Syftet med denna undersökning var att ta reda på vilken betydelse stöd och uppmuntran upplevdes ha i arbetslivet för rådmän, om det fanns en skillnad beroende på kön, samt vilka faktorer som upplevdes vara viktiga för hälsan och arbetsklimatet. Sex semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med tre kvinnliga och tre manliga rådmän. Resultatet, som överensstämde med tidigare forskning, visade att det sociala behovet av stöd från kollegor och närmaste chef upplevdes ha störst betydelse för både kvinnor och män. Positivt för hälsa och arbetsklimat upplevde både kvinnor och män var att trivas på arbetet, ha kollegialt stöd med ett öppet arbetsklimat samt möjlighet till flexibilitet. Slutsatsen blir att socialt stöd och kollegor är viktigt för att individer ska må bra i arbetslivet.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar flickors och pojkarssjälvkänsla i skolan, samt att finna eventuella genusskillnader. En kvantitativ metod i form aven enkätundersökning användes, där eleverna i årskurs 8 på en högstadieskola i VästraGötalands län deltog. Studien visar att flickorna har lägre självkänsla än pojkarna i skolan.Flickorna skattar sin egen kunskapsnivå lägre än pojkarna, trots att de har högre betyg änpojkarna. Flickor har svårare än pojkar att få fram sina åsikter i skolan. Flickor tycker det ärsvårare än pojkar att prata i helklass. Elever med aktiv fritid hade bättre självkänsla än eleverutan aktiv fritid. Detta resultat framkom bland bägge könen, men speciellt känsliga för dettaverkar flickor vara. Flickor utan fritidsaktivitet var de som hade lägst självkänsla och de somtrivdes sämst i skolan. Samband mellan aktiv fritid och självkänsla behöver tittas mer på.Personer med stark självkänsla upplever ökad livskvalitet och bättre hälsa. Låg självkänsla gersämre livskvalitet och sämre hälsa. Skillnaden mellan flickors och pojkars självkänsla kanantas vara så stor att särskild hänsyn behöver tas till detta i skolan. Skolan behöver ta merhänsyn till de olika behoven mellan könen, så att alla får lika förutsättningar och möjligheteratt kunna utvecklas på bästa sätt. / The purpose of this study was to examine the factors affecting girls' and boys' self-esteem inschool, and to find any gender differences. A quantitative method in form of a questionnairesurvey was used, where students in grade 8 in a secondary school in the region of VästraGötaland participated. The study shows that girls have lower self-esteem than boys in school.The girls estimate their own knowledge lower than boys despite having higher grades thanboys. Girls are more difficult than boys to obtain their views in school. Girls find it harderthan boys to talk when the whole class has lessons together. Students with active leisure timehad better self-esteem than students without active leisure. This result emerged among bothsexes but especially susceptible to this seems to be girls. Girls without leisure had the lowestself-esteem and enjoyed school the least. The links between active leisure and self-esteemneeds to be further looked into.People with strong self-esteem are experiencing improving quality of life and health. Lowself-esteem gives worse quality of life and poorer health. The difference between girls' andboys' self-esteem can be so great that special attention needs to be taken of this in school.Schools need to take more into account the different needs between the sexes, so that all haveequal conditions and opportunities to develop the best.

One of the main purposes of this dissertation was to examine gender- and socioeconomic status (SES)-related mathematics achievement gaps among Turkish middle-school students compared to achievement gaps in European Union (EU) countries. A further purpose of the present study was to investigate qualified mathematics teachers’ distribution in relation to student SES among Turkish middle schools. Finally, relationships between mathematics teacher quality indicators and students’ mathematics achievement within Turkish middle-school classrooms were explored. In this dissertation, Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study 2007 data were used. Sample countries were Turkey, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Malta, Romania, and Slovenia. Achievement gaps by gender and SES were examined using Cohen’s d effect sizes and 95 percent confidence intervals. Relationships between mathematics teacher quality and students’ mathematics achievement were investigated using hierarchical linear modeling. Results showed none or only negligible gender differences but substantial SES-related gaps in Turkish students’ achievement in mathematics, overall, or in various content and cognitive domains. Correlations between students’ SES levels and their achievement were the largest in Turkey compared to the sample EU countries. Among the sample EU countries, only Hungary had as large or even somewhat larger disparities as Turkey between low- and high-SES students’ mathematics achievement. The current study also identified SES-related inequities in access to qualified mathematics teachers in Turkey. Low-SES students were more likely to be taught by mathematics teachers who had less than 3 years of experience or who did not hold a degree in mathematics or mathematics education. On the other hand, years of experience and a degree in mathematics or mathematics education were found to be substantially related to Turkish eighth-grade students’ mathematics achievement. Low-SES students’ mathematics teachers were also more likely to report lack of confidence in their preparation to teach various mathematics contents. To narrow achievement gaps, Turkish policy-makers can explore and benefit from policies of the countries identified in the present study as more equitable in terms of student achievement than Turkey. The current study also shows Turkish policy-makers importance of the equitable distribution of qualified mathematics teachers in closing the mathematics achievement gap in middle schools.

The purpose of this study was to examine how youth useFacebook and how Facebook perceives construct their own identity. Anotherquestion was if the construction of the self-identity is different between thegenders.The study is based on empirical material that has been collected by usingquestionnaires. The questionnaire was handed out in three different classes in3rd grade in secondary school in southern Sweden. The analysis in this studywas based on two different kinds of theories, Erving Goffman’s social theory ofdramaturgical analysis and stigma and Yvonne Hirdman’s gender studies. The result showed that Facebook is a tool for youth to communicate and get intouch with other people. Youth uses Facebook to show selected parts ofthemselves, which create a ”hoped- for possible selves”. The result also showedthat girls are more aware of what they do on Facebook and the consequences of their activity,compared to boys. It seems that the construction of identity on Facebook variesbetween genders due to social structures.

Syftet med föreliggande studie är främst att studera sammanhållning hos herr- respektive damlag samt undersöka eventuella skillnader/likheter. Författarna avser vidare att undersöka ledares uppfattningar om sin egen roll för sammanhållningen i ett lag samt deras uppfattningar om hur sammanhållning skapas och bibehålls. Totalt deltog 96 manliga och kvinnliga handbollsspelare, från division 1 och 2, i åldrarna 16-34 i den kvantitativa undersökningen och 4 tränare deltog i den kvalitativa undersökningen. Resultatet visade att det fanns en signifikant skillnad mellan sammanhållningen i dam- respektive herrlagen då kvinnor upplevde en högre grad av sammanhållning. Resultaten visade vidare att tränarna ansåg att sammanhållningsarbetet bör se olika ut för kvinnor och män då kvinnor lägger större vikt vid att känslan i gruppen var bra och män fokuserar mer på prestation. Slutligen visade resultatet att sammanhållning ständigt bör underhållas för att uppnå bästa resultat. Resultaten diskuteras i relation till olika teoretiska perspektiv. / The purpose of this study is mainly to study the cohesion of the men's and women's teams and investigate any differences / similarities. The authors also intend to explore coaches perceptions about their own role in the cohesion of a team, and their perceptions of how cohesion is created and maintained. A total of 96 male and female handball players, in division 1 and 2, from age 16 to 34 participated in the quantitative study, and four coaches participated in the qualitative survey. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the cohesion of the men and women, as the female handball players experienced a higher level of cohesion then the male handball players. Further, the results showed that the coaches felt that the cohesion is different in men's and women's teams,as women attach higher value to how well the members of the group get along and men tend to focus on their own performance. Finally, the results showed that cohesion should be constantly maintained in order to achieve success. The results were discussed in relation to different theoretical perspectives.

Due to the emerging importance of e-negotiation and women position in business, it is important to understand the gender difference in online negotiation context. We designed four researches to examine the impact of gender difference on e-negotiation from three perspectives: (1) individual perspective; (2) dyadic perspective; and (3) interactive perspective. From the individual perspective, the individual negotiator¡¦s self gender background was taken into consideration. We examined the individual negotiator¡¦s self gender difference in negotiation strategic behavior and final performance (Research 1). From the dyadic perspective, the gender composition of a negotiation dyad was considered. We examined its impact on negotiation strategic behavior and final performance (Research 2). Finally, from the interactive perspective, we examined the impact of gender composition on strategic response (Research 3) and negotiation strategy in different negotiation phases (Research 4). All subjects were collected from Inspire e-negotiation system based on their gender backgrounds. Inspire is a web-based system which has been operated since 1996. From the countless samples, 60 pairs of negotiation (120 subjects) from 4 representative Western countries (American, Austria, Canada and Germany) were selected. All subjects dealt with the same purchasing negotiation scenario in which they have to negotiate four issues. We applied content analysis methodology to the collected complete transcripts of negotiations done by the selected subjects. Content analysis is superior to the questionnaire in terms of qualitative criteria. Totally, the collected 612 messages were divided into 6227 units, which serve as the data source of analysis. Overall, based on the results of this study, females and males still maintain gender stereotypical behavior in virtual environment. Negotiators¡¦ strategic behaviors are influenced by counterparts¡¦ gender backgrounds. In other words, from individual and dyadic perspectives, gender plays an influential factor. However, in investigating the impact of gender, dyadic perspective provides more precise findings. Further, our results also found that genders behaved differently in the strategic response and the strategy performing during different negotiation phases. However, honestly, the overall differences seem to be not as strong as expected since the gender difference might be less salient in the virtual negotiation situation. We hope this series of gender researches could contribute to comprehensive understanding of gender behavior in the online negotiation.

The purpose of this study was to determine eighth grade students&rsquo / skills of translating among different representations / graphic, table, equation, and verbal sentence / of algebraic concepts. Moreover, it was also aimed to investigate if there is any gender difference regarding the translation skills of students translating multiple representations, and their most common errors in making these translations. For data collection, 18 schools were selected randomly from 103 elementary schools in &Ccedil / ankaya district of Ankara. Then all of the eighth grade students in each school were selected as sample. In total 705 eighth grade students were participated in the study. To assess students&rsquo / translation skills &ldquo / Translation among different representations of algebraic concepts test&rdquo / (TADRACT) was developed by researcher. Descriptive statistics were obtained to understand students&rsquo / achievement in translation process. To compare mean scores of female and male students, the statistical analysis of Independent Samples t-test was used. Every question were examined in detail to determine any misconceptions, and most frequent errors students made in translating among different algebraic representations. The results of test indicated that 8th grade students had poor skill in translations of four different representations / verbal statement, equation, table, graphic / in algebraic concepts. There was no significant difference between mean scores of girls and mean scores of boys. The most problematic translations were from other representations / equation, table, graphic / to verbal statement, and translations from other three representations / verbal statement, equation, graphic / to table were the easiest translations.

<p>Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar flickors och pojkarssjälvkänsla i skolan, samt att finna eventuella genusskillnader. En kvantitativ metod i form aven enkätundersökning användes, där eleverna i årskurs 8 på en högstadieskola i VästraGötalands län deltog. Studien visar att flickorna har lägre självkänsla än pojkarna i skolan.Flickorna skattar sin egen kunskapsnivå lägre än pojkarna, trots att de har högre betyg änpojkarna. Flickor har svårare än pojkar att få fram sina åsikter i skolan. Flickor tycker det ärsvårare än pojkar att prata i helklass. Elever med aktiv fritid hade bättre självkänsla än eleverutan aktiv fritid. Detta resultat framkom bland bägge könen, men speciellt känsliga för dettaverkar flickor vara. Flickor utan fritidsaktivitet var de som hade lägst självkänsla och de somtrivdes sämst i skolan. Samband mellan aktiv fritid och självkänsla behöver tittas mer på.Personer med stark självkänsla upplever ökad livskvalitet och bättre hälsa. Låg självkänsla gersämre livskvalitet och sämre hälsa. Skillnaden mellan flickors och pojkars självkänsla kanantas vara så stor att särskild hänsyn behöver tas till detta i skolan. Skolan behöver ta merhänsyn till de olika behoven mellan könen, så att alla får lika förutsättningar och möjligheteratt kunna utvecklas på bästa sätt.</p> / <p>The purpose of this study was to examine the factors affecting girls' and boys' self-esteem inschool, and to find any gender differences. A quantitative method in form of a questionnairesurvey was used, where students in grade 8 in a secondary school in the region of VästraGötaland participated. The study shows that girls have lower self-esteem than boys in school.The girls estimate their own knowledge lower than boys despite having higher grades thanboys. Girls are more difficult than boys to obtain their views in school. Girls find it harderthan boys to talk when the whole class has lessons together. Students with active leisure timehad better self-esteem than students without active leisure. This result emerged among bothsexes but especially susceptible to this seems to be girls. Girls without leisure had the lowestself-esteem and enjoyed school the least. The links between active leisure and self-esteemneeds to be further looked into.People with strong self-esteem are experiencing improving quality of life and health. Lowself-esteem gives worse quality of life and poorer health. The difference between girls' andboys' self-esteem can be so great that special attention needs to be taken of this in school.Schools need to take more into account the different needs between the sexes, so that all haveequal conditions and opportunities to develop the best.</p>

The purpose of the present study was mainly fourfold / 1) to examine the undergraduate students&rsquo / level of academic procrastination in relation to gender / 2) to investigate the undergraduate students&rsquo / prevalence of procrastination in relation to gender in six areas of academic functioning namely / writing a term paper, studying for an exam, keeping up reading weekly assignments, performing academic administrative tasks, attendance tasks, and school activities in general / 3) to find out the relationship between academic procrastination score and academic achievement of undergraduate students / and 4) to reveal the self-reported reasons of academic procrastination in relation to gender. The Procrastination Assessment Scale-Students (PASS) was translated and adapted into Turkish and used as the data collection instrument. The data was gathered from 784 undergraduate students from different grades and 37 departments of Middle East Technical University. The results of the study revealed that 52% of METU students procrastinate on their academic tasks and the findings revealed that male students procrastinate more than female students. Moreover, the results of the prevalent analysis showed that the students nearly always or always engage in procrastination on the areas of studying for an exam, writing a term paper, and reading weekly reading assignments more than the other three areas namely / academic administrative tasks, attendance tasks and the tasks related to school activities in general. In addition, the results regarding the relationship between academic procrastination and academic achievement revealed a significant negative relationship between the two variables. Finally, factor analysis was conducted to find out the self-reported reasons of academic procrastination and four factors were found as excuses of students namely / fear of failure, risk taking, laziness, and rebellion against control.

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