The increasing number of space-related applications and the development of miniaturized satellites (sometimes called CubeSats) recently became an exciting area in modern space science. Due to their diverse applications, smaller size, and low development cost. More sophisticated CubeSat missions have been recently introduced, signaling that CubeSats have started to progress from solely technical demonstration platforms to providing opportunities for low-cost actual research missions with a highly promising benefit in terms of commercial revenue. Despite major advancements in CubeSat technology, there is still a range of fundamental concerns regarding CubeSat barriers, pitfalls, and commercial effects. From both an academic and an industrial perspective, this report offers a thorough overview of various facets of CubeSat manufacturing and launch costs. The latest trends in CubeSat were discussed as well as an analysis of the launch cost and other variables that could influence the mission. An information-gathering approach was used from various proposed and launched missions, including journal articles, the official space mission webpages, and other publicly accessible satellite databases. Using data collected from various sources, we found that the latest launching price for future missions is influenced and modeled by various reasons. The Liquid propellant, miniaturized thrusters for small satellites, and modernized payload carriers could play a part in lowering the cost of potential launches. For instance, the RP-1 fuel used in Falcon 9 is expandable and reusable, increasing launch opportunities and low per-unit launch costs. Likewise, tiny satellites with miniaturized thrusters will significantly help change aerodynamics and launch processes. Whereas systemic payload structures can bear maximum weight, theoretically expanding the number of Nanosatellites deployed per launch. This paper attempts to facilitate various elements that make it practical in enabling a decision-making process related to technical aspects of the launch cost and future utilization of CubeSat technology.

The ecological pressure threatening our planet is about to become even more severe as population is expected to grow 30 % by 2050. The injustices between the developed and the developing countries are enormous, where the developing countries have to survive on just a small fraction of what the developed countries consume.In order for our planet to remain sustainable large changes have to be made.As large multinational companies represent a majority of the world trade they have to assume an extra large part of responsibility in order for the changes to happen. Based on this I have conducted a qualitative research based on semi structured interviews with four multinational Swedish corporations with the aim to identify future trends of strategic corporate social responsibility (CSR). The definition of CSR in this study was “human rights”, “anti-corruption”, “labour standards” and “environment”.The results of this research show that the companies in this study have CSR programs that are designed to help fulfilling their missions and goals, which means that the firms practice strategic CSR. “Human rights”, “anti-corruption” and “labour standards” is considered to be very important today and to a large extent taken for granted in Sweden. Business value is being allocated to ”labour standards” and “environment”. The major change foreseen in the future is that the business value of “environment” is expected to increase dramatically.The corporations covered in this research are increasingly taking their responsibility and the trend is going towards having CSR fully integrated in their businesses, being an increasingly important part of their strategies and a natural part of everyday business.

Living in the era of globalization and the Internet, the demand for faster innovation cycles is increasing. Thus companies have the aim to explore new innovation strategies. Therefore the basis of this study is to investigate the development from the traditional way of innovation to Open Innovation practices. If companies want to get a benefit of Open Innovation, many structural and cultural changes have to be overcome. The protection of company secrecies and the retention of the core competencies are the most elementary factors, which have to be considered if external stakeholders are involved in the innovation process. In addition to that, the purpose of this is to examine and declare the limitations and challenges of Open Innovation strategies. Through a multiple case study of three companies, including semi-structured interviews with key individuals, who have extensive experiences in the research and development department, the empirical findings are deducted and connected with the framework. Furthermore the gathered data is analysed on the basis of a research model, which was developed from the existing literature. The research model contains the most common challenges when adopting Open Innovation. These challenges are intellectual property, flexibility, internal structure, trust, acceptance and integration. In the course of this study, different significant manifestations of the respective factors were determined. Moreover it can be identified that some factors are related to each other or have several similarities. This study shows that the structure and the size of a company is the most crucial challenge by adopting Open Innovation practices in the ongoing innovation process. The challenge of company size is affecting the corporate and process structures. This includes the organization of intellectual property as well as the cooperation with companies of different sizes. The second important challenge is the generic term of trust, which is related to the overall acceptance of the company towards Open Innovation. Moreover, the factor of trust is influencing the level of integration of suppliers and customers in the innovation process. To find the right balance between trusting and supporting the internal innovation department and be open for external knowledge is the key factor for success. Additionally, it can be recommended to implement a central innovation department, which is only responsible for Open Innovation.

No description available.

Technology has always been a part of a principal's daily duties. Whether the technology is a pencil, an intercom system, a laptop computer, or mobile device, it has played a role in the principalship. Questions remain regarding the extent technology influences the principalship, as well as the reasons why principals utilize certain technologies more than others. The purposes of this study were to investigate technologies principals used, the reasons principals used the identified technologies, and the variables associated with the usage. The following variables were studied as factors contributing to the technology usage: knowledge of technology, attitude toward technology, professional development and training, and organizational support for technology. The study consisted of 12 interviews of principals from across the United States: four interviews with elementary school principals, four interviews with middle school principals, and four interviews with high school principals. All 12 principals worked in Apple Distinguished Schools. The researcher found access to technology was high among principals, teachers, and students. The participants wanted technology that made their lives simpler. Principals dispositions toward technology were favorable, but included mixed and unfavorable dispositions as well. The principals' primary purpose for using technology was to become more efficient with their work. Support for the principal's use of technology existed through district funding of technology purchases, hiring of technical support, and providing professional development. Additional support was provided by grants from private companies. Policies regarding the integration of technology in schools were reviewed. Policies were considered restrictive or facilitative. Respondents knowledge of current technologies was evident, but they reported little knowledge about future trends. Most principals spent a majority of their day using technology. Recommendations for additional research include the study of the effect of technology on school culture, additional factors affecting technology use, data security, and the effect of technology on the effectiveness and efficiency of management. Recommendations for practice include: identifying technological devices and applications using the researchers revised questionnaire, including time for immersion after a training or professional development opportunity, updating acceptable-use policies, and carefully constructing the goals and resources needed to successfully implement technology. / Ph. D.

As per the Paris agreement in 2015, 190 nations have joined the cause to cut the Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To limit global warming, the aim is to reduce the global emissions to half by 2030 compared to 2012 and reach net zero by 2050. The transportation industry can play a big role to achieve this target. The freight transportation sector need to reduce the emissions by 20% (5.7 Gt) by 2030 compared to 2020 (7.2Gt) in order to reach the Net Zero Emissions goal by 2050[1]. At Mycronic group, freight transportation operations generate the third largest GHG and CO2 emissions after customer use of products and Material use. Most of the in-bound and out-bound deliveries are carried out by air freight. Air freight creates the highest emissions out of all the freight transport systems. To reduce the use of air freight and meet the requirements of global agreement, Mycronic group aims to deliver products in more sustainable and effective ways. Hence, this study aims to find less carbon-intensive shipping solutions for outbound deliveries of Mycronic products. A comparative study of current freight logistics system and a more sustainable system has been carried for one of the Mycronic AB divisions’ products and specific to outbound deliveries from Sweden to USA. Study of future trends of freight transport system in terms of sustainability with respect to upcoming technology, policies and initiatives have been carried out. For the calculation of emissions, a third-party proprietary software was used to analyse and compare the sustainable solutions. Product forecasting and the making of a tCO2e calculation sheet for salespeople were also carried out as support for the company to implement the suggested solution.Shipping of products through waterways is much more sustainable compared to other transport modes and that it should therefore be adopted more often to deliver products. A multi-modal transport system, including shipping by sea freight and further combined by road or rail freight found to be the most efficient solution to reduce the emissions. To adopt this solution, the main challenges appeared are the client acceptance for longer lead times and organizational behaviour change within Mycronic group. The technical requirements of the product analysed in this study did not prove to be an issue for transporting the product by waterways. / I enlighet med Parisavtalet 2015 har 190 länder anslutit sig till målet att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser (GHG). För att begränsa den globala uppvärmningen är målet att halvera de globala utsläppen till 2030 jämfört med 2012 och att nå nettonoll till 2050. Transportbranschen kan spela en stor roll för att uppnå detta mål. Godstransportsektorn behöver minska utsläppen med 20 % (5,7 Gt) till 2030 jämfört med 2020 (7,2 Gt) för att nå målet om nettonollutsläpp till 2050[1].På Mycronic group genererar godstransportverksamheten de tredje största utsläppen av växthusgaser och koldioxid efter kundernas användning av produkter och materialanvändning. De flesta inkommande och utgående leveranser sker med flygfrakt. Flygfrakt skapar de högsta utsläppen av alla frakttransportsystem. För att minska användningen av flygfrakt och uppfylla kraven i det globala avtalet strävar Mycronic Group efter att leverera produkter på ett mer hållbart och effektivt sätt. Syftet med den här studien är därför att hitta mindre koldioxidintensiva fraktlösningar för utgående leveranser av Mycronics produkter. En jämförande studie av nuvarande fraktlogistiksystem och ett mer hållbart system har genomförts för en av Mycronic AB:s divisioners produkter och specifikt för utgående leveranser från Sverige till USA. En studie av framtida trender för godstransportsystem i fråga om hållbarhet med hänsyn till kommande teknik, politik och initiativ har genomförts. För beräkning av utsläpp har en tredjeparts programvara använts för att analysera och jämföra de hållbara lösningarna. Produktprognoser och utarbetande av ett kalkylblad för tCO2e-beräkningar för säljare genomfördes också som stöd för företaget att genomföra den föreslagna lösningen.Transport av produkter via vattenvägar är mycket mer hållbart jämfört med andra transportsätt och bör därför användas oftare för att leverera produkter. Ett multimodalt transportsystem, med sjötransport och kombinerad transport på väg eller järnväg, visade sig vara den mest effektiva lösningen för att minska utsläppen. De största utmaningarna för att införa denna lösning är kundernas acceptans för längre ledtider och en förändring av det organisatoriska beteendet inom Mycronic-koncernen. De tekniska kraven på den produkt som analyserades i denna studie visade sig inte vara något problem för transport av produkten på vattenvägar.

Maintenance has evolved over centuries and has played significant role for growth of organizations. Maintenance history is differentiated by three generations, the development of maintenance considered from being “necessary evil” to “profit contributor”. Many literatures have discussed maintenance for optimization and increasing profitability but little on the factors which influence on the future of maintenance. Maintenance should be considered as a “competitive factor” in the future. Many trends have evolved in production and every trend had a major contribution towards production development. The successful implementation of the trends is considered to be a major challenge. Little literatures have talked on the emerging trends and challenges in production. The thesis reviews the historical development of maintenance over generations and presents the key factors which play a major role during the fourth generation, and also identifies the emerging trends and challenges to be faced by production. The literature review, interviews and surveys were used in this thesis. Academic researchers and industrial experts from both maintenance and production department answered the interview and survey questions for this research. The key factors for the proposal of fourth generation of maintenance and the emerging trends and challenges to be faced by production are presented. The result from the research questions and the empirical findings are summarized in a framework that will enable readers to know the historical development of maintenance, the key factors to be considered for the fourth generation of maintenance and the emerging trends and challenges to be faced by production in future. In addition, the thesis also discusses the impact of information technology on the future of maintenance and the effect of sustainability in the future of production.

Denna uppsats syftar till att diskutera påverkan av artificiell intelligens (AI) på programutvecklingsprocessen, både nuvarande och framtida. Fokus ligger på att undersöka hur programmerare och testare har kommit i kontakt med AI hittills och i vilken utsträckning de tror att AI kan utnyttjas i framtida programutvecklingsprocesser. Detta är särskilt relevant att undersöka eftersom AI-tekniken utvecklas snabbt och det finns redan verktyg som potentiellt kan underlätta programmerares och testares arbete. Uppsatsen är skriven på svenska. Forskningen är av kvalitativ karaktär och omfattar en litteraturgenomgång för att undersöka tidigare forskning om ämnet, samt kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuerna genomfördes med både testare och utvecklare för att få en bättre täckande bild av området för programutveckling. Totalt genomfördes fem semistrukturerade intervjuer där djupgående frågor ställdes för att förstå individernas tankar kring ämnet och deras motiv. Resultaten av studien visar att våra respondenter inte i stor utsträckning använder AI idag. Detta trots att både litteraturen och respondenterna själva påpekar att det finns verktyg som skulle kunna användas i båda processerna av programmering och testning. En slutsats är att det finns olika etiska och juridiska frågor som behöver redas ut innan verktygen kan börja utnyttjas. Dock är både respondenterna och tidigare forskning överens om att AI i framtiden kan förändra sättet som programutvecklingsprocessen utförs på, eftersom AI kan användas som ett verktyg för att effektivisera och potentiellt förbättra kvaliteten på tester och programmering. Detta kan leda till förändringar i rollerna för testare och programmerare. / This thesis aims to discuss the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the software development process, both current and future. The focus is on examining how programmers and testers have come into contact with AI so far and to what extent they believe that AI can be utilized in future software development processes. This is particularly relevant to investigate because AI technology is developing rapidly and there are already tools that can potentially facilitate the work of programmers and testers. The thesis is written in swedish. The research is of a qualitative nature and includes a literature review to examine previous research on the subject, as well as qualitative semi-structured interviews. The interviews were conducted with both testers and developers to get a more comprehensive picture of the software development field. A total of five semi-structured interviews were conducted where in-depth questions were asked to understand the individuals' thoughts on the subject and their motives. The results of the study show that our respondents do not use AI to a large extent today. This despite the fact that both the literature and the respondents themselves point out that there are tools that could be used in both processes of programming and testing. One conclusion is that there are various ethical and legal issues that need to be sorted out before the tools can begin to be used. However, both respondents and previous research agree that in the future AI may change the way the software development process is carried out, as AI can be used as a tool to streamline and potentially improve the quality of testing and programming. This can lead to changes in the roles of testers and programmers.

Design, electric vehicle, city mobility, batteries, electricity

The advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have received large attention in recent years and increased awareness has led to massive societal benefits and new opportunities for industries able to capitalize on these emerging technologies. The pulp and paper industry is going through one of the most considerable transformations into Industry 4.0. Integrating AI technology in the manufacturing process of the pulp and paper industry has shown great potential, but there are uncertainties which direction companies are heading. This study is an investigation of the pulp and paper industry in collaboration with IBM that aims to fill a gap between academia and the progress companies are making. More specifically, this thesis is a multiple case study of the current state and barriers of AI technology in the Swedish pulp and paper industry, the future trends and expectations of AI and the way organizations are managing AI initiatives Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 participants from three perspectives and the data was thematically coded. Our analysis shows that the use of AI varies, and companies are primarily experimenting with a still immature technology. Several trends and areas with future potential were identified and it was shown that digital innovation management is highly regarded. We conclude that there are several barriers hindering further use of AI. However, continued progress with AI will provide large benefit long term in areas such as predictive maintenance and process optimization. Several measures taken to support initiatives with AI were identified and discussed. We encourage managers to take appropriate actions in the continued work toward AI integration and encourage further research in the area of potential reworks in R&D. / Framgångarna inom Artificiell Intelligens (AI) har fått stor uppmärksamhet de senaste åren och ökad medvetenhet har lett till stora fördelar för samhället liksom nya möjligheter för industrier som tar vara på dessa nya teknologier. Pappers- och massa industrin genomgår en av de mest omfattande transformationerna mot Industri 4.0. Integreringen av AI-teknologi i industrins tillverkningsprocesser has visat stor potential, men också osäkerhet kring vilken riktning företag är på väg mot. Denna studie är en undersökning av den svenska pappers- och massaindustrin, i samarbete med IBM, som syftar till att minska gapet mellan akademin och framstegen företag inom industrin tar. Mer specifikt är denna uppsats en kombinerad fallstudie av det nuvarande läget, barriärerna till AI-teknik i den svenska pappers- och massa industrin, de framtida trenderna och förväntningarna på AI och metoderna företag använder för att stötta AI-initiativ. Semi-strukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med 11 deltagare från tre olika perspektiv och datan var tematiskt kodad. Vår analys visar att användning av AI varierar och företag experimenterar huvudsakligen med omogen teknik. Flera trender och områden med potential för framtiden identifierades och det visades att digital innovationshantering är högt ansedd. Vi sammanfattar med att det finns flera barriärer som hindrar fortsatt användning av AI. Fortsatt arbete med AI-tekniken kommer leda till stora fördelar på lång sikt inom områden som prediktivt underhåll och fortsatt processoptimering. Flera åtgärder för att stötta AI-initiativ var identifierade och diskuterades. Vi uppmuntrar industrin att genomföra lämpliga åtgärder i det fortsatta arbetet mot AI-integration och uppmuntrar fortsatt forskning inom potentiella omstruktureringar inom FoU.