Microrganismos endofíticos são aqueles, cultiváveis ou não, que habitam o interior da planta hospedeira sem causar danos aparentes, podendo ou não apresentar estruturas externas visíveis. Esta interação endófito-planta é intrínseca a determinadas espécies de plantas e/ou bactérias. Embora bactérias do gênero Curtobacterium sejam normalmente estudadas como fitopatógenas, este grupo vem sendo isolado como endófito de diferentes espécies vegetais, tais como citros, trevo, arroz, batata, milho, olmeiro, café e álamo. Tais bactérias vem sendo estudada no controle de doenças em pepino, batata e fumo, na promoção de crescimento, interagindo com bactérias promotoras de crescimento (PGPR) e fitopatógenas. Neste contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi estudar a variabilidade genética e fisiológica de Curtobacterium sp. isolados endofiticamente de citros, por meio das técnicas moleculares ARDRA, RAPD, AFLP e sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA, além de características fisiológicas (coloração da colônia, fitopatogenicidade e perfil enzimático). Além dos isolados endofíticos de citros, foram utilizados isolados endofíticos e fitopatogênicos de diversas culturas proveniente de diferentes regiões do Brasil e outros países. Embora a coloração das colônias seja uma característica altamente variável, foi observada correlação, onde os isolados endofíticos de citros apresentaram coloração variando de alaranjado a róseo, enquanto os outros isolados analisados apresentaram coloração amarelada e creme. A análise por ARDRA possibilitou a formação de 4 ribotipos (A, B, C e D), sendo que todos os fitopatógenos foram agrupados no ribotipo D. As análises de variabilidade por meio do RAPD e AFLP permitiram a separação dos isolados bacterianos em 2 grupos principais, endófitos e fitopatógenos, além de mostrar grande variabilidade dentro do grupo de isolados endofíticos de citros. De acordo com os resultados do sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA, os isolados endofíticos de citros foram agrupados separadamente das demais espécies analisadas. Os resultados do presente estudo demonstram que os isolados endofíticos de citros apresentam genótipo divergente, sugerindo que estes isolados possam pertencer a uma nova espécie ou subespécie de Curtobacterium. / The endophytic microorganisms are those, cultivated or not, that inhabit the interior of the plant host without causing apparent damages, presenting or not visible external structures. This interaction microorganisms-plant is specific to certain species of plants and/or bacteria. Although bacteria from genus Curtobacterium genus are normally studied as phytopathogens, this group has been isolated as endophytes from several plants, such as citrus, potato, rice, maize, coffee, elm trees, red clover and poplar. Also, this bacterium has been associated to disease biocontrol in tobacco, cucumber and potato; influencing host growth or interacting with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and other phytopathogenic bacteria. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic and physiological variability of citrus endophytic strains of Curtobacterium by physiological traits (colony color, pathogenicity and enzymatic profile), as well as molecular techniques, such as ARDRA, RAPD, AFLP and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In the present study endophytic and phytopathogenic strains from many different plants and regions around the world were used. Although the colony color is a high variable character, correlation was observed, since phytopathogenic strains presented yellow and ivory colors, while endophytes from citrus presented orange and pink colors. Four ARDRA profile (A, B, C, D) were observed in the evaluated population, being all phytopathogenic strains include in the ribotype D. The RAPD and AFLP analysis allocated the endophytes and phytopathogens in two different major groups, besides a high variability inside citrus endophytes cluster. According to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, citrus endophytic were clustered in a different group of others Curtobacterium strains. The results of the present study demonstrated that the citrus endophytic strains is a divergent genotype, suggesting that citrus endophytic strains could belong to a new Curtobacterium species or subspecies.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os processos oxidativos têm sido implicados no envelhecimento cerebral. O consumo de frutas e hortaliças, fontes de vitaminas antioxidantes, poderia estar relacionado à melhores performances em testes cognitivos e à prevenção do comprometimento cognitivo em idosos. OBJETIVO: Investigar as possíveis associações entre o consumo de frutas e hortaliças, e de vitaminas antioxidantes provenientes destes alimentos, e o funcionamento cognitivo de idosos de baixa renda do município de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: O presente estudo é parte da coorte prospectiva de base populacional São Paulo Ageing & Health Study (SPAH), com idosos com 65 anos ou mais, residentes de áreas pobres do Distrito do Butantã, zona oeste do município de São Paulo. Após identificação, foram conduzidas entrevistas nos domicílios dos participantes, seguindo um protocolo padronizado. O funcionamento cognitivo foi avaliado pelo Community Screening Instrument for Dementia (CSI-D) e o comprometimento cognitivo foi definido como escores cognitivos 1,5 desvios-padrão da média. O consumo de frutas e hortaliças foi estimado pela aplicação das respectivas seções de um Questionário de Freqüência Alimentar (QFA) desenvolvido para população da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, a partir do qual também foram obtidas as ingestões individuais de carotenóides (alfa e beta-caroteno, licopeno, beta-criptoxantina, luteína/zeaxantina) e vitamina C. Avaliamos as associações entre o consumo de frutas e hortaliças e o funcionamento ou comprometimento cognitivo (sim/não) por modelos de regressão linear múltipla e regressão logística multivariada, respectivamente, em dois momentos diferentes no tempo: na inclusão da coorte (2003-2005) e no seguimento, 2 anos depois (2005-2007). RESULTADOS: Na análise transversal (n=1849), realizada na inclusão do SPAH, o consumo elevado de frutas e hortaliças combinadas (508g/dia) representou um aumento médio de 0,87 pontos (I95%C 0,43- 1,32) no escore de funcionamento cognitivo dos idosos, após o ajuste por potenciais variáveis de confusão. O consumo diário de beta-caroteno dos participantes do maior quartil de consumo (3,2mg/dia) resultou num aumento médio de 1 ponto no escore cognitivo. Idosos que atingiram as recomendações da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) para a ingestão diária adequada de frutas e hortaliças combinadas (400g/dia) tiveram um risco 42% menor de apresentar declínio cognitivo. Nas análises de seguimento (n=1428; 17,8% de perdas), consideramos como exposição principal a média do consumo de frutas e hortaliças entre as duas aplicações do QFA e os desfechos foram o escore de funcionamento cognitivo ou o comprometimento cognitivo (sim/não), após 24 meses. As associações que encontramos mantiveram a mesma direção daquelas que observamos nas análises da inclusão, porém, esta tendência não foi significativa. CONCLUSÃO: Embora apenas 19,8% dos participantes tenham atingido as recomendações atuais da OMS para ingestão diária de frutas e hortaliças, nossos resultados apontaram na direção do papel protetor do consumo adequado destes alimentos, e de beta-caroteno, na preservação do funcionamento cognitivo de idosos. Políticas públicas de incentivo ao consumo de frutas e hortaliças no Brasil, com foco em idosos de baixa renda e escolaridade, devem ser instituídas, visando a preservação do funcionamento cognitivo nesta população. / BACKGROUND: Oxidative processes have been implicated in brain ageing. The intake of fruits and vegetables, sources of antioxidants vitamins, could be related to better performances in cognitive tests and to the prevention of cognitive impairment in elders. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possible associations between fruits and vegetables intake, and antioxidants provided by these foods, and cognitive function in low income elderly of the city of São Paulo. METHODS: The present study is part of the population-based prospective cohort São Paulo Health & Angeing Study (SPAH), with elders of 65 years-old or more, residents of poor areas of the Butantã district, in the western side of São Paulo. After identification, interviews were conducted in the participants homes, following a standardized protocol. The cognitive function was assessed by the Comunnity Screening Instrument for Dementia (CSI-D) and cognitive impairment was defined as escores 1.5 standarddeviations of the mean. The fruits and vegetables intake was estimated by the administration of the respective sections of a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), developed to the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo population, from wich it was also obtained the individual intake of carotenoids (alfa and beta-carotene, lycopene, beta-criptoxantin, lutein/zeaxantin) and vitamin C. The associations between the fruits and vegetables intake, and antioxidant intake, and the congitive function or impairment (yes/no) were investigated using multiple linear regression and logistic regression, respectivelly, in two different moments in time: in the cohort baseline (2003- 2005) and in the follow-up, 2 year later (2005-2007). RESULTS: In the crosssectional analysis (n=1849), carried out in baseline of SPAH, the combined high intake of fruits and vegetables (508g/day) represented an average increase of 0.87 points (CI95% 0.43-1.32) in the score of cognitive function of the elderly, after adjustment for potential confounder. The daily intake of beta-carotene of the participants of the highest quartile of consumption (3.2mg/day) resulted in an average increase of 1 point in the cognitive score. The elders that accomplished the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for the adequate daily intake of fruits and vegetables (400g/dia) presented a risk 42% lower of cognitive impairment. In follow-up analysis (n=1428; 17.8% of losses), we considered the mean intake of fruits and vegetables, and antioxidants, between the two administrations of the FFQ as the main expositions and the outcomes were the score of cognitive function and the cognitive impairment (yes/no), after 24 months. The associations that we found have maintained the same directions of those we have observed in the baseline analysis, but this tendency was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Although only 19.8% of the participants have reached the current WHO recommendations for the daily intake of fruits and vegetable, our findings pointed in the direction of the protector role of the adequate consumption of these foods, and of beta-carotene, in the preservation of cognitive function in the elderly. Public policies to increase the intake of fruits and vegetables in Brasil, focusing at low income and low schooling elders, should be instituted for the cognitive impairment prevention in this population.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:49:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gesiane Teixeira.pdf: 1665700 bytes, checksum: 868caf8c69bf5cf7a1cac6d5eb50ea3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-22 / Introduction: The growing number of fitness centers is followed by an increased consumption of ergogenic supplements by clients and professionals who attend these places. The present study aimed to describe the nutritional profile and the use of ergogenic aids in fitness centers workers. Methods: We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study in all gyms of Pelotas, southern Brazil. Was assessed from standardized questionnaire, the consumption of ergogenic supplements (protein, carbohydrate, anticatabolic, multivitamins and hormonal), markers of dietary intake, frequency of fruit and vegetable intake and body mass index (BMI). In addition, we collected sociodemographic and work variables. Results: Mean age of the 497 respondents was 29.7 years (± 8.3), 57.8% were male and most were in the normal BMI range. Almost a quarter of men and less than 10% of women reported consuming at least one type of supplement. As for food intake, we observed a high frequency of consumption of protein-based products, burgers/sausages and soft drinks. The most reported ergogenic was the anticatabolic (75.4% of men and 71.8% women consumed this type of supplement). The higher fruit intake was reported (40.3%) among respondents who consumed only one supplement and vegetable consumption was more common among those consuming two supplements (45.1%). Conclusions: The population assessed, which is often taken as an example by fitness clubs participants, showed a nutritional profile that could be considered inappropriate, where 25% make use of ergogenic aids, showed a high frequency of consumption of protein and soft drinks. In addition, the intake of fruits and vegetables was below the recommendations and inversely proportional to the consumption of supplements / Atualmente se destaca o crescente número de academias de ginástica e o expressivo aumento no consumo de suplementos ergogênicos por alunos e profissionais que frequentam esses locais. O presente estudo objetivou descrever o perfil nutricional e o uso de recursos ergogênicos de trabalhadores de academias de ginástica que ministravam atividade física. Métodos: Estudo descritivo observacional transversal do tipo censo realizado nas academias de ginástica da cidade de Pelotas/RS. Foi avaliado, a partir de questionário padronizado, o consumo de suplementos ergogênicos (proteicos, carboidratados, anticatabólicos, polivitamínicos e hormonais), marcadores de consumo alimentar, frequência de ingestão de frutas e vegetais e índice de massa corporal (IMC). Além disso, foram coletadas variáveis sociodemográficas e do trabalho. Resultados: Foram entrevistados 497 profissionais com média de idade referente a 29,7 anos (± 8,3), 57,8% eram do sexo masculino e a maioria tinha IMC de eutrofia (56,3%). Cerca de 25% dos homens e 10% das mulheres reportaram consumir algum tipo de suplemento. Quanto aos marcadores de consumo alimentar, pode-se observar a alta frequência de consumo de produtos protéicos, hambúrgueres/embutidos e refrigerantes. O recurso ergogênico mais relatado foi o anticatabólico, sendo que 75,4% dos homens e 71,8% das mulheres consumiram esse tipo de suplemento. O consumo de frutas foi mais relatado (40,3%) entre os entrevistados que consumiam apenas um suplemento e o consumo de vegetais foi mais frequente entre os consumidores de dois suplementos (45,1%). Conclusões: A população avaliada, que com frequência é tomada como exemplo por frequentadores de academias, mostrou um perfil nutricional que pode ser considerado inadequado, onde 25% faz uso de recursos ergogênicos, mostrou elevada frequência de consumo de proteínas e refrigerantes. Somado a isso, o consumo de frutas e vegetais foi aquém das recomendações e inversamente proporcional ao consumo de suplementos

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:22:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAcao_Ivan_ Pereira.pdf: 6028159 bytes, checksum: cfaa04c1f12cd51b883a1fc9be98b2d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-27 / Blackberry is a temperate climate fruit that due to its rusticity, good yield, fast economic feedback and several options of market, it is a good alternative for small farms diversification. The objective of this work was to assess the effect of seven different pre-planting fertilizers on blackberries cultivars Tupy and Xavante. The experiment was carried out at the city São Mateus do Sul Paraná state, in 2006 and 2007 crop. The applied treatments were: T1: Control; T2: 2.0t/ha of broiler litter (BL); T3: 350kg/ha of the composition 8-20-20 (recommendation of CQFS-RS/SC, 2004); T4: 2.0t/ha of BL+1.2t/ha Thermophosphate (TP)+2.0t/ha lime-schist (CX)+1,0t/ha schist (spent-oil shale) (XR); T5: 2.0t/ha BL+1.2t/ha TP+1.0t/ha CX+0.5t/ha XR; T6: 2.0t/ha BL+1.2t/ha TP+4.0t/ha CX+2.0t/ha XR and T7: 2.0 t/ha BL+1.2 t/ha TP. The responses variables measured were shoots number per plant, shoot diameter, relation between shoot number and yield, pruning dry matter (PDM), yield, dynamic of production, Agronomic Efficiency Index (AEI), weight, diameter, total soluble solids (TSS), color, anthocianyn content, fruit acidity percentage, nutrient exportation and some content of macro and micronutrients in the pruning material, fruits and soil. The results were analysed using the statistical software WinSTAT version 2.11 at 5% level of significance. It was verified significative effects of the treatments using pre-planting fertilization only at the soil nutrients content; T6 and T3 showed the highest phosphorus and potassium concentrations, respectively. The cultivar Tupy was statistically superior at the variables PDM, yield, diameter and fruit weight and anthocianyn content. Also, there were high concentrations of Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe and B in the pruning material and K, P and Cu in the fruits. Xavante was superior in shoot density and fruit color, as well as in the concentration of Ca and Mn in fruits. The cultivars Tupy and Xavante did not statistically differ at the variables: shoot diameter, TSS and fruit acidity. Also the content of P, K, S, Zn and Mn in the pruning material and B, Fe, Mg and S in the fruits did not change. There was a positive correlation of 93% for Tupy and 84% for Xavante between the increase of shoot number and yield. The harvest period extended during 71 days, being the effective harvest period (90% of production) 37 days for cv. Tupy and 24 days for cv. Xavante. The AEI of Tupy was higher in T3 and of Xavante in T5. The treatments of pre-planting fertilization did not promote alterations on nutrients content to be about to induce significative variations of the assessed variables. Regarding to cultivars, Tupy showed superior results compared to Xavante in the main studied variables. / A amora-preta é uma fruta de clima temperado que devido a sua rusticidade, boa produtividade, rápido retorno econômico e as várias opções de mercado, se apresenta como uma alternativa na diversificação da matriz produtiva, principalmente nas pequenas propriedades rurais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de sete diferentes adubações de pré-plantio sobre as cultivares Tupy e Xavante de amoreira-preta. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em São Mateus do Sul-PR, nos anos de 2006 e 2007. Os tratamentos aplicados foram os seguintes: T1: Testemunha; T2: 2,0ton ha-1 de cama de aviário(CA); T3: 350kg ha-1 da formula 8-20-20 (recomendação da Comissão de Química e Fertilidade do Solo-RS/SC, 2004); T4: 2,0ton ha-1 de CA+1,2ton ha-1 de Termofosfato(TMF)+2,0ton ha-1 de Calxisto(CX)+1,0ton ha-1 de Xisto Retortado(XR); T5: 2,0ton ha-1 CA+1,2ton ha-1 TMF+1,0ton ha-1 de CX+0,5ton ha-1 de XR; T6: 2,0ton ha-1 CA+1,2ton ha-1 TMF+4,0ton ha-1 de CX+2,0ton ha-1 de XR e T7: 2,0ton ha-1 CA+1,2ton ha-1 TMF. As variáveis resposta avaliadas foram: número de hastes por planta, diâmetro de hastes, relação entre número de hastes e produtividade, matéria seca de poda (MSP), produtividade, dinâmica de produção, Índice de Eficiência Agronômica (IEA), peso, diâmetro, teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST), cor, teor de antocianinas, percentual de acidez dos frutos, exportação de nutrientes e teores de macro e micronutrientes no material de poda, frutos e solo. Os resultados foram analisados no software estatístico WinStat, versão 2.11, a um nível de significância de 5%. Foram verificados efeitos significativos dos tratamentos de adubação de pré-plantio apenas para os teores de nutrientes no solo, onde os tratamentos T6 e T3 apresentaram as maiores concentrações de fósforo e potássio respectivamente. A cultivar Tupy foi superior estatisticamente nas variáveis resposta: MSP, produtividade, diâmetro e peso de frutos e teor de antocianinas. Além da maior concentração de Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe e B no material de poda e de K, P e Cu nos frutos. A cultivar Xavante foi superior em densidade de hastes e cor de frutos, além da maior concentração de Ca e Mn nos frutos. As cultivares não diferiram significativamente nas variáveis: diâmetro de hastes, SST e acidez titulável dos frutos. Além de apresentarem os mesmos teores de P, K, S, Zn e Mn no material de poda e de B, Fe, Mg e S nos frutos. Houve uma correlação positiva de 93% para cv. Tupy e de 84% para a cv. Xavante entre o aumento do número 7 de hastes e o da produtividade. O período de colheita foi de 71 dias, sendo o período efetivo de colheita (90% da produção) foi de 37 dias para a cv. Tupy e de 24 dias para a cv. Xavante. O IEA da cv. Tupy foi maior no tratamento T3, já papré-plantio base não proporcionaram alterações nos teores de nutrientes a ponto de induzir variações significativas das variáveis resposta avaliadas. Quanto as cultivares, a cv. Tupy apresentou resultados superiores aos da cv. Xavante nas principais variáveis estudadas.

La microfiltration est un procédé baro-membranaire largement utilisé pour stabiliser et clarifier les jus de fruits ou pour concentrer leur fraction pulpeuse. Toutefois le colmatage membranaire limite la productivité économique du procédé. Même si de nombreuses études ont été menées pour comprendre et limiter le colmatage, aucun véritable outil n'est aujourd'hui disponible pour prévoir la filtrabilité d'un jus de fruits. Le développement de ce type d'outils prévisionnels est pourtant essentiel pour faciliter l'optimisation des conditions de filtration et pour une meilleure maitrise du colmatage membranaire. Dans ce contexte, l'étude a été axée sur l'identification de nouveaux critères de filtrabilité des jus de fruits au travers de la compréhension et de la caractérisation des mécanismes de colmatage qui interviennent.En choisissant le jus d'orange comme modèle, une approche statistique a permis, dans un premier temps, une sélection rapide et pertinente des caractéristiques physico-chimiques des jus de fruits directement corrélées à leur filtrabilité, à savoir la matière sèche totale, l'extrait sec soluble, le pH, la conductivité et la granulométrie. Ensuite, des stratégies expérimentales complémentaires basées sur des filtrations à l'échelle du laboratoire ont été proposées pour identifier les différentes fractions colmatantes en fonction de leur taille ainsi que les mécanismes de colmatage associés. Ces stratégies novatrices ont permis d'étudier le pouvoir colmatant du jus d'orange en prenant en compte toute sa complexité et de proposer par la suite des cartographies de composés colmatants. Ces cartographies s'avèrent particulièrement intéressantes pour anticiper le comportement colmatant des jus de fruits sans avoir recours à des filtrations longues et coûteuses à grande échelle. Les résultats ont montré que le phénomène le plus important qui régit le colmatage membranaire global au cours de la filtration du jus d'orange semble être le colmatage externe par dépôt. Les objectifs de la dernière partie du travail, ont été de considérer plus fortement le caractère complexe et hétérogène des jus de fruits, pouvant les conduire à des changements brutaux de comportement lors de leur filtration. Pour cela des mesures rhéologiques en mode dynamique couplées à une stratégie d'isolement spécifique des différentes fractions colmatantes du jus d'orange ont été menées pour déterminer le comportement viscoélastique de la fraction insoluble du jus d'orange au cours de sa concentration. Les observations ont montré que les énergies des interactions entre les particules insolubles sont des fonctions croissantes de la concentration de la fraction insoluble et dépendent de la taille des particules. De plus, la transition vers un comportement « solide » du jus d'orange semble être favorisée par la présence des fractions particulaire et supra-colloïdale. Ces observations sont cohérentes avec le mécanisme de colmatage prédominant dû à l'accumulation de ces fractions à la surface de la membrane. La confrontation de nouvelles études de filtrabilité à l'échelle du laboratoire avec la performance de la filtration à grande échelle permettra de généraliser les stratégies proposées pour prédire la performance de la filtration de nouveaux jus de fruits. / Microfiltration is a pressure driven process successfully used to clarify and stabilize fruit juices or to concentrate their pulpy fraction. However, membrane fouling remains the critical factor governing the overall economic productivity of this process. Even if, many studies have been made to understand and limit membrane fouling, to date, there stills a lack of predicting tools to evaluate the filterability of fruit juices. However, it is interesting to develop practical and efficient tools for the prediction of fruit juices filterability in order to adapt and optimize filtration conditions to the fouling behavior of the filtered juice. In this respect, this study focused on the identification of new criteria of fruit juices filterability through the comprehension and the characterization of the potential fouling mechanisms.First, orange juice was chosen as test matrix and a statistical approach was used to select simple and relevant physico-chemical characteristics of this juice in relation with its filterability, namely dry matter, TSS, pH, conductivity, and particles size. Later, additional experimental strategies based on filtration tests at lab-scale were developed to identify the relevant size-classes of foulant compounds and related fouling mechanisms. These innovative strategies allowed studying the fouling potential of orange juice with the consideration of its complexity and proposing cartographies of foulant compounds. These cartographies are particularly interesting to anticipate the fouling behavior of fruit juices without any costly filtration operation at large scale. Moreover, results showed that external fouling seems to be the predominant fouling mechanism governing the overall membrane fouling during orange juice filtration. Finally, the aim of the last part of the work was to highlight the role of the complex and heterogeneous nature of fruit juices in their unexpected behavior during their filtration. For this purpose, the viscoelastic behavior of orange juice suspended solids during their concentration was obtained from rheological measurements in dynamic mode coupled with specific isolation of orange juice foulant fractions. Results showed that the energy of the interactions between juice particles increased as the suspended solids concentration increased and depends on the particles size. Furthermore, the solid-like behavior of the juice was enhanced by the presence of supra-colloids and large particles. These observations are in accordance with the predominant fouling mechanism that is due to the accumulation of these fruit fractions on the membrane surface. The confrontation of new filterability studies at laboratory scale with the performance of large-scale filtration will enable to generalize the proposed strategies to predict the performance of filtration of new fruit juices.

La filière des fruits et légumes frais est aujourd’hui confrontée à la mise en question des institutions gouvernant ses rapports institués de distribution. De plus en plus, une partie des acteurs intervenant dans le gouvernement de cette filière (collectivités territoriales, producteurs, distributeurs, organisations professionnelles) cherchent à promouvoir de nouvelles formes de distribution, caractérisées par la réduction des distances sociales et / ou relationnelles entre producteurs et consommateurs. La fin des années 2000 a notamment été marquée par la mise en œuvre d’une politique publique nationale destinée à développer les« circuits courts » de commercialisation des produits agricoles, caractérisés par l’absence ou la présence d’un seul intermédiaire entre producteurs et consommateurs. Ces circuits courts sont, en outre, souvent associés par les acteurs à des dynamiques de relocalisation des processus de distribution. Historiquement peu concernée par ces modes de distribution, dont les titulaires de son gouvernement ont au contraire cherché à l’affranchir en les marginalisant économiquement, la filière des fruits et légumes frais redécouvre aujourd’hui de nouvelles manières d’organiser ses marchés et de qualifier les produits. Doit-on pour autant conclure au triomphe des challengers du gouvernement de cette filière, parce qu’ils auraient réussi à institutionnaliser de nouveaux rapports institués de distribution ? Nous prétendons justement montrer, à partir d’une sociologie du gouvernement de la filière inspirée des travaux de la sociologie économique et de l’économie politique, que la réalité est plus complexe et ambigüe. En effet, si, à l’échelle locale, ces challengers parviennent à mieux contrôler les opérations de problématisation, d’instrumentation et de légitimation des enjeux associés à l’institutionnalisation de nouveaux modèles de distribution des fruits et légumes, aux échelles nationale et communautaire, le gouvernement de la filière demeure contrôlé par les acteurs les plus puissants : producteurs spécialisés, organisations de producteurs, enseignes de la grande distribution. Finalement, plutôt qu’à une relocalisation des circuits de distribution de la filière, on assiste en réalité à une évolution des dynamiques de qualification, marquée par la stabilisation du « local » comme une nouvelle institution marchande, dont l’usage stratégique permet aux titulaires du gouvernement de conserver la mainmise sur la définition des enjeux légitimes à traiter, en particulier ceux relatifs aux modèles de développement agricoles à soutenir et encourager. / The fruit and vegetables industry (filière) has recently had to deal with issues concerning the legitimate ways of selling these products and a larger range of actors intervening in its government (local authorities, producers, wholesalers, professional organizations) have sought to promote new modes of commercialization which can be described as an attempt to reduce social and geographical distances between producers and consumers. Since 2009, a French public policy has indeed encouraged the development of short food supply chains, defined as supply chains involving none or just one intermediary between the two ends of the chain. These short food supply chains have also been linked by their promoters to the “re-localization” of economic exchanges. Historically, the incumbents of the industry’s government have tried to go beyond such geographical constraints in order to extend their markets spatially, and this by marginalizing politically and economically shorter supply chains. But they now have to deal with new ways of organizing markets and defining the quality of their products. This situation has been examined in this Phd. using rigorous analytical and methodological tools. From this angle, at the local scale challengers have been able to take control away from incumbents by redefining the legitimate issues which need to be treated. At other scales, however, the traditional incumbents are still in control of the industry’s government and the bulk of its economic exchanges. Ultimately, what has taken place is less the re-localization of supply chains within the industry than the institutionalization of new forms of qualification based upon the valuation of the “local” as a distinctive sign of quality.

El presente plan de negocios tiene como objetivo desarrollar una estrategia de promoción para la granada para así lograr un mayor posicionamiento para la granada peruana. Asimismo determinar la viabilidad económica y financiera. El proyecto será ejecutado por la empresa Pome Perú S.A.C. conformada por Carla Rubio y Alejandro Rubio, ambos accionistas de la empresa. / Trabajo de investigación

Individuals who are disadvantaged by low-income and/ or minority status face a number of barriers to experiencing optimal health and eating well. Twenty Aboriginal and 29 non-Aboriginal participants (N = 49) from Ottawa, Canada took part in a cross-sectional, mixed methods study and completed one questionnaire and single in-depth interview that verified: 1) food security status and household eating habits, 2) fruit and vegetable purchase and consumption, and 3) knowledge about or participation in the Good Food Box [GFB] Program. Ottawa GFB staff (n = 5), site coordinators (n = 6) and steering committee members (n = 3) took part in separate discussion groups to identify challenges and strengths related to program coordination, management and delivery. Within an ecological framework, qualitative data is discussed using a social phenomenological and thematic approach. Using χ2 analyses, results suggest a medium effect size and association between food security status and Aboriginal identity (χ2(1) = 8.04, p < 0.01; φ = 0.4) and satisfaction with how stores meet household food needs and gender (χ2(1) = 5.86, p < 0.05; φ = 0.36). A relationship between participation in the GFB Program and food security status (χ2(1) = 11.13, p < 0.01; φ = 0.48) is also shown where estimates suggest that GFB customers are 9.9 times more likely to be food secure compared to non-affiliates. ANOVA results and post-hoc tests demonstrate a significant mean difference in frequency of fruit consumption between GFB customers and non-program users (F(2, 46) = 11.29, p = 0.00) where 29.6% of the variance (ω2 = 0.296) is explained by program participation. Results-based and community-driven recommendations to improve access to healthy food, food security and the GFB Program are discussed as shared responsibilities between different levels of government across sectors and the community since these are public and social health issues, determinants of health and economic concerns. Implications of findings are also discussed.

Orientadores: Inacio Maria Dal Fabbro, Adilson Machado Enes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T11:36:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fracarolli_JulianaAparecida_D.pdf: 5319280 bytes, checksum: 4488936faca98d4c091c7703b2fd0ca0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Técnicas ópticas vêm sendo utilizadas para diversas finalidades técnicas e científicas. Algumas técnicas ópticas se caracterizam como métodos robustos, de baixo custo, não invasivos e não destrutivos para avaliação de materiais diversos, como produtos agrícolas, havendo aplicações desde a engenharia até a área da saúde humana e animal. Neste trabalho propõem-se a avaliação de frutos através da combinação de duas técnicas ópticas cujos estudos vêm comprovando suas aplicabilidades como métodos alternativos e inovadores, os quais empregam equipamentos de baixo custo na aquisição dos dados, permitindo automação de processos de seleção e classificação de produtos. Uma dessas técnicas é conhecida como Biospeckle, a qual fornece informações referentes à qualidade do material biológico em nível de estruturas celulares e a outra é o escaneamento com linha laser, que permite a obtenção de geometria do objeto nos eixos Xi (i = 1,2,3). O objetivo é proceder a um levantamento topográfico digital de materiais biológicos combinando o posicionamento geométrico dos pontos da imagem com informações referentes à atividade biológica. Foi realizada ainda a diferenciação entre frutos de formato variado, a classificação de frutos por formato, classe, coloração e defeitos por meio de processamento de imagens. Dessa forma é possível observar frutos com irregularidades superficiais, maturidade, danos mecânicos e latentes, entre outros. Esta pode se tornar a base para a seleção automática de produtos agrícolas. Foram utilizados um emissor de linha laser de diodo com 632 nm de comprimento de onda, luz branca difusa, câmera CCD, computador, mesa óptica, mamões, peras, tomates e esferas de isopor, bem como softwares ImageJ, Octave, Matlab. Foram desenvolvidos cinco programas computacionais para processamento das imagens. Foram realizados cinco experimentos, a saber: (1) Avaliação da Maturidade de Frutos; (2) Reconstrução Tridimensional e Mapeamento da Bioatividade; (3) Detecção de Formato Variado; (4) Mapeamento por Formato, Classe e Coloração; (5) Detecção de Defeitos. Na Avaliação da Maturidade foram correlacionados índices de maturidade tradicionais (parâmetros de Hunter L a b, pH, Sólidos Solúveis Totais (SST), a relação Sólidos Solúveis Totais e Acidez Total Titulável (SST/ATT), Módulo de Elasticidade, massa e diâmetro) e a técnica óptica Biospeckle, pelo cálculo do Momento de Inércia (MI). Para a Reconstrução Tridimensional os frutos foram rotacionados através de um motor de passo. A cada passo do motor, o fruto foi iluminado pela linha laser projetada e fotografado para obtenção dos dados de geometria e Biospeckle pelo método LASCA (Laser Speckle Contrast Analysis). Foi analisada a correlação entre os índices de maturidade tradicionais e os valores de MI na avaliação da maturidade. Esta tese mostra que é possível avaliar a maturidade dos frutos através do Biospeckle. Obteve-se um mapa tridimensional que integra as informações de topografia e bioatividade do fruto. Obteve-se, ainda, a detecção de formato variado, a classificação de frutos por mapeamento por formato, classe e coloração e detecção de defeitos através de software / Abstract: Optical techniques have been used for both technical and scientific purposes. Optical techniques are usually characterized as being robust, inexpensive, non-invasive and non-destructive methods in to evaluate a diversity of materials which include agricultural derived products. It also shows applications ranging from engineering to human and animal health. In this doctoral dissertation, a new technique to evaluate some fruit properties is proposed. It combines two optical techniques (i.e. Biospeckle and Scan-line laser) whose applicability has been demonstrated as being alternative and innovative. The new proposed technique allows low-cost data acquisition, automation of the entire process, and a proper selection and classification method of vegetable bodies (e.g. fruits). Biospeckle allows obtaining information regarding the quality level of biological material into cellular structures. Scan-line laser enables the attainment of the object geometry on the axes Xi (i=1,2,3). The main purpose of this doctoral dissertation is to obtain a digital survey of biological materials (i.e. papaya, pear and tomato) integrating both geometric positioning and information concerning to its biological activity. The differentiation between different fruit shapes, fruit sorting by size, class, color and defects through image processing was also carried out. Thus it was also possible to observe fruits with surface irregularities, maturity, and mechanical damage, among others. This is the basis proposed for the automatic selection of agricultural products. The following materials were employed in the tests: a line-emitting diode laser with a wavelength of 632 nm, diffuse white light, CCD camera, computer, optical table, papaya, pear and tomato fruits and polystyrene spheres. The softwares utilized were: ImageJ, Octave, Matlab. A total of five computer programs were developed for the image processing procedures. Five experiments were performed: (1) Maturity Assessment of Fruits; (2) Three Dimensional Reconstruction and Mapping of Bioactivity; (3) Miscellaneous Format Detection; (4) Mapping Format, Class and Coloration; (5) Defect Detection. In Maturity Assessment there were correlated traditional methods to verify the maturity (the Hunter parameters L a b, pH, Total Soluble Solids (TSS), the relationship between Total Soluble Solids and Titratable Acidity (TSS/TA), Modulus of Elasticity, weight and diameter) and the optical technique Biospeckle by calculating the Moment of Inertia (MI). For the Three Dimensional Reconstruction the fruits were rotated by a stepper motor. At every step of the motor, the fruit was illuminated by the projected laser line and photographed in order to obtain both geometric and biospeckle data by the LASCA (Laser Speckle Contrast Analysis) method. The correlation between traditional methods for the maturity assessment and values of MI was analyzed. This doctoral dissertation shows that it is possible to evaluate the maturity of fruits through Biospeckle. A three-dimensional map that includes topographical information and bioactivity of the fruit was generated. Also a software can now detect variations in size, classify fruit shapes, color and class as well as defect detection efficiently. / Doutorado / Maquinas Agricolas / Doutora em Engenharia Agrícola

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-04-12T13:46:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE (2015-08-18) - ABDINARDO MOREIRA BARRETO DE OLIVEIRA.pdf: 3951622 bytes, checksum: d0cb6e21050967dd0af31e235ae9d711 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-12T13:46:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE (2015-08-18) - ABDINARDO MOREIRA BARRETO DE OLIVEIRA.pdf: 3951622 bytes, checksum: d0cb6e21050967dd0af31e235ae9d711 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-15 / FACEPE / O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as configurações nas quais as estratégias de hedging são efetivas na diminuição do risco de preço da fruticultura exportadora brasileira. Tal pesquisa é justificada pela seguinte problema: caso fosse possível os fruticultores serem usuários do mercado de derivativos, não se sabe como as estratégias de hedging seriam configuradas para melhor lhes atenderem. Assim, foram calculados os preços médios mensais US$ FOB/kg entre 1989 e 2013, a partir dos dados fornecidos pelo site AliceWeb2, para as seguintes frutas: manga, melão e uva. Elas foram escolhidas por representarem 62% do valor recebido em dólares e 48% do volume exportado das frutas brasileiras. Foram usados os modelos ARIMA/GARCH para obter os preços futuros e estimar o hedge próprio, e adotados os preços futuros WTI do petróleo para estimar o cross-hedge. Realizaram-se previsões para cada abordagem de hedging empregada no estudo: Variância Mínima, Média-Variância, BEKKGARCH, Dominância Estocástica e VaR/CVaR. Em relação ao hedge próprio, o contrato com vencimento em 07 meses e em posição vendida, pela abordagem BEKK-GARCH, foi o mais efetivo para a manga (H = -0,725; HE = 35,8%); em 06 meses e em posição comprada, pela abordagem U-MEG (n = 300), foi o mais efetivo para o melão (H = 0,557; HE = 17,9%); e em 06 meses e em posição vendida, pela abordagem U-MEG (n = 300), foi o mais efetivo para a uva (H = -0,272; HE = 34,8%). Considerando o cross-hedge, o contrato com vencimento em 11 meses e em posição comprada, pela abordagem BEKK-GARCH, foi o mais efetivo, para a manga (H = 0,018; HE = 22%); o contrato com vencimento em 12 meses e em posição vendida, pela abordagem da Variância Mínima, foi o mais efetivo para o melão (H = -0,003; HE = 8,7%); e o contrato com vencimento em 11 meses e em posição vendida, pela abordagem BEKK-GARCH, foi o mais efetivo, para a uva (H = -0,022; HE = 22,1%). Vale ressaltar a dificuldade do cross-hedge a ser feito para o melão, dado os diminutos valores de H a serem realizados em termos práticos, demandando a realização de investigações futuras para melhorar este resultado em particular. / The objective of this study was to verify the settings in which the hedging strategies are effective in reducing the price risk in the Brazilian export fruits. Such research is justified by the following problem: if it were possible fruit growers are users of the derivatives market, it is not known how hedging strategies would be configured to best meet them. Thus, they were calculated the monthly average prices FOB US$/kg between 1989 and 2013, based on data provided by AliceWeb2 site for the following fruits: mango, melon and grape. They were chosen because they represent 62% of the amount received in dollars and 48% of the exported volume of Brazilian fruits. They were used the ARIMA / GARCH models to get the future prices and estimate the own hedge, and adopted the WTI future price of oil to estimate the cross-hedge. It was conducted estimations for each hedging approach used in the study: Minimum Variance, Mean-Variance, BEKK-GARCH, Stochastic Dominance and VaR/CVaR. Regarding to own hedge, the contract maturing in 07 months and short position by BEKK-GARCH approach was the most effective for mango (H = -0.725; HE = 35.8%); in 06 months and long position, the U-MEG approach (n = 300), was the most effective for melon (H = 0.557; HE = 17.9%); and 06 months and short position for the U-MEG approach (n = 300), was the most effective for grape (H = -0.272; HE = 34.8%). Considering the crosshedge, the contract maturing in 11 months and long position, by BEKK-GARCH approach was the most effective for mango (H = 0.018; HE = 22%); the contract maturing in 12 months and short position, the approach of the Minimum Variance was the most effective for melon (H = -0.003; HE = 8.7%); and the contract maturing in 11 months and short position by BEKK-GARCH approach was the most effective for grape (H = -0.022; HE = 22.1%). It is worth mentioning the difficulty of cross-hedge to be made to the melon, given the tiny H values to be realized in practical terms, which demands the realization of further investigations to improve this particular result.