Universiẗat, Diss., 2003--Freiburg (Breisgau).

I denna litteraturstudie var syftet att undersöka hur användning av fingrar kan skapa möjligheter och/ eller begränsningar för elever i deras matematiska utveckling, främst i aritmetik. Studien tog utgångspunkt i vilka strategier elever använder vid användning av fingrar som hjälpmedel, där fokus låg på finger gnosis, fingerräkning, chisanbop och fingertal.  Vid insamling av data användes databaserna ERIC och UniSearch samt manuell sökning. Resultaten av insamlad data visade att användning av fingrar som hjälpmedel i matematiken kan innebära både begräsningar och möjligheter för elevernas matematiska utveckling i de tidiga skolåren. Resultaten visade också att fingrarna är mindre effektivt som hjälpmedel för elever i högre årskurser.

The portrait of true Christian gnostic in Stromateis by Clement of Alexandria This thesis deals with the great character of Christianity in the second century - Clement of Alexandria, his life, work and thinking in context of ancient metropolis Alexandria. It also focuses on his life-work Stromateis, in which Clement deals with questions such as the relationship between Christianity and Greek philosophy or defines against representatives of gnosis in the second century. The main aim of this thesis is to follow and outline the portrait of the true Christian gnostic. Keywords Theology, Patrology, Clement of Alexandria, Gnosis, Christianity and Greek Philosophy, Alexandria, Virtues

This essay’s purpose is to explore the view on knowledge and transmission of knowledge in the Swedish, spiritualist movement during the turn of the century. The method is a critical discourse analysis of the texts of the spiritualist publication of Efteråt? between the years of 1899 and 1911. The theories applied to the subject are two; first the theories of Wouter J. Hanegraaff and his ideas about ”rejected knowledge” where some concepts during the course of history has been deemed true, and other concepts have been rejected. This process has often been the case in a ”battle of discourses” as is the case with the spiritualist discourse against the discourse of mainstream science. The second theory applied are the dynamics of power as presented by Michel Foucault and interpreted by Clare O’Farrell. This theory is also at the core of critical discourse analysis.  The analysis of the material makes it evident that the spiritualist movement walks a line between religion and science where they claim to transcend them both. The internal discourse both criticize mainstream science; not the methods per say, but the ideal of materialism and the lack of spirituality they perceive in the contemporary body of the church. The view on knowledge is heavily anchored in a concept of spirituality, being heralds of true science, and recognizing the inner, true potential of the human creature. The view on transmission of knowledge is centered around ideas of development of spirituality, the notion that the spirit-world can teach us everything and critique against the contemporary school system.

L’originalité de la pensée de Rudolf Steiner, née dans la mouvance de la société théosophique est d’aller vers l'universalité, en dépit de critiques pas toujours fondées. En effet, la pensée de Steiner est au confluent de l’Europe, de l’Egypte, de la Perse et de l’Inde. A la fois pensée ésotérique, occulte et mystique, elle est intrinsèquement gnostique. Enseignement de sagesse, la gnose désigne un concept tout à la fois philosophique et religieux qui permet le salut de l’âme par une connaissance directe de la divinité. Dans son effort de connaissance à vocation universelle, le gnostique inclut les particularités historiques inclues tant dans le brahmanisme, que dans la chrétienté, l’islam et le judaïsme. A l’instar des Hindous, Steiner concevait l'Histoire comme le résultat des expériences de l’évolution individuelle, qui se déroulent au travers de nombreuses existences ou incarnations successives. Le monde spirituel lui apparaissait relié au monde physique par l'intermédiaire de la pensée humaine et il a décrit le système anthroposophique, la « sagesse de l’homme », tel un chemin de connaissance, allant de l'être humain, vers l’aspect spirituel de l'univers. Le cheminement de la gnose hindoue jusqu’aux idées de Steiner est développé dans cette thèse. Les rapports entre gnose, ésotérisme, mystique, religion, et occultisme, L’expérience mystique relatant un rapport avec le divin, de par sa nature difficilement communicable, par lequel l'âme humaine accèderait à une rencontre directe avec la source primordiale fut également un des thèmes étudiés par l’anthroposophe / The originality of Rudolf Steiner's thought, influenced by Theosophical Society, is to go to the universality of mankind, in spite of open criticisms that do not always correspond to reality. In fact, Steiner's Gnostic thought has been deeply influenced by European and Eastern Philosophical currents of Esotericism, Occultism and Mysticism. Gnosis is a reference to Philosophical and Religious concepts that allow soul salvation through a direct link to God. Ithas a universal vocation, and Gnosticism includes historical aspects included in Brahmanism, Christianity, Islam and Judaism. As Hindus believed so, Steiner conceived Human History as the result of the experiences of individual evolution, which took place after many human incarnations. The spiritual world was according to Rudolf Steiner connected to the physical world with human thought and the history of the anthroposophic systems, that he called "Human Wisdom", as a path of knowledge, going from human beings, towards universal spiritual aspects. The path of Hindu gnosis to the ideas of Steiner and the relationship between Gnosis, Esotericism, Mysticism, Religion and Occultism are developed in this study. The theme of the encounter with a primordial source was dear to the philosopher

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:20:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wanessa Cardoso.pdf: 903754 bytes, checksum: 8e375cb3d6151e2d5aac99c041351e15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-10 / This research aims at the knowledge of the spiritual development in the work of the Sufi mystic Djalal-od-Din Rumi, known as Mawlana, meaning Our Master . Born in 1207 in the Balkh province, the cradle of Persian civilization, Rumi produced several works of a mystical character, the most famous being the Masnavi, a collection of poems bearing the mystical as well as theological and philosophical treatises. A monumental work, divided into six books, containing fifty-one thousand verses. Known as the Persian Quran it was one of the works that we used in this research, as well as the book Fihi ma Fihi, which is about the inner life and spiritual teachings, which is the focus of this research. The main objective of the research is to understand the meaning of thinking with the heart, since it is the only place of spiritual knowledge, as posted by Rumi. We researched this recurring theme throughout his mystical work in the bibliographical literature. We understand what this Mystic of Love taught as being spiritual development, when he says that is can only happen by opening the spiritual heart, a place of communication with God. We also covered aspects of the philosophy of religions and the categories of Sufism, from a historical point of view as a setting for the readers, as we are at the base of Islam and the Middle Ages, and from there to the Rumi gnosis itself. We concluded that Rumi, throughout his life and work, emphasizes the character of a living religion , i.e., a religion that points to a path of development of the human potential, caused by a deep transformation, insisting that we don t learn through reason, but through a mystical body, which is the heart. Moreover, we can say that, according to Rumi, we need a path and a teacher to support all the changes, since it is a path that involves a sort of death, not a physical one, but from the little self, something very difficult and painful for the human being. You could still say that Rumi extends the spiritual development so that it is primarily experiential, insisting that humanity was born only to remember its source and its birthplace, which is God / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo o conhecimento do desenvolvimento espiritual na obra do místico sufi Djalâl-od-Din Rûmi, conhecido como Mawlana, que significa Nosso Mestre . Nascido em 1207 na província de Balkh, berço da civilização persa, Rumi produziu várias obras de caráter místico, sendo a mais famosa o Masnavi, um conjunto fértil de poesias místicas e de tratados teológico-filosóficos. Uma obra monumental, dividida em seis livros, contendo cinquenta e um mil versos. Conhecido como Alcorão persa é uma das obras que utilizamos nesta pesquisa, como também o livro Fihi ma fihi, que é um livro do interior e de ensinamentos espirituais, que é o nosso foco na pesquisa. Temos como problema de pesquisa entender qual o significado de se pensar com o coração, já que ele é o único lugar de conhecimento espiritual, conforme colocado pelo próprio Rumi. Pesquisamos um tema insistente em toda obra deste místico, através da pesquisa bibliográfica. Compreendemos o que esse Místico do Amor ensinou como desenvolvimento espiritual, afirmando que ele só pode acontecer através do alargamento do coração espiritual, local de comunicação com Deus. Também abordamos aspectos da filosofia da Religião e das categorias do sufismo, partindo de uma abertura histórica para ambientar os leitores, já que estamos na base do islamismo e da Idade Média, para, posteriormente, seguirmos rumo à gnose de Rumi propriamente. Pudemos concluir que Rumi, em toda sua vida e obra, insiste no caráter de uma religião viva , ou seja, de uma religião que aponte para um caminho de desenvolvimento das potencialidades humanas, causado por uma profunda transformação, insistindo que não aprendemos através da razão, mas mediante um órgão místico, que é o coração. Além disso, podemos afirmar que, segundo Rumi, necessitamos de um caminho e de um mestre, que sustente todas as transformações, já que é um caminho que pressupõe uma morte, não física, mas do pequeno eu, algo muito difícil e doloroso para o ser humano. Ainda é possível dizer que Rumi amplia o desenvolvimento espiritual, para que ele seja prioritariamente experiencial, insistindo que a humanidade nasceu apenas para se lembrar de sua fonte e de sua nascente, que é Deus

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:20:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CRE - Roberto Gallego.pdf: 763436 bytes, checksum: b22061de276f7d63a073dfe76b4d3236 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of the present study is to explore the issue of salvation as proposed by Plotinus who was both a philosopher and a mystic, and the most noteworthy representative of the last period of Greek philosophy and also the experience of gnosis, an important religious movement that reached its climax in the first centuries of the Christian Era. Initially, the study sought to contextualize this theme within the historical framework in which the socalled Plotinus s antignostic polemic occurred, namely, during the Late Antiquity, when the notion prevailed that the earthly existence replete with suffering and privation would have to be transcended. The human being was but a stranger in the world that surrounded them and, therefore, should return to their spiritual homeland, their true ancestry. It was within this historical context that Plotinus s and the Gnostics doctrine on salvation took place. Although they converged on some of its aspects, there existed a profound divergence of views between them. This study also sought to outline the fundamental concepts behind confront systems. With regard to the Gnostics, the Sethian school was analyzed since it formulated two Gnostic treatises contained in the so-called Nag Hammadi Library , which were acknowledged and criticized by Plotinus: the Zostrianus and Allogenes. In addition, the study went on to examine the theme of salvation vis a vis the theories of cosmogony/cosmology, anthropogony/anthropology, and ethics of the Plotinian and Gnostic systems, especially the Sethian Gnostic texts. Lastly, the study focused on the salvationary aspects of both traditions, the role ascribed to man in the redemption process, and also the scope of salvation. As the basis for research, works by Brazilian and foreign commentators were resorted to, as well as primary sources such as Plotinus s Enneads and the Gnostic treatises held in the Nag Hammadi Library , mainly the aforementioned Zostrianus and Allogenes. The reason for undertaking this research lies in the fact that in Brazil there are few studies about the relationship between Plotinus and the Gnostics, and there are even fewer studies conducted in the spectrum of their soteriology. Therefore, the present research hopes to arouse the interest of Brazilians for the study of philosophical and religious construction addressing the fundamental issues of the human soul / O presente trabalho tem, como objetivo, estudar a problemática da salvação em Plotino - a um só tempo filósofo e místico, e o mais notável representante do último período da filosofia grega - e a gnose, um importante movimento religioso que conheceu o seu ápice nos primeiros séculos da era cristã. Inicialmente, buscou-se contextualizar tal temática no cenário histórico em que se deu a denominada polêmica antignóstica de Plotino , isto é, a Antiguidade Tardia, na qual prevaleceu a percepção de que a existência terrena, repleta de sofrimentos e carências, haveria de ser transcendida. O ser humano, um estrangeiro no mundo, deveria retornar à sua pátria espiritual, sua verdadeira origem. É, neste quadro histórico, que tem lugar a proposta de Plotino, bem como a dos gnósticos, acerca da salvação, que, embora se mostrem convergentes em alguns aspectos, divergem, profundamente, em outros. Em seguida, tratou-se de alinhavar os traços fundamentais dos sistemas em confronto, sendo que, com relação aos gnósticos, privilegiou-se a escola sethiana, autora de dois tratados, constantes da chamada Biblioteca de Nag Hammadi , conhecidos e criticados por Plotino: o Zostrianos e o Alógenes. Na seqüência, cuidou-se de examinar o tema da salvação à luz da cosmogonia/cosmologia, antropogonia/antropologia e ética, dos sistemas plotiniano e gnóstico, particularmente o gnóstico sethiano. Por último, enfocou-se o procedimento salvífico das duas tradições cotejadas, assim como o papel reservado ao homem no processo de redenção e, ainda, a abrangência da salvação. Recorreu-se, para a realização da pesquisa, a comentaristas nacionais e estrangeiros, bem como, na medida do possível, às fontes primárias, quais sejam, as Enéadas de Plotino e os tratados gnósticos, contidos na referida Biblioteca de Nag Hammadi , em especial os já mencionados Zostrianos e Alógenes. A justificativa para este trabalho reside no fato de que, no Brasil, não há muitos estudos acerca da relação entre Plotino e os gnósticos, e menos ainda, no campo específico das soteriologias respectivas. Desta forma, a pesquisa espera estimular, em nosso país, o interesse pelo estudo das construções filosófico-religiosas apontadas, que lidam com problemas fundamentais da alma humana

Freie Univ., Diss.--Berlin, 2000.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Graz, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 331-346).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:12:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EdrisiAF_TESE.pdf: 2696449 bytes, checksum: 2bf551b579d0227160e510a27e887618 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-14 / This thesis aims better understanding the relation between time and evil in Schelling s Freiheitsschrift, having its starting point in approximations from Gnosticism. For that purpose, before approaching that relation, it is reviewed (chapter I) the question of Gnosticism, a strain of thought essentially concerned with the problem of time and permeated by the belief in an evil nature of creation, and which is alleged to have significantly influenced certain ideas of Schelling. An evaluation of approximations between Gnosticism, gnosis and German thought follows (chapter II), as well as an evaluation of Schellingian aproximations to Gnosticism (chapter III). Then, the Freiheitsschrift is analysed as the text where Schelling, having taken hold of a very distinct appropriation of Gnosticism, goes beyond Kantian theodicy (chapter IV). Some interrogations about whether key ideas of Schellingian philosophy (about gnosis, creation, duality, time, and evil) are conceived in a way that is essentially different from that of historic Gnosticism, despite the much that has been said to the contrary, are then addressed (chapter V). The proposal of a Platonic-Plotinian key to the understanding of the relations between time and evil in the Freiheitsschrift comes next (chapter VI), and then gives way to the concluding remarks (chapter VII). We perceive that Gnosticism and Neoplatonism are systems of thought that sometimes converge, and that German thought is one of the places of this convergence. Notwithstanding this perception, it is possible to affirm that Schellingian thought, with its valorization of time and of a certain perception of evil, is essentially anti-gnostic, despite some contrary observations / Esta tese objetiva contribuir para um melhor entendimento da rela??o entre o tempo e o mal no Freiheitsschrift de Schelling, a partir de aproxima??es desde o Gnosticismo. Para tanto, antes de come?ar a tratar dessa rela??o far-se-? uma revis?o da quest?o do Gnosticismo (cap?tulo I) corrente de pensamento essencialmente preocupada com a problem?tica do tempo e permeada pela cren?a em uma natureza m? da cria??o, e que alegadamente teria influenciado de modo significativo algumas ideias de Schelling. Seguir-se-? uma avalia??o das aproxima??es entre Gnosticismo, gnose e pensamento alem?o (cap?tulo II) e outra particularmente dedicada ?s aproxima??es schellinguianas ao Gnosticismo (cap?tulo III). Analisar-se-? ent?o o Freiheitsschrift como texto onde Schelling, tendo feito uma apropria??o muito particular do Gnosticismo, vai al?m da teodic?ia kantiana (cap?tulo IV). Interrogar-se ? ent?o (cap?tulo V) se algumas ideiaschave da filosofia schellinguiana (sobre a gnose, a cria??o, a dualidade, o tempo, o mal) s?o concebidas de um modo essencialmente distinto daquele do Gnosticismo hist?rico, apesar do muito que se disse em contr?rio. Apresentar-se-? em seguida a proposta de uma chave Plat?nica-plotiniana para o entendimento das rela??es entre o tempo e o mal no Freiheitsschrift (cap?tulo VI), passando-se logo em seguida ?s considera??es conclusivas (cap?tulo VII). Constata-se que o Gnosticismo e o Neoplatonismo constituem sistemas por vezes convergentes entre si, e que o pensamento alem?o ? um dos espa?os dessa converg?ncia. N?o obstante essa constata??o, ? poss?vel afirmar que o pensamento schellinguiano, com sua valoriza??o do tempo e de uma certa percep??o do mal, ? essencialmente antign?stico, a despeito de algumas observa??es em contr?rio