Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar o processo de juridicização do sistema multilateral de comércio, por meio da aplicação do modelo teórico de K. W. Abbott et aI (2000) e contraposição dos resultados obtidos à análise do recurso a elementos normativos para justificação das decisões emanadas do sistema em procedimentos de solução de controvérsias em que foi suscitado o artigo XX(g) do GATT para defesa da medida questionada. Observou-se que, apesar do nível de juridicidade tenha permanecido praticamente o mesmo da passagem do GATT-1947 para a OMC, o recurso a elementos normativos para motivação das decisões foi incrementado. A hipótese demonstrada pelos resultados desta pesquisa é que o enfoque restrito no processo de institucionalização por meio de tratados não permite que sejam refletidas, no processo de juridicização, as alterações ocasionadas por outros elementos, como foi o caso, na presente pesquisa, das regras relativas à conformação dos órgãos auxiliares, à interpretação e à tomada de decisão - sejam elas originadas em tratados, costumes ou princípios. / This research aims at analyzing the legalization of the multilateral trade system, applying the theory developed by K. W. ABBOTT et al (2000) and confronting the results with the leveI of recourse to normative elements to justify the decisions issued on disputes where Article XX(g) of GA TT was used in defense of the challenged measure. Notwithstanding the fact that the legalization of the system did not alter from the GATT-1947 to WTO, more normative elements are used for motivation of the decisions taken by WTO. The research shows that excessive focus on the process institutionalization by treaties does not reflected the changes brought about by other elements, such as the configuration of the auxiliary organs - panels and Appellate Body - and the rules related to interpretation and decision making - be them customary international law or principIes.

Démontrer la possible émergence d'une nouvelle régulation économique mondiale est l'objectif de ce travail. Notre étude a envisagé les législations internationales et nationales relatives aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels à la lumière de l'important problème des droits de propriété industrielle.Cette régulation, fondée sur le droit à la conditionnalité universelle, offre une application effective du droit à l'alimentation par le biais d'une transformation de la répartition de la production agricole et par le biais d'une législation en matière de propriété industrielle permettant l'accès aux denrées alimentaires à tous. / Demonstrate the possible emergence of a new global economic regulation is the objective of this work. Our study considered the international and national laws relating to economic, social and cultural rights in light of the significant problem of industrial property law. This regulation, based on the universal right to cross-compliance, provides an effective implementation of the right to food through a change in the distribution of agricultural production and through legislation on industrial property to access to food at all.

M.Com. (Economics) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

In this paper I explore the causal relationship between the strategic economic interdependence advanced by Western democracies after WWII and the "puzzle of participation" in US presidential elections. More specifically, I seek to illustrate first how economic convergence within the West and then the transition from Keynesian to monetarist policy rhetoric reflexively diminish the degree to which US working class voters can realistically petition their elected officials regarding the most salient matters of economic self-interest. My results indicate that from 1948-2004, the working public became more isolated from their most salient economic decisions, voted less often due to heretofore unexplored macroeconomic indicators.

Magister Legum - LLM / Over the past decade countries have embraced globalisation. The depth and influence of globalisation has grown significantly since the 19th century. Globalisation has accelerated mainly due to increased integration in trade with bilateral, regional and multilateral trade negotiations on the rise. Multinational companies have also enlarged which enable production to be done seamlessly in different countries, increase in capital flows such as purchase of assets and bonds has also contributed. Furthermore, the surge on technological innovations and advancement cannot be ignored when one speaks of globalisation this era has been dubbed the technological era additionally there is also the role of migration which enhances labor movements. The world has rapidly shrunk to one global economy. After the World War II countries began to move away from protectionism to liberalised trade and this resulted in the formation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) then the World Trade Organisation (WTO) which is comprised of 164-member states. The WTO regulates trade and promotes free trade. Over the years the organisation has been evolving to deal with issues such as climate and technical assistance. Global trade presents challenges which may give rise to the need for countries to protect their domestic industries for political and economic reasons.

La Déclaration de la quatrième Conférence ministérielle de l’OMC s’est assignée comme objectif de rendre le traitement spécial et différencié plus contraignant, plus pratique et plus opérationnel. Par son mandat placé sous le signe de développement, la Déclaration de Doha marque une renaissance du traitement spécial et différencié dans les négociations commerciales multilatérales après que les résultats de l’Uruguay Round ont réduit celui-ci à de simples dispositions transitoires. Cette nouvelle impulsion donnée au traitement spécial et différencié est frappante à plusieurs égards : accès aux marchés, accès aux médicaments, assistance technique, etc. Cet intérêt aux questions des pays en développement intervient à un moment où les pays en développement se veulent très actifs au sein de l’institution genevoise. De par leur utilisation du mécanisme de règlement des différends ainsi que de par leur institution de diverses coalitions les pays en développement montrent leur prise en conscience de bénéfice qu’ils peuvent acquérir en participant pleinement au processus de l’OMC. / The Declaration of the fourth world trade Organization Ministerial Conference set itself the goal of making special and differential treatment more precise, effective and operational. The keynote of the conference being development, the Doha Declaration marked a return to including special and differential treatment in trade negotiations after the results of the Uruguay Round had reduced it to mere transitional provisions. The new impetus given to special and differential treatment was striking in several respects : access to markets, access to medicines, technical assistance, etc. This interest in the issues of developing countries came at a time when they were very active within the Geneva institution. Through the use of the dispute settlement mechanism or the various coalitions in the institution, developing countries became aware of the benefits which could be gained by fully participating in the WTO process.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-04T20:42:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre Dias Afonso.pdf: 508407 bytes, checksum: 582be9d635505b83265dbec446688ca8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-24 / A presente dissertação pretende analisar a questão do meio ambiente no âmbito da Organização Mundial do Comércio, pois, a questão da preservação ambiental e seus recursos naturais são de vital importância para a sociedade internacional, por tratar-se de patrimônio da humanidade que deve ser preservado para as presentes e futuras gerações. Verificou-se, que o crescimento do comércio multilateral e a degradação ao meio ambiente estão intrinsecamente relacionados e para tanto a presente tese discorre. No primeiro capitulo, discorre sobre o surgimento das instituições de caráter financeiro e comercial, bem como as primeiras rodadas de negociação do comércio multilateral e a mais importante, a rodada Uruguai, a gênese da OMC, e sua natureza jurídica, funções e estrutura. No capitulo seguinte examina-se como eram dirimidas as controvérsias do comércio multilateral no âmbito do GATT 1947 e como são atualmente na OMC através do Anexo 2- Entendimento Relativo às Normas e Procedimentos sobre Solução de Controvérsias. Também como são estabelecidos e quais as funções dos Grupos Especiais e do Órgão de Apelação e o meio alternativo de aplicação da Arbitragem. A terceira parte aborda os princípios de direito internacional utilizados na proteção do meio ambiente em decorrência do crescimento econômico dos Estados que buscam conciliar o crescimento e a proteção do meio ambiente. A ultima parte dedicada a analise dos trâmites e conclusões do caso Estados Unidos proibição da importação de camarões e produtos derivados de camarão. Por fim, uma parte conclusiva que delineia ao fato da incompletude no ordenamento jurídico da OMC em tomada de decisões que envolvam proteção ao meio ambiente, sendo certo que possa através da heterointegração utilizar-se de princípios de direito ambiental e outras normas para suprir esta lacuna de norma legal.

The main goal of this thesis is to describe and analyze activities of the World trade organization. The thesis is divided into four chapters, which are related to the WTO. The first chapter decribes the multilateral trading system. The second chapter focuses on the trade policy and its tools. The third chapter summarises activities of the GATT and WTO from its foundation to the present. The last chapter is devoted to the European Union in the WTO.

本論文主要內容是以兩岸目前正積極尋求加入GATT/WTO為主軸，分析在此 一過程中兩岸可能的互動關係，及兩岸一旦加入WTO後對兩岸經貿關係的 影響。由於後冷戰時期的世界格局中國際經貿交流日趨重要，因此，世界 經貿經織的地位及其影響力，也日愈為各國所重視，在「世界貿易組織」 誕生，取代了「關貿總協定」的功能後，象徵著世界經貿關係的更加自由 化與制度化。兩岸由於政治的關係及經濟制度的差異，在入關的過程中面 臨各種不同的問題，本論文先從兩岸入關的背景、進程、障礙及其謂適、 因應措施加以比較分析後，再對兩岸加入的過程中，可能面對的各種亞動 關係，如名稱的問題、入關的資格問題、入關的次序問題、入關的排除適 用問題，一一加以剖析各種可能情境的利弊得失。最後，再假設兩岸一旦 加入WTO後，分析對兩岸各別的影響及對兩岸經貿關係可能的變化。

雖然傳統的國貿理論認為，自由貿易乃至於關稅減讓必對貿易的雙方均有利，但若引入公共選擇學派的概念，結論或許便不大一樣了。因此本文的目的在於引入利益團體競租行為的概念，且摒除政府只以人民福祉為考量之傳統想法，來研究在何種條件下，參加關稅減讓談判對雙方政府均有利，且加以闡述此條件。最後再試圖以此模型對中美農業談判，提出一些解釋。 本模型採用兩層次賽局(即第一層為兩國政府之間的賽局 ,第二層為各國內利益團體之間的賽局)的架構來分析國際經貿談判，可得下列結論： 一、影響政治獻金的因素： 1、生產者團體的政治獻金較消費者團體的政治獻金為多，且兩者呈正向的關係 這可能是由於生產者團體所得到的利潤較消費者團體所得到的消費者剩餘來得大，所以其願意付出亦較多；而當消費者團體的政治獻金增加，造成關稅可能下降時，生產者團體為避免關稅下降致使利潤減少，於是更提高政治獻金。 2、當消費chip的邊際效用(MU=m-bz)增加時，兩利益團體均會增加政治獻金。 由於消費chip的效用增加，人們便會將其所得多花一點在chip上，對apple的消費減少；對兩利益團體而言，因邊際成本不變，而邊際收益增加 (即chip消費的增加，會使利潤、消費者剩餘增加)，因此兩者均會增加政治獻金，使邊際利潤增加。 3、即生產邊際成本降低時，兩利益團體均會增加政治獻金。 由於生產邊際成本減少，邊際收益不變下，邊際利潤便會增加，因此會增加產量，而在其它條件不變下，產量的增加更使利潤、消費者剩餘增加，對兩利益團體而言，等同於是邊際成本不變，而邊際收益增加，會使兩者增加政治獻金，使邊際利潤增加。 二、政府在決定合作或不合作時，所考量的因素： 對於各國而言，若存在一有公信力之世界性的經貿組織，能夠防止雙方背信且可公平分配總利益，由圖可知，合作策略下之政府支持均比不合作策略下之大。由此可知，此一世界性的經貿組織，如WTO之重要性。 三、中美農業談判 若以此模型對中美農業談判提出一些解釋，可得下列結論： 在不合作下，由於我國農業的生產邊際成本可被視為大於美國農業的生產邊際成本，因此我國的關稅會較高。而合作後，我國的關稅會降低。