Cette thèse étudie le rôle du cycle financier dans la macroéconomie. Le chapitre 1 étudie le synchronisme des cycles conjoncturels et des cycles financiers en zone euro. Le chapitre 2 propose une nouvelle mesure de l’écart de production corrigé des facteurs financiers. Le chapitre 3 propose un indicateur simple et intuitif pour quantifier la procyclicité de la politique budgétaire en fonction d’estimations de l’écart de production et du solde budgétaire primaire corrigé des variations conjoncturelles. La thèse montre que la prise en compte du cycle financier permet d’éclairer l’analyse des fluctuations macrofinancières. L’un des résultats clés est que la Grèce, l’Irlande et l’Espagne ont connu un cycle de macrofinancier boom­bust commun dans les années 2000. Les éléments empiriques présentés dans les trois chapitres de cette thèse ont des implications pour les principaux domaines de la politique macroéconomique : la politique monétaire (les politiques macroprudentielles et monétaires doivent être coordonnées), la politique budgétaire (la procyclicité de la politique budgétaire peut être réduite en tenant compte du cycle financier dans l’estimation du solde budgétaire structurel), et la politique financière (les politiques de stabilité financière peuvent compléter les politiques budgétaires et monétaires dans leur fonction de stabilisation du cycle). / This dissertation studies the role of the financial cycle in macroeconomics. Chapter 1 studies the synchronization of business cycles and financial cycles in the euro area. Chapter 2 proposes a new, finance­adjusted measure of the output gap. Chapter 3 proposes a simple and intuitive indicator to quantify the pro­cyclicality of fiscal policy based on output gap and cyclically­adjusted primary fiscal balance estimates. The dissertation shows that taking account of the financial cycle can help inform the analysis of macrofinancial fluctuations. A key finding is that Greece, Ireland and Spain experienced a common macrofinancial boom­bust cycle in the 2000s. The evidence in the three chapters of this dissertation has implications for the main areas of macroeconomic policy: monetary policy (macroprudential and monetary policies should be coordinated), fiscal policy (fiscal policy pro-cyclicality can be reduced by taking account of the financial cycle in estimating structural fiscal balances), and financial policy (financial stability policies can complement fiscal and monetary policies in stabilizing the cycle).

En conception de systèmes mécaniques, la phase de cotation fonctionnelle consiste à affecter des cotes, constituées d’une valeur nominale et d’un intervalle de tolérance, à des dimensions de pièces. En particulier, l’analyse des tolérances consiste à vérifier que les intervalles de tolérance choisis permettent le respect de la fonctionnalité du mécanisme. A l’inverse, la synthèse des tolérances vise à déterminer ces intervalles de tolérance, si possible de manière optimale, permettant le respect des exigences fonctionnelles. Les approches statistiques traditionnelles, bien que très utiles en phase de préconception, ne sont pas capables d’estimer avec précision le risque de non qualité. Cette thèse aborde ces problèmes selon un angle de vue différent, non plus pour garantir le respect d’exigences fonctionnelles, mais pour garantir le Taux de Non-Conformité (TNC) du mécanisme. Il s’agit de la probabilité que l’exigence fonctionnelle ne soit pas respectée. Les méthodes fiabilistes, s’appuyant sur la théorie des probabilités, permettent un calcul précis et efficace de cet indicateur. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’explorer le domaine de l’analyse et de la synthèse des tolérances afin d’identifier et d’exposer les apports des méthodes fiabilistes sur ces problématiques. Dans ces travaux de thèse, différents outils fiabilistes sont mis à disposition permettant l’analyse des tolérances de tous types de mécanismes avec ou sans jeu. La théorie probabiliste permet une modélisation très complète des dimensions des pièces. En particulier, l’approche APTA (Advanced Probability-based Tolerance Analysis of products) est développée afin de prendre en compte l’évolution aléatoire de certains paramètres de modélisation, notamment les décalages de moyenne, responsables de fortes variations du TNC. L’analyse des tolérances étant plus complexe pour les mécanismes avec jeux, une méthodologie spécifique a été développée basée sur une décomposition en situations de points de contacts et l’utilisation d’une méthode fiabiliste système. Différents indices de sensibilité sont aussi proposés afin d’aider à identifier les cotes ayant le plus d’influence sur le TNC d’un mécanisme. Enfin, l’optimisation du coût de production, sous contrainte de TNC, permet une synthèse des tolérances optimale. Les gains potentiels en termes de coût dépassent 50% par rapport aux conceptions initiales tout en maitrisant le niveau de qualité du produit. Les sociétés RADIALL SA et VALEO Système d’Essuyages, concepteurs et fabricants de produits pour l’automobile et l’aéronautique, ont proposé des cas d’études sur lesquels est démontrée la pertinence des travaux effectués. Sur la base de ces travaux, Phimeca Engineering, spécialisée dans l’ingénierie des incertitudes, développe et commercialise un outil informatique professionnel. / To design mechanical systems, functional dimensioning and tolerancing consists in allocating a target value and a tolerance to part dimensions. More precisely, tolerance analysis consists in checking that chosen tolerances allow the mechanism to be functional. In the opposite, the tolerance synthesis goal is to determine those tolerances, optimaly if possible, such as functional requirements are respected. Traditional statistical approaches are very useful in pre-design phases, but are incapable of estimating precisely non-quality risks. This PhD thesis adresses this problem from a different point of view. The objective is no longer to respect functional requirements but to guarantee the Non-Conformity Rate (NCR) of the mechanism. It is the probability that the functional requirement is not respected. Reliability methods, based on probabilistic theory, allow a precise and efficient calculation of the NCR. The main goal of this thesis is to explore tolerance analysis and synthesis domains in order to identify potential contributions of reliability methods to these issues. In this work, different reliability tools are provided enabling tolerance analysis of all kind of mechanisms with or without gaps. The probability theory allows a detailed modeling of parts dimensions. In particular, the APTA (Advanced Probability-based Tolerance Analysis of products) approach is designed to take into account random variations of some parameters such as mean shifts which influence highly the NCR. As tolerance analysis is more complex for mechanisms with gaps, a specific method is designed based on a decomposition of contact points situations and the use of a reliability system method. Several sensitivity indexes are also proposed to identify the leading dimensions on the NCR. The optimization of the production cost, under a NCR constraint, enables an optimal tolerance synthesis. The potential benefits in terms of costs exceed 50% compared to initial designs while keeping under control quality levels of products. Companies RADIALL SA and VALEO Wiping Systems, designers and manufacturers of products for the automotive and aeronautic industries, have provided case studies on which is demonstrated the relevance of the presented work. Based on this work, the company Phimeca Engineering, specialized in uncertainties, is developing and commercializing a professional computer tool.

Le "Trou Noir Acoustique" (TNA) constitue un moyen passif de réduction des vibrations des structures sans pour autant augmenter leur masse. Il s’agit d’un amincissement local de la structure, revêtu d’un matériau viscoélastique. L’effet TNA résulte alors de l’augmentation locale de l’amplitude vibratoire,qui sollicite fortement le revêtement, donnant lieu à un amortissement important. Une analyse détaillée des mécanismes de dissipation du TNA est réalisée :la diffusion des ondes de flexion par un TNA est étudiée lorsque ce dernier est inséré dans une plaque infinie. On montre que le revêtement induit un amortissement local important, permettant d’augmenter significativement l’amortissement global. Le TNA étant surtout efficace en hautes fréquences (HF),il est périodisé sur une plaque pour tirer parti des bandes interdites en basses fréquences (BF). Deux réseaux (carré et triangulaire) sont étudiés numériquement par la méthode PWE et expérimentalement par mesure de mobilités vibratoires. Les résultats montrent que la plaque est à la fois amortie en BH par effet de réseau et en HF par l’effet TNA. / The "Acoustic Black Hole" (ABH) is a passive device of reducing vibrations of structures without increasing their mass. It consists in a local thinning of the structure, coated with a thin layer of viscoelastic material. The ABH effect results from the local increase in vibratory magnitude, which strongly solicits the coating, giving rise to local significant damping. A detailed analysis of the mechanisms of dissipation of the ABH is carried out : the scattering of bending waves by an ABH is studied when the latter is inserted in an infinite thin plate. It is shown that the coating induces a significant local damping, allowing to significantly increase the global damping. The ABH is especially effective at high frequencies(HF), it is periodized on a plate to take advantage of the band gaps effect at low frequencies (LF). Two lattices (square and triangular) are studied numerically by the PWE method and experimentally by measuring vibratory mobilities. The results show that the plate is damped at the same time in LF by the lattice effect and in HF by the ABH effect.

Avaliou-se o selamento apical, os aspectos micromorfológicos da interface adesiva, as características físicas e a resistência de união à dentina de cimentos resinosos endodônticos. Setenta e dois pré-molares humanos unirradiculares foram preparados endodonticamente. Trinta e três dentes foram divididos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos, impermeabilizados externamente e obturados pela técnica da condensação lateral acorde as seguintes condições: AH Plus (AH Plus/Gutapercha); AH Primer (Epiphany primer/AH Plus/Gutapercha) e Epiphany (sistema Epiphany). Foram mantidos a 37oC e 100% de umidade por 72 h e, em seguida, imersos em solução aquosa de nitrato de prata a 50% por 24 h. Após secção longitudinal dos dentes, foram realizadas réplicas em resina epóxica. Réplicas e espécimes foram preparados para MEV. Nas réplicas, observou-se a freqüência de fendas apicais na interface dentina/cimento. Nos espécimes, detectou-se e confirmou-se com EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) a microinfiltração apical. A interface dentina/cimento foi observada em seis espécimes de cada grupo, selecionados aleatoriamente. A microinfiltração foi similar entre os grupos (p>0,05), sendo influenciada pela freqüência de fendas (p<0,05). Foram observadas tanto regiões com fendas quanto com camada híbrida e longos tags para o grupo Epiphany. Para os grupos AH Primer e AH Plus foi verificada boa adaptação marginal com longos tags vazios e pequenos plugs, respectivamente, embora tenha ocorrido a formação de fendas em ambos. Os outros dentes foram utilizados para as avaliações adicionais: seis, para complementar o estudo micromorfológico da interface adesiva; três, para o ensaio de microdureza Knoop; e, trinta, para o teste de resistência de união. O cimento Epiphany mostrou maior escoamento (p<0,001) e tensão de polimerização (p<0,05), e a menor resistência de união (p<0,001). Os valores de microdureza Knoop decresceram acentuadamente de cervical para apical (p<0,001). Concluiu-se que a total impermeabilização do sistema de canais radiculares não foi obtida com nenhum dos cimentos testados, e que o sistema Epiphany formou mais fendas no ápice. / Resin-based root canal sealers had their apical sealing, micromorphological aspects, physical characteristics and bond strength to dentin evaluated in this study. For this purpose, seventy-two single-rooted human premolars were endodontically treated. Thirty-three teeth were randomly divided into three groups, externally coated with nail varnish and obturated by lateral condensation technique according to such conditions: AH Plus (AH Plus/Gutta-percha); AH Primer (Epiphany primer/AH Plus/ Gutta-percha) and Epiphany (Epiphany system). They were kept in 100% humidity at 37oC for 72 h, and then the specimens were immersed in 50% aqueous silver nitrate tracer solution for 24 h. The teeth were longitudinally sectioned and their epoxy resin replicas were obtained. Both the specimens and their corresponding replicas were prepared for SEM. In the replicas, the frequency of apical gaps at the dentin/cement interface was observed. In the specimens, the apical microleakage was detected and confirmed by EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy). The dentin/cement interface was observed in six specimens of each group randomly selected. The microleakage was similar among the groups (p>0,05) being influenced by gaps frequency (p<0,05). The Epiphany group presented gap-containing regions, hybrid layer formation and long tags. For AH Primer and AH Plus groups, good marginal adaptation with long empty tags and small plugs, respectively, although gaps formation was found in both groups. The remaining teeth were used for other evaluations: six, to finish micromorphological study at the adhesive interface; three, for Knoop microhardness; and thirty, for bond strength test. The Epiphany resin sealer has showed the highest flow (p<0.001) and polymerization stress (p<0.05), and the lowest bond strength values (p<0.001). The Knoop microhardness values have decreased excessively from the cervical to the apical third (p<0.001). It was concluded that none of the sealers tested achieved a complete sealing of the root canals system, and the Epiphany system has developed more gaps to the apex.

Abstract The aim of this study was twofold. On the one hand, the aim was to discuss how lexical gaps can be solved or dealt with when a text about wildlife and nature different from that of the target culture is translated. On the other hand, the aim was also to discuss how the style and tone of such a text can be preserved and transferred into the target text. The study was qualitative and based on a translation into Swedish of short chapters of the book Spirit of the Bush by Peter Borchert, describing the South African wildlife and nature. The intended target reader of the translation is anyone with an interest in nature, wildlife and animals, as well as anyone with an interest in the history and culture of South Africa. Despite the fact that the terminology used in both the source text and the target text may require some previous knowledge on behalf of the reader, both texts could, nevertheless, very well be appreciated by a complete “wildlife-novice”. In order to create a theoretical base and a framework for the analysis, relevant research made in translation theory and stylistics was presented and discussed. Regarding lexical gaps, all the different strategies, apart from omission, proved to be of great help when the source text was translated into Swedish. Several examples of metaphors were discussed, such as how the wilderness is described as a stage, the animals as actors, and the visitors as making a pilgrimage. The metaphors in combination with the similes and the personifications in the source text, such as bold clouds and confident rivulets, fire the readers’ imagination and create a very vivid and capturing text. This is also something that supports the claim made that Spirit of the Bush is more than an ordinary informative text.   Keywords: translation, lexical gaps, style, tone, stylistics, wildlife, bush.

This dissertation comprises four chapters, which mainly deal with female's participation in household decision-making, a very important aspect of female's bargaining power within the household and closely linked to female's empowerment. The first three chapters, which all deal with female's participation in household decision-making, are two sides of the same coin, in that while the first one delves into the determinants of female's participation in household decision-making, the second and third chapters deal with its beneficial consequences. The fourth chapter is linked with Chapter 1. As a matter of fact, the data used in Chapter 1 has been collected in Rural Burundi, in the framework of the FNRS/FRFC-funded project “Microfinance Services, Intra-household Behavior and Welfare in Developing Countries: A Longitudinal and Experimental Approach”, which funded my PhD scholarship. In 2012, the project funded data collection in Rural Burundi. In respect to the experimental component of the project, these are baseline data. The 2012 household survey targeted a sample of rural households that have been interviewed in 1998 and 2007. This is where the longitudinal design of the project comes into play. Independently from the experimental research, the longitudinal nature of the data, that is to say three waves of data (1998, 2007 and 2012), had the advantage of allowing panel analysis of interesting and relevant issues in development, including for example the long-term welfare effects of shocks at either individual or household levels.In Chapter 1, entitled “The Power of The Family: kinship and Intra-household Decision-making in Rural Burundi” and co-authored with Bram De Rock and Philip Verwimp, we delve into the determinants of female's participation in household decision-making, by laying a particular emphasis on the role of female's kinship. We show that in rural Burundi the characteristics of the female's kinship are highly correlated with her decision-making power. First, a female whose own immediate family is at least as rich as her husband's counterpart enjoys a greater say over children- and asset-related decision-making. Second, the size, relative wealth and proximity of the extended family also matter. Third, kinship characteristics prove to be more important than (standard) individual and household characteristics. Finally, we also show that the female's say over asset-related decision-making is positively associated with males' education, more than with female's education per se. All these correlation patterns can inform policies aiming at empowering women or targeting children through women's empowerment.In Chapter 2, entitled “The Returns of I Do: Multifaceted Female Decision-making and Agricultural Yields in Tanzania?”, I use the third round of the Tanzanian National Panel Survey to investigate the effect of multifaceted female's empowerment in agriculture on agricultural yields. The classic approach in the empirical literature on gender gap in agriculture includes the gender of the plot's owner/manager as the covariate of interest and interprets the associated coefficient estimate as the gender gap in agricultural productivity. Unlike this classic approach in the analysis of productivity differentials, my approach lays emphasis on the overlapping and interaction effects of manifold aspects of female's empowerment in agriculture, including female plot's ownership, female plot's management and female output's control. I find significant productivity gaps, which the classic empirical approach does not bring out in the same context. As compared to plots (solely) owned, managed and controlled by male, (i) plots merely owned by female and (ii) those owned & managed (but not controlled) by female are less productive, but those owned, managed & controlled by female are not. Furthermore, the latter are the more productive among plots at least owned by female. All these productivity gaps are predominantly explained by the structural effect, that is differences in productivity returns to observable production factors. Our findings are robust along a number of dimensions and suggest that female's management and control rights are of prime importance. Therefore, female plot's owners should be entitled the rights to manage their plot and, subsequently and most importantly, the rights to control the (agricultural) output of their work, for their productivity to be enhanced and the gender gap in agriculture to be closed. In Chapter 3, entitled “Say On Income and Children's Outcomes: Evidence from Nigeria”, I delve into the effect of female bargaining power on child education and labor outcomes in Nigeria. Female bargaining power is proxied by “female say on labor income”, rather than by her income per se. This is motivated by the fact the female labor force participation might be low in some contexts, while control over income is by all means what matters the most. The empirical methodology accounts for a number of empirical issues, including endogeneity and sample selection issues of female say on labor income, the multi-equation and mixed process features of the child outcomes, as well as the fact that hours of work are left-censored. My findings are consistent with the overall idea that female say on income leads to better child outcomes, rather than female income earning per se. Nevertheless, the type of income under female control, child gender and child outcome matter. Chapter 4, entitled “Violence Exposure and Welfare Over Time: Evidence From The Burundi Civil War” and co-authored with Marion Mercier and Philip Verwimp, investigates the relationship between exposure to conflict and poverty dynamics over time. We use a three-wave panel data from Burundi, which tracked individuals and reported local-level violence exposure in 1998, 2007 and 2012. Firstly, the data reveal that headcount poverty has not changed since 1998 while we observe multiple transitions into and out of poverty. Moreover, households exposed to the war exhibit a lower level of welfare than non-exposed households, with the difference between the two groups predicted to remain significant at least until 2017, i.e. twelve years after the conflict termination. The correlation between violence exposure and deprivation over time is confirmed in a household-level panel setting. Secondly, our empirical investigation shows how violence exposure over different time spans interacts with households' subsequent welfare. Our analysis of the determinants of households' likelihood to switch poverty status (i.e. to fall into poverty or escape poverty) combined with quintile regressions suggest that, (i) exposure during the first phase of the conflict has affected the entire distribution, and (ii) exposure during the second phase of the conflict has mostly affected the upper tail of the distribution: initially non-poor households have a higher propensity to fall into poverty while initially poor households see their propensity to pull through only slightly decrease with recent exposure to violence. Although not directly testable with the data at hand, these results are consistent with the changing nature of violence in the course of the Burundi civil war, from relatively more labor-destructive to relatively more capital-destructive. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Arabic text with English summary / This research comprises a section on preliminary issues, an introduction, four chapters with sub-divisions and a conclusion. Preliminary issues focus on the research proposal. The introduction reviews factors contributing to the concealment of Muslims’ roles in Abyssinia through negligence, selective reportage and duplicitous political dealings. Chapter One tackles the varying definitions of Abyssinia diachronically and then provides valuable social, economic, political, religious and climatic information about the country and its peoples. Chapter Two analyses the varying levels of relations between Abyssinia and the Arabian Peninsula including the ethnic, cultural, linguistic, religious and political ties down the ages. Chapter Three discusses the migration of some of Prophet Muhammad’s companions to Abyssinia and possible reasons for selecting that land for settlement. It details identities of these people, their areas of arrival and domicile; together with a probe into the Christian ruler, Negus’s warm relations with them. Chapter Four overviews Muslim dynasties in Abyssinia: the causes for their formation, prosperity and decline. The bitter conflicts with Christians and followers of traditional religions are also explored; together with outcomes of these for Muslims up to the present. The Conclusion provides a resume of my most important findings. / Religious Studies and Arabic / M.A. (Islamic Studies)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Historically, the cooperatives are configured as collective arrangements with direct action on the needs of their associates. The cooperative system is expressive in both economic and social aspects, however, it is noticeable that the sector is undergoing a restructuring, given the downward trend in the number of enterprises, and especially in Rio Grande do Sul, where it has decreased of 31% from 2010 to 2013. This reduction in agricultural sector accounted for 14% in the same time period, which reinforces a need for readjustment of the management and governance system in agricultural cooperatives. Whether in literature or in the cooperative sector, it is a recurring approach that the opportunism and the lack of loyalty of members are the central problems faced by cooperatives. These organizations, without the loyalty of members, while they lose the sense of their existence, they also lose the operational and scale efficiency which puts the enterprise in disadvantage in its operating segment. For this thesis context and according to Williamson s approach, the governance is shaped by means of norms, rules, contracts, monitoring and incentives, to guarantee the continuity of a transaction in which potential conflicts threaten the achievement of cooperation. The loyalty of associates to the cooperative is understood as being the main characteristic of the cooperation. Thus, this thesis debates the relationship between the governance adopted by the cooperatives and the loyalty of members. Therefore, it was aimed to analyze gaps in governance of agricultural cooperatives in Rio Grande do Sul and their relationship on the loyalty of associates. This thesis was based upon the New Institutional Economics (NIE) approach: Property Rights, Agency Theory and Transaction Cost Economics. To perform this research, qualitative and quantitative methods were used. The qualitative phase consisted of in-depth interviews with experts in cooperatives. The information was categorized and examined through the technique of content analysis. The quantitative phase was characterized by a questionnaire sent to the agricultural cooperatives of Rio Grande do Sul. Descriptive and multivariate statistics were used. In the multivariate statistics case a factor analysis was performed, so that the sets of factors that influence the loyalty of members could be identified. Afterwards, regression analysis allowed to verify the direction and the intensity of the impact of these factors on loyalty. The main results pointed out that the governance adopted by the cooperatives is not the most efficient, i.e., governance and the offered incentives do not minimize transaction costs in order to maintain (and increase) the loyalty of members with the cooperative. Thus, a conceptual model was proposed for the gaps in governance. The model embraces six dimensions: Contractual Gaps; Operational Gaps; Communication Gaps; Management Gaps; Audit Gaps and Immediate Benefits Offer Gaps. The quantitative analysis indicated that the higher the Audit Committee Effectiveness it tends to be higher the loyalty of members, with about 17% of loyalty explained by the effectiveness of the audit board. / Historicamente, as cooperativas se configuraram como arranjos coletivos com atuação direta nas necessidades de seus associados. O sistema cooperativo é expressivo tanto nos aspectos econômicos como sociais, no entanto, percebe-se que o setor vem passando por uma reestruturação, haja vista a tendência de redução no número de empreendimentos, especialmente no Rio Grande do Sul, onde se teve um decréscimo de 31% de 2010 para 2013. No ramo agropecuário essa redução representou 14% no mesmo período, o que reforça uma necessidade de readequação do sistema de gestão e da governança nas cooperativas agropecuárias. Recorrente é a abordagem, seja na literatura ou no setor cooperativista, de que as ações oportunísticas e a falta de fidelidade dos associados são problemas centrais que as cooperativas enfrentam. Sem a fidelidade do cooperado, estas organizações, ao mesmo tempo em que perdem o sentido da sua existência, perdem em eficiência operacional e de escala, o que coloca o empreendimento em desvantagem no segmento de atuação. Para o contexto dessa tese, e a partir da abordagem de Williamson, a governança é a forma de, por meio de normas, regras, contratos, monitoramentos e incentivos, se garantir a continuidade de uma transação, na qual conflitos potenciais ameaçam a realização da cooperação. A fidelidade dos associados para com a cooperativa é entendida como sendo a principal característica da cooperação. Assim, esta tese versa sobre a relação da governança adotada pelas cooperativas com a fidelização dos cooperados. Dessa forma, objetivou-se analisar as falhas de governança de cooperativas agropecuárias do Rio Grande do Sul e suas relações com a fidelidade dos cooperados. Como fundamentação, foram utilizadas as abordagens teóricas da Nova Economia Institucional (NEI): Direitos de Propriedade, Teoria da Agência e Economia dos Custos de Transação. Para a operacionalização da pesquisa, foram utilizados métodos quantitativos e qualitativos. A fase qualitativa consistiu na realização de entrevistas em profundidade com experts em cooperativismo. As informações foram categorizadas e trabalhadas por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo. A fase quantitativa caracterizou-se pelo envio de questionário para as cooperativas agropecuárias do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram utilizadas estatísticas descritivas e multivariadas. No caso das multivariadas, realizou-se a análise fatorial, para que se pudesse identificar os conjuntos de fatores que influenciam na fidelidade dos cooperados. Posteriormente, a análise de regressão permitiu verificar o sentido e a intensidade do impacto dos fatores na fidelidade. Os principais resultados apontaram que a governança adotada pelas cooperativas não é a mais eficiente, ou seja, a governança e os incentivos oferecidos não minimizam os custos de transação, de forma a se manter (e aumentar) a fidelidade dos sócios com a cooperativa. Assim, propôs-se um modelo conceitual para as falhas de governança. O modelo abrange seis dimensões: Falhas Contratuais; Falhas Operacionais; Falhas de Comunicação; Falhas de Gestão; Falhas de Fiscalização e Falhas na Oferta de Benefícios Imediatos. A análise quantitativa indicou que quanto maior a Efetividade do Conselho Fiscal , maior tende a ser a fidelidade dos cooperados, sendo que cerca de 17% da fidelidade é explicada pela efetividade do conselho fiscal.

Ce travail de thèse concerne la miniaturisation et l’intégration de composants magnétiques comme les inductances utilisées dans les convertisseurs DC-DC et les circuits haute fréquence. Cette thèse a pour objectifs : - de développer une méthodologie d’étude des inductances à couches magnétiques - de montrer la faisabilité de tels composants utilisant des couches épaisses de ferrite (50 à 500µm). Le contenu de notre document s’articule ainsi autour de trois axes : la simulation, la réalisation et la caractérisation. En simulation, le logiciel HFSS, nous a permis de concevoir, de prédire le comportement du composant et d'étudier l’influence des différents entrefers et épaisseurs du matériau magnétique. La réalisation fait appel aux différentes et nombreuses étapes micro technologiques qui sont décrites en détail. Ces étapes concernent les techniques de dépôt sous vide, les procédés de photolithographie, les techniques de dépôt électrolytique, les techniques de sciage et de collage. Enfin, la caractérisation des inductances réalisées a été effectuée en basses, moyennes et hautes fréquences respectivement au LCR mètre (20Hz à 1MHz), à l’impédance mètre (40Hz à 110MHz) et à l’analyseur vectoriel de réseaux (10MHz à 67GHz) / This thesis concerns the miniaturization and integration of magnetic components such as inductors used in DC-DC converters and high frequency circuits. This thesis aims to: - to develop a methodology for the study of magnetic layers inductors; - to show the feasibility of such components using thick layers of ferrite (50 to 500µm). The content of our document is structured around three axes: simulation, realization and characterization. In simulation, HFSS software allowed us to design, predict the behavior of the component and to study the influence of different air gaps and layers of magnetic material. The realization involves numerous and different micro technology steps which are described in detail. These steps are technical of vacuum deposition, photolithography processes, electroplating deposition techniques, techniques of sawing and sticking. Finally, the characterization of inductors achieved was done in low, medium and high frequencies respectively with a LCR meter (20Hz to 1MHz), an impedance meter (40Hz to 110MHz) and a vector network analyzer (10MHz to 67GHz)

No description available.