Power dissipation in a VLSI circuit poses a serious challenge in present and future VLSI design. A switching model for the data dependent behavior of the transistors is essential to model dynamic, load-dependent active power and also leakage power in active mode - the two components of power in a VLSI circuit. A probabilistic Bayesian Network based switching model can explicitly model all spatio-temporal dependency relationships in a combinational circuit, resulting in zero-error estimates. However, the space-time requirements of exact estimation schemes, based on this model, increase with circuit complexity [5, 24]. This work explores a non-simulative, importance sampling based, probabilistic estimation strategy that scales well with circuit complexity. It has the any-time aspect of simulation and the input pattern independence of probabilistic models. Experimental results with ISCAS'85 benchmark shows a significant savings in time (nearly 3 times) and significant reduction in maximum error (nearly 6 times) especially for large benchmark circuits compared to the existing state of the art technique (Approximate Cascaded Bayesian Network) which is partition based. We also present a novel probabilistic method that is not dependent on the pre-specification of input-statistics or the availability of input-traces, to identify nodes that are likely to be leaky even in the active zone. This work emphasizes on stochastic data dependency and characterization of the input space, targeting data-dependent leakage power. The central theme of this work lies in obtaining the posterior input data distribution, conditioned on the leakage at an individual signal. We propose a minimal, causal, graphical probabilistic model (Bayesian Belief Network) for computing the posterior, based on probabilistic propagation flow against the causal direction, i.e. towards the input. We also provide two entropy-based measures to characterize the amount of uncertainties in the posterior input space as an indicator of the likelihood of the leakage of a signal. Results on ISCAS'85 benchmark shows that conclusive judgments can be made on many nodes without any prior knowledge about the input space.

El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo principal el desarrollo de una metodología para la empresa RENUSA, que le permita identificar, categorizar, priorizar y autorizar el portafolio de proyectos de tecnologías de la información. Esta empresa comercializa repuestos y realiza mantenimiento de autos. El resultado de la aplicación de la metodología es obtener el máximo beneficio financiero y no financiero. Así mismo se determinó el nivel actual organizacional de la gestión del portafolio de proyectos. Así mismo se desarrolló cuatro capítulos, donde en el primer capítulo se definieron los términos y conceptos que sirvieron en la comprensión de la metodología y su aplicación, así como también los principales estándares de evaluación del grado de madurez organizacional de la gestión de proyectos. En el segundo capítulo, se desarrolló la situación actual de la empresa, donde se comprendió los objetivos estratégicos de la empresa, la estructura organizacional, la cadena de suministro, entre otros. Luego se definió la situación problemática y los objetivos específicos de solución. En el tercer capítulo, se planteó los alcances de la metodología de gestión de portafolio de proyectos bajo la metodología del PMI, adecuado al nivel de madurez objetivo de la organización, bajo el estándar OPM3. Así mismo, se profundizó en el estudio de la herramienta de decisión AHP, la cual se usó en la etapa de priorización, para alinear el portafolio a los objetivos estratégicos de la empresa. Finalmente, en el último capítulo se mencionó las conclusiones obtenidas, luego de la evaluación a la empresa, y las recomendaciones respectivas que permitirán mejorar la gestión de portafolio de proyectos en la empresa RENUSA. / The main objective of this work was to develop a methodology for the RENUSA company, which allows it to identify, categorize, prioritize and authorize the portfolio of information technology projects. This company sells parts and performs car maintenance. The result of the application of the methodology is to obtain the maximum financial and non-financial benefit. Likewise, the current organizational level of project portfolio management was determined. Likewise, four chapters were developed, where in the first chapter were defined the terms and concepts that served in the understanding of the methodology and its application, as well as the principles of the evaluation of the degree of maturity of the organizational project management. In the second chapter, the current situation of the company is described, which includes the strategic objectives of the company, the organizational structure, the chain supply, among others. Then the problematic situation and the specific objectives of the solution are defined. In the third chapter, the scope of the management of the project portfolio management, under the PMI standard, was considered appropriate to the level of objective maturity of the organization, under the OPM3 standard. Likewise, it deepened in the study of the decision tool AHP, which was used in the prioritization stage, to align the portfolio to the strategic objectives of the company. Finally, in the last chapter the conclusions are mentioned, then to evaluate the company, and the recommendations, refers to the management of the project portfolio in the RENUSA company. / Trabajo de investigación

Unmanned vehicles, both ground and aerial, have become prevalent in recent years. The research community has different needs than the industrial community when designing a finalized unmanned system since the vehicle, the sensors and the control design are dynamic and change frequently as new ideas are developed and implemented. Current autopilot hardware, which is available as on-the-market products and proposed in research, is sufficient for unmanned systems design. However, this equipment falls short of being able to accommodate the needs of those in the research community who must be able to quickly implement new ideas on a flexible platform. The contribution of this research is the realization of a hardware platform, which provides for rapid implementation of newly developed theory. Rapid implementation is gained by providing for software development from within the Simulink environment and utilizing previously unrealized flexibility in sensor selection. In addition to the development of the hardware platform, research was performed within Simulink's System Generator environment in order to complement the hardware. The software produced consists of a user template that integrates to the selected hardware. The template creates a user friendly environment, which provides the end user the capability to develop software algorithms from within the Simulink environment. This capability facilitates the final step of full hardware implementation. The major novelty of the research was the overall FPGA based autopilot design. The approach provided flexibility, functionality and generality. The approach is also suitable for and applicable to the design of multiple platforms. This research yielded a first time approach to the development of an unmanned systems autopilot platform by utilizing: -Development of programmable voltage level digital Input/Output (I/O), ports, -Utilization of Field Programmable Analog Arrays (FPAA), -Hardware capabilities to allow for integration with full computer systems, -A full Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), implementation, -Full integration of the hardware within Simulink's System Generator Toolbox

Thesis (M.S. in computer engineering)--Washington State University, December 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 82-83).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

In modern point to point microwave radio systems used to backhaul cellular voice and data traffic, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is the norm. These systems require a highly linear power amplifier which is expensive and has relatively low power efficiency. Recently, continuous phase modulation (CPM) has been deployed in this market. The CPM transmitted waveform has a constant envelope and so a non-linear RF power amplifier can be used. This significantly reduces cost and improves power efficiency. Two important disadvantages of CPM are receiver complexity and inferior spectral efficiency compared to QAM. This thesis demonstrates a 50% spectral efficiency improvement over an existing CPM configuration without loss of detection efficiency. This is achieved by moving to coherent demodulation and extending the duration of the CPM phase pulse to 3 symbol periods. This new CPM configuration of h=1/4, M=4, L=3, is evaluated against ETSI requirements for a 28 MHz channel carrying 24 E1 circuits. Simulation of the receiver floating point model demonstrates all requirements are met. The detection efficiency requirement is exceeded by 4.7 dB. Carrier recovery, phase and timing synchronisation are assumed to be ideal. The 50% increased symbol rate, coherent reception and a longer smoother phase pulse, conspire to increase receiver complexity substantially. The Viterbi algorithm is used to perform maximum-likelihood detection resulting in a 128 state trellis. This application has a stringent cost requirement that limits the implementation target to a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) costing less than US$30. To demonstrate this demanding cost target is met, the two most computationally expensive receiver functions, the branch metric unit and path metric processing unit, are implemented in VHDL and targeted to a Xilinx Spartan 3A-DSP 1800 FPGA. The implementation uses 67% of the available logic resources, thus meeting the cost requirement. The branch metric unit is implemented using a distributed arithmetic technique that performs the equivalent of 27.6 giga-multiplies/s, consuming only 23% of the available FPGA logic cells. This is very efficient compared to a conventional approach using all the FPGA’s embedded multipliers which combined can only achieve 21 giga-multiplies/s. The Viterbi path metric processing unit is implemented using a more conventional state-parallel architecture. To reduce state metric routing complexity, states are grouped into radix-4 units comprising dual add-compare-select (ACS) units. By utilising a spare cycle in the deep ACS pipeline, each ACS unit processes two output state metrics, thus halving the number of ACS units required. This implementation uses 44% of the available FPGA resources and meets timing at 204.5 MHz, exceeding the throughput requirement of 54 Mbit/s.

L'approche qui a été développée dans l'équipe imXgam du CPPM est de combiner sur un unique support rotatif les modules de détection de la caméra pour petit animal ClearPET avec un détecteur de rayons X à comptage de photons dans le but d'acquérir simultanément des images anatomiques (TDM) et fonctionnelles (TEP) du même champ de vue. L'étude préliminaire du système hybride ClearPET/XPAD3 menée en simulation avec Gate a permis d'implémenter une nouvelle géométrie de détection TEP à 21 détecteurs phoswich, de fixer les grandes lignes de l'assemblage TEP/TDM, ainsi que d'étudier et de solutionner les difficultés liées au régime de fonctionnement bimodal. Pour finir, l'outil de simulation a également permis d'imaginer comment un tel système pourrait judicieusement exploiter la corrélation spatiale et temporelle des informations anatomo-fonctionnelles. Du point de vue de l'instrumentation, ce projet a vu la mise en oeuvre du système hybride simultané ClearPET/XPAD3. Une fois les deux systèmes TEP et TDM opérationnels individuellement, il a été démontré, d'une part que le ClearPET est parfaitement capable d'opérer en régime de fonctionnement simultané moyennant un blindage approprié de ses modules de détection, et d'autre part que la nouvelle génération de caméra à pixels hybrides XPAD3-S/Si s'avère très prometteuse compte tenu de la bonne qualité des premières images reconstruites. Finalement, la preuve de concept d'une acquisition TEP/TDM simultanée avec une source de positons scellée et un tube à rayons X a pu être concrètement démontrée.

<p>Organisations tend to focus more and more on product and process development to increase their competitiveness. Several major organisations, among them ABB, have developed models aimed to more effectively control and manage product development processes. ABB is using its standardised model ABB Gate Model for this. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze how the introduction of ABB Gate Model has affected the outcome of decisions and also the decision-making in the product development process. The study is limited to elucidate the version of ABB Gate Model handling product development projects. No deeper study is conducted regarding the information used or the criteria for the gate decisions; instead, the focus is to findelements in basis for the decision- making that have a greater significance for the outcome at some gate or at specific types of gate decisions. The empirical data of the thesis has to a great extent been collected through interviews with respondents from both of the studied units and also the unit in charge of the implementation and development of ABB Gate Model. The study shows that ABB Gate Model does not to any significant extent affect the outcome of the decisions in the product development projects. In general, the same decisions are made as before and projects are seldom cancelled. The foremost effects of ABB Gate Model at the units are: increased clarity and support to the operational work, improved co- ordination between the units functional departments, and contributed to make essential aspects of the product development projects visible and taken into consideration.</p>

<p>Loke Carlsson: Spelmusik – Musikens funktioner i tre datorspelsserier</p><p>Denna uppsats handlar om datorspelsmusik och syftet är att ta reda på vilka funktioner denna</p><p>musik har i datorspel. Först presenteras ett antal teorier om filmvetenskap. Med hjälp av dessa</p><p>teorier sammanställer jag sedan en metod för att analysera musiken i några få datorspel. I</p><p>metodkapitlet hittar man också en redogörelse för de grundläggande skillnader mellan</p><p>datorspel och filmer när det gäller musik. Tre olika spelserier analyseras i denna uppsats. I</p><p>analyserna presenteras och beskrivs musiken, varefter den ställs mot de teorier som</p><p>presenterats i teorikapitlet. Resultatet blir att jag kan sluta mig till att datorspelsmusiken i de</p><p>analyserade spelen har fyra viktiga funktioner som stämmer bra överens med flera av</p><p>filmmusikens funktioner.</p>

In the context of transistor size miniaturization the motivation of this work was focused on the fabrication process of planar double gate devices. We proposed in this work three process flows based on the use of buried mask which could allow the fabrication of self-aligned planar double gate transistors. The novel concept of buried mask consists into modifying the etch rate of a buried polysilicon or oxide layer. This etch rate modification being defined by ion implantation, etch stop or scacrificial zones aligned with the implantation mask can thus be fabricated. This technique solve the alignment of the front and back gate. Ion implantation causes damages to the implanted target, and is used to dope semiconductor material. If the implanted atoms have a small radii they can induce stress to the implanted lattice. These three consequences of ion implantation, damage, doping and stress are used to modify the etch rate of oxide and polysilicon. High etching selectivity are reached, which allow the fabrication of a localized buried sacrificial or etch stop zone, called buried mask. The definition of the buried mask being done by ion implantation, it opens the possibility to fabricate a buried mask aligned with the implantation mask. Although some more work has to be invested to fabricate planar double gate MOS using buried mask in polysilicon, this concept of buried mask, which could also be called anisotropic wet and vapor etching, is foreseen as a very promising technique in MEMS micromachining and for bio sensor applications.