólo considera útil cuanto tiene éxito a corto plazo. La simpatía y la admiración que por el filósofo uruguayo sintió nuestro M. de Unamuno se refleja en multitud de testimonios y radica en la independencia de criterio y en la originalidad con la que Vaz Ferreira encaraba sus propios problemas filosóficos. Por su parte, la obra de Fr. Nietzsche parecía ofrecer elementos suficientes como para que sus ideas más originales sirvieran de revulsivo del mecanicismo y de la ciencia establecida, actuando como un auténtico fermento filosófico que replanteara de nuevo el lugar que debía ocupar esa ciencia dentro del ámbito general del conocimiento.El segundo capítulo está destinado a establecer el lugar de la filosofía de Carlos Vaz Ferreira dentro de las distintas escuelas filosóficas, defendiéndose ante todo de la acusación de ecléctico por una filosofía como la suya que se nutre del pensamiento ajeno, pero que al pensar directamente los problemas no acepta las soluciones ya dadas. Por otro lado, la reflexión constantemente crítica que propugna el filósofo uruguayo le hace aparecer como escéptico y, recogiendo en parte esa acusación, muestra que la reserva crítica ante la acción y el análisis detenido de sus posibilidades proporciona un criterio excelente para el comportamiento social.Se hacía preciso determinar en el capítulo tercero la aportación más genuinamente metafísica de nuestro autor: su solución a los problemas de la libertad y del determinismo. Partiendo de la separación de los problemas, Vaz Ferreira establece que tan sólo los seres son sujetos de quienes pueda predicarse la libertad o la falta de libertad, mientras que de los actos (humanos), hechos o fenómenos (naturales) tan sólo puede predicarse el determinismo o el indeterminismo. De este modo, podría concluirse que el hombre es libre mientras que sus actos son determinados.El análisis metodológico constante propuesto por Vaz Ferreira sólo podía entenderse dentro de una concepción viva de la lógica, como actividad siempre en ejercicio que a lo largo del capítulo cuarto se ejercita sobre el concepto de Ciencia, destacándose el intento de trascendentalizar el principio de incertidumbre de Heisenberg o la dualidad onda corpúsculo para establecer una ontología de la contradicción que arruinara la lógica aristotélica, intento fallido que ponía de manifiesto la necesidad que tenían los científicos de una buena lógica y de una filosofía legítima.En el capítulo quinto se estudia la relación entre ciencia y filosofía, comenzando por señalar que es falsa su mutua oposición. Con fina penetración observa Vaz Ferreira el fondo filosófico de toda ciencia al preguntarse por sus fundamentos y establece el origen y el fundamento único de toda ciencia en la filosofía. Esta unidad en el saber le permite a Vaz Ferreira invalidar el postulado positivista por el cual se intenta instituir una ciencia basada en sus propios principios racionales, claros y definidos, donde ya no tenga lugar la metafísica.Para finalizar, en el capítulo sexto se indica cómo la ignorancia consciente de serlo supone la coronación de una evolución cognoscitiva que en Vaz Ferreira comienza por suscitar los problemas por medio de una enseñanza fermental que se constituye en filosofía al pensar y al sentir en toda la amplitud posible los problemas filosóficos, vacilando en sus soluciones.Ignorar supone, por consiguiente, una previa aclaración racional que no deja de lado cuanto queda por resolver, revelando con ello la dimensión infinita de cuanto resulta ser trascendente al hombre. / The study of the work of the Uruguayan philosopher Carlos Vaz Ferreira (1872-1958) from the perspective of the philosophy of the science, acquires an special interest because of his critical postulates on the Science and the additional criticism to the Positivism that tries to be established on her basis.Immersed in the anti-positivistic currents of the early century, the work of Carlos Vaz Ferreira reveals the human resistance -attested by H. Bergson as well as W. James- to be shut in a narrow rationalism. In the same way, M. de Unamuno is another of the few authors that constitute the basis of his philosophy, below which Vaz Ferreira places furthermore work of Fr. Nietzsche as a fermentative germ.From the point of view of his living logic, Vaz Ferreira analyzes and invalidates some fallacies as the transcendentalization -which attempts in every moment to identify language and thought-, distancing the ontological plane ("being") from the reasoning plane ("to say" and "to think") in order to recognize the limits or our rational capacities.The work of Carlos Vaz Ferreira is then articulated within a wise rationalism where the conscious ignorance shows at any time the greatness of an absolute reality that the man is never capable to comprehend.