Radioactivity is an important part of the environment. In the years 2014 - 2015 a survey on medicinal radioactive springs was carried out in the Tanvald granite body. During extensive radiohydrogeochemical exploration in the surrounding area of Schindler spring, the outcrop of U - mineralization has been found at a new construction site in the Kokonín fault. It is possible to find "hot" pieces of uranium ore fragments in the quaternary cover in this place. The occurrence of the hydrothermal (vein) type of uranium in the Krkonoše - Jizera is new as it hasn't been mentioned in literatures before. After an agreement with the owners, detailed radiometric survey proceeded in the surrounding area of two affected houses by using gamma spectrometry and emanometry at the dense net. There is a wider area between two houses with activities of 222 Rn over 1 MBq/m3 and on the ore outcrop was measured 3.3 MBq/m3 . A quaternary solifluction flow with an increased radioactivity creeps down under the House 1. The highest uranium contents reached up to 291 ppm eU (= 3 595 Bq/kg 226 Ra) on the uranium ore lens outcrop. The average of gamma dose rate is 85,6 nGy/h with maximem 261 nGy/h on the outcrop. A further radiometric survey through the entire Kokonín fault line was carried out in an area of roughly 0.25 x 1 km2...

Los medios fracturados de baja permeabilidad (MFBP) pueden definirse como una matriz impermeable atravesada por una cantidad mayor o menor de fracturas conductivas. La experiencia indica que la mayor parte del flujo circula solo por unas pocas de estas fracturas, característica que marca el comportamiento del medio. Por esto, es necesario caracterizar estas fracturas para comprender el sistema.Desgraciadamente, no existe una metodología ampliamente aceptada para ello, en este contexto el objetivo de esta tesis es triple:1. Definir una metodología para modelar este tipo de medios 2. Explicar cómo la modelación explícita de las principales fracturas ayuda a explicar el efecto escala.3. Aplicar esta metodología a dos casos reales: FEBEX en Grimsel y Mina Ratones en Cáceres.La tesis está formada por tres artículos independientes pero complementarios, que se describen a continuación.En el primero se presenta la metodología para identificar las fracturas hidráulicamente más importantes. El método se basa en la interpretación de los ensayos de interferencia, y se apoya en los datos de geología, geofísica y ensayos hidráulicos. La metodología se ha aplicado en la caracterización hidrogeológica del bloque granítico que rodea al experimento FEBEX, en Suiza. La caracterización de este medio comienza por la identificación geométrica de las fracturas, basada en datos geológicos y geofísicos. Los ensayos hidráulicos de sondeo único ayudan a descartar aquellas fracturas no transmisivas, pero las conectividades entre puntos y la extensión de las fracturas se realiza mediante ensayos de interferencia. La geometría resultante se reproduce con un modelo 3D, donde los planos de fractura se representan con elementos 2D incluidos en la matriz 3D (matriz más fracturación menor). Los parámetros hidráulicos se obtienen de la interpretación conjunta de todos los ensayos de interferencia con modelos numéricos 3D, utilizando técnicas de calibración y ajustando todas las medidas simultáneamente. Siguiendo la misma metodología se ha podido reproducir los niveles en estacionario e incluso cuantificar el flujo de agua hacia la zona experimental de la galería FEBEX.Una característica de los MFBP es que al aumentar el volumen de roca ensayado, la conductividad hidráulica equivalente obtenida aumenta. En el entorno de la galería FEBEX se han llevado a cabo diferentes tipos de ensayos hidráulicos (pulsos, recuperación, interferencia, etc.). Estos ensayos se han interpretado utilizando métodos convencionales, en los que se asume que el medio es homogéneo, y las conductividades hidráulicas obtenidas como resultado muestran un efecto de escala (aumentan en órdenes de magnitud con el volumen de roca ensayado). El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar que este efecto de escala refleja las limitaciones de la conductividad hidráulica equivalente derivada de la interpretación de los ensayos con modelos homogéneos. Para alcanzar este objetivo se ha utilizado la metodología descrita en el artículo anterior. En resumen, el modelo final es coherente con todas las medidas tomadas a diferentes escalas. La mayor parte de los ensayos a pequeña escala se han realizado en intervalos situados en matriz, esto hace que la conductividad hidráulica equivalente promedio sea pequeña. Al aumentar la escala el ensayo afecta a más fracturas, con lo que aumenta la conectividad del sistema haciendo que la conductividad hidráulica equivalente aumente. Finalmente, la metodología propuesta se aplica a la caracterización hidráulica de la mina de uranio "Los Ratones". Para verificar que la caracterización hidráulica ha sido satisfactoria, se ha realizado la predicción a ciegas de un bombeo a gran escala desde la mina. Los resultados obtenidos con esta simulación muestran unos buenos ajustes de los puntos de observación al bombeo desde la mina. Esto confirma la robustez y fiabilidad del modelo, y por lo tanto de la metodología utilizada. / Low permeability fractured media (LFFM) can be viewed as consisting of a virtually impervious matrix transversed by more or less conductive fractures. Experience dictates that a few of these concentrate most of the flow, this controlling the overall behaviour of the medium. Therefore, they need to be characterized for proper understanding of the system. Unfortunately, no widely accepted methodology is available to this end. In this context the objective of this thesis is three fold: 1. Define a methodology to model this type of media. 2. Explain how the explicit modeling of hydraulically dominant fracture helps in explaining scale effects.3. Apply the methodology to two real case studies: the FEBEX at Grimsel and the Ratones mine.The thesis consists of three independent but complementary papers. They are described below.First, I present a methodology to identify the most significant water conductive fractures. The method is based on the interpretation of cross-hole tests, and is supported by geology, geophysics and hydraulic data. This methodology has been applied to the hydrogeological characterization of a granitic block within FEBEX experiment, Switzerland. Characterising this medium starts by achieving a geometrical identification of the fractures, which demands mainly geological and geophysical data. Single borehole hydraulic tests help in neglecting those transmissive fractures, but the only means to assess the connectivity between points and the fractures extent consists of conducting cross-hole tests. The resulting geometry is later implemented into a 3D finite element mesh, where the fractures are simulated as 2D elements that are embedded into a 3D porous media that includes the effect of minor fractures. Hydraulic parameters have been obtained from the joint interpretation of cross-hole tests with 3D numerical models, using automatic calibration techniques and adjusting all the measurements simultaneously. This methodology has proved capable of reproducing steady state heads, and also of quantifying groundwater flow to the experimental area of the FEBEX tunnel.Different types of hydraulic tests (pulse, recovery, cross-hole and tunnel inflow measurements) have been performed in low permeability fractured granite around the FEBEX tunnel in Grimsel (Switzerland). We have interpreted the tests using conventional methods that treat the medium as a homogeneous one. Results display scale effects. Hydraulic conductivities increase, by orders of magnitude, with the volume of rock tested (from pulse to cross-hole tests). The objective of our work is to show that this scale effect is apparent. It reflects the limitations of the equivalent hydraulic conductivity derived from the homogeneous model interpretation of the tests.For this purpose, we have used the methodology described in the first paper. In summary, the final model is consistent with all the relevant measurements, taken at different support scales. This provides some insight into the issue of scale effects, which has been a topic of debate in the literature. In essence, the majority of small scale tests are performed in matrix intervals. Thus, any averaging of these values would suggest relatively small effective permeability. Yet large scale permeability of the rock is controlled by a few fractures, which provide high connectivity to the system, but are intersected by few testing intervals. As a result, large scale permeability is qualitatively different and quantitatively larger than small scale permeability.Finally, the proposed methodology is applied to the hydraulic characterization of the "Los Ratones" uranium mine. To verify that the site characterization is satisfactory, a blind-prediction has been carried out with the data recorded during a large-scale pumping test from the mine. The results obtained with this simulation show a good response to the mine pumping, so that both the robustness and reliability of the model are confirmed.

Mitt kandidatarbete är en teknikstudie där jag grottat ner mig i keramikens geologiska ursprung. I arbetet har jag utgått ifrån magmatiska och metamorfa bergarter som granit och gnejs. De innehåller kvarts, fältspat och glimmer i perfekta proportioner för att redan vara färdiga keramiska glasyrer. Jag har sedan provat att tillsätta lermineralet kaolin för att göra egna stengodsleror utifrån två äldre recept på parian och porslin. Genom att själv krossa och mala sten vill jag synliggöra alla moment som kan ingå i framställningen av lera samt medvetandegöra den fysiska närheten till materialet. / My work is a technique study with focus on the geological origin of ceramics. I have examined magmatic and metamorphic rocks such as granites and gneiss. They consist of minerals like quartz, feldspar and mica in perfect proportions to already be a “ready-made” ceramic glaze, if grinded down to powder. With an ancient Chinese recipe of how to make porcelain I’ve tried to make my own clay version using granite and gneiss, adding the clay mineral kaolin. Using a technique where I crush and grind the stones into powder by hand, my wish is to visibility all of the different parts that takes place in the making of clay and bring to awareness how physically close we often aren't, but could be, to the origin of the material. / <p>Opponent: Jelena Rundqvist</p>

The impact of temperatures (up to 1000 °C) with various heating rates of 5 °C/min, 200 °C/min, 300 °C/min, and according to ISO 834 standard fire curve on physical, mechanical, and thermal properties, as well as thermo-mechanical behaviors of granites were investigated. A new methodology was proposed for the heterogeneity characterization of rocks at the grain-size level in numerical simulation. The thermo-mechanical constitutive law is developed by combining the temperature-dependent relations of granite properties with classical Mohr-Coulomb model with strain-softening and tension cut-off. The proposed modelling strategy is able to replicate the thermal induced cracking which results in reduced peak strength, pronounced softening and transition from brittle to ductile behaviour. Research results help to understand the damage mechanisms of granite caused by fire or other high temperature conditions, and can be used to develop guidelines for repair and maintenance as well as assessment of risks of tunnels and historical buildings after fire accidents.

Magmatic processes are major agents responsible for the formation and differentiation of the Earth's crust. In contrast to extensive efforts to improve understanding and utility of igneous geochemistry, physical processes of magma differentiation and solidification remain largely unclear. Large variability of igneous textures provides record of these processes and intensive parameters governing the crystallization. In this thesis, we develop quantitative methods, which allow us to better interpret igneous textures in the framework of physics of solidification. We have developed a new three-dimensional model of crystallization from one- component melt driven by homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation and crystal growth. The predicted textures are quantitatively characterized by crystal size distributions, spatial distribution functions and parameters representing grain contact relationships. The model employs high resolution in a large volume simulation domain in order to produce statistically stable results. Our simulations, performed for various functional forms of nucleation and growth rates with respect to time, imply that (i) crystals are ordered (anti-clustered) on short length scales. This reflects that other crystals already have a finite size at the time of nucleation of younger crystal,...

La chaîne de collision d'âge néoprotérozoïque de Jiangnan, orientée NE-SW, marque la limite entre les blocs duYangtze et de Cathaysia. Son évolution tectonique reste encore débattue. Une des questions les plus controversées est l'âge de la collision entre les deux blocs. Afin d'acquérir une meilleure compréhension de ce problème, nous avons collecté des échantillons dans les couches sédimentaires situées au-dessus et au-dessous de la discordance dans le but de comparer les spectres d'âge des zircons détritiques et aussi de les confronter à ceux décrits dans les séries néoprotérozoïques des régions du Yangtze, Jiangnan et Cathaysia. En outre, nous nous sommes intéressés aux plutons granitiques d'âge néoproterozoïque de Sanfang et Yuanbaoshan, de type-S, situés dans la partie occidentale de la chaîne de Jiangnan afin de tracer l'évolution tectonique de la région depuis 830 Ma par la mise en œuvre de méthodes pluridisciplinaires : géologie structurale, géochronologie U-Pb, AMS, modélisation gravimétrique et thermochronologie Argon.Notre étude montre les résultats suivants : (i) La chaîne de Jiangnan s'est formée par la collision des blocs de Yangtze et Cathaysia entre ca. 865 and 830 Ma ; (ii) Les intrusions granitiques de 830 Ma se sont mises en place dans des formations encaissantes du groupe Sibao plissées et faillées. Les plutons ont été construits par accumulation latérale E-W de filons N-S, avec un écoulement horizontal du magma du sud vers le nord ; (iii). Un cisaillement ductile du haut vers l'Ouest a été reconnu dans la partie supérieure des plutons. Des âges Ar/Ar vers 420 Ma obtenus sur plusieurs grains de muscovite et biotite déformés impliquent que le cisaillement ductile peut être : a) formé pendant l'orogenèse du Paléozoïque inférieur de Chine du Sud, ou b) pendant la mise en place des plutons au Néoprotérozoïque dans une croûte chaude, sous la température de fermeture du chronomètre argon, puis lors de l'orogenèse du Paléozoïque inférieur, ce domaine crustal de Chine du Sud est passé au-dessous de 350°C; (iv) Durant la période 420-240 Ma, la région de Sanfang-Yuanbaoshana connu un refroidissement lent qui pourrait correspondre au ré-équilibrage isostatique de la croûte. / The Jiangnan Orogenic Belt is a NE-SW trending Neoproterozoic collisional suture, marking the boundary between the Yangtze Block and the Cathaysia Block. Its tectonic evolution is still debated. One of the most controversial questions is the timing of the collision between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks. In order to have a better understanding of this problem, we have collected the sedimentary rocks from the strata both overlying and underlying the Neoproterozoic unconformities to compare the detrital zircon age spectra between them, as well as to compare the detrital zircon spectra of Neoproterozoic sequences among the Yangtze, Jiangnan and Cathaysia regions. Moreover, we paid attention to the Neoproterozoic S-type granite plutons located in the western Jiangnan region in order to trace the crustal evolution in the Sanfang-Yuanbaoshan area since 830 Ma by multidisciplinary methods, including structural geology, geochronology, AMS, gravity modelling and Argon isotopic dating.Our study shows that : (i) The Jiangnan Orogenic Belt was built up due to the assembly of the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks between ca. 865 and 830 Ma ; (ii) The 830 Ma granitic magma intruded into the pre-existing folds and faults in the Sibao group, the tongue-and/orsill-shaped plutonswere constructed by anE-W lateral accumulation of N-S oriented dykeswith adominantly northward horizontal magma flow from south to north ; (iii)A top-to-the-W ductile shearband has been identified on the top of plutons, (iv) the coherent mica Ar-Ar age of ca. 420 Ma, obtained from the deformed muscovite, implies that this shearing may be formed either a)during the Early Paleozoicorogeny, or b) during the Neoproterozoic plutons emplacement, then the plutons were exhumed by the Paleozoic orogeny ; (iv) During the 420-240 Ma period, the Sanfang-Yuanbaoshan area has experienced a slow cool ingrate, which may correspond to the isostatic re-equilibration of the crust.

Cette thèse vise à modéliser numériquement des barrages en enrochements pendant les phases de construction et de mise en eau. Ceci est fait en se basant sur des essais en laboratoire et l’analyse des données de l'instrumentation insitu. Des essais triaxiaux en compression monotone à déformation/contrainte contrôlée sont effectués sur des assemblages compactés de particules de granit. Les échantillons utilisés en laboratoire ont initialement été préparés à différentes densités sèches et à différentes granulométries. Une loi de comportement élastoplastique parfait, en considérant l’élasticité non linéaire est implémentée dans le logiciel FLAC. Ceci est fait pour modéliser le comportement des particules de roche pendant les essais. Le nouveau modèle est basé sur le comportement hyperbolique, en considérant le critère de rupture de Mohr-Coulomb avec une règle d'écoulement non associé pour considérer la dilatance à cause du cisaillement. La technique de relaxation des contraintes de Nobari-Duncan est également implémentée dans FLAC avec les procédures modifiées et les nouveaux algorithmes pour reproduire les déformations causées par le mouillage. À l'aide de neuf paramètres, le modèle réussi à reproduire le comportement observé pendant les essais triaxiaux et à caractériser l'assemblage des particules de roche. Les effets de temps et de saturation sont également discutés en détail. Finalement, le modèle est utilisé pour la modélisation des étapes de la construction et de la mise en eau du barrage en enrochement LG4 construit au Québec, Canada. Les résultats de la modélisation sont comparés avec les données de l'instrumentation. Aussi, les efforts antérieurs de modélisation de ce barrage et les avantages du nouveau modèle sont discutés. / This thesis contributes to the field of numerical modeling of rockfill dams during construction and impoundment based on laboratory research and field instrumentation. Data is presented from monotonic triaxial compression tests, in both stress and strain-controlled conditions, on compacted assemblages of granite rock particles prepared in the laboratory using different initial dry densities and grain size distribution. A nonlinear elastic-perfectly plastic constitutive model is implemented into the commercial software, FLAC, to simulate the behavior of the rock particles during the tests. The new implemented model is the traditional hyperbolic model coupled with the Mohr-Coulomb plastic failure criteria, and with a non-associated flow rule to consider shear dilatancy. The Nobari-Duncan stress relaxation technique with modified procedures and algorithms is also implemented in FLAC to reproduce the collapse deformations due to wetting. Using nine parameters, the model is successful to capture the observed behavior in the triaxial tests and to characterize the assemblage of rock particles. The effects of time and saturation are also discussed in detail. Finally, the model is used to simulate the construction and impoundment stages of LG4 rockfill dam in Quebec, Canada. The results of the modeling of both stages are compared with the instrumentation data and previous efforts of the modeling of this dam and the advantages of the new model are discussed.

The time-independent and -dependent damage characteristics of brittle rocks inside the pre-failure range have been investigated using numerical simulations and lab testing. Grain-based discrete element models have been developed to simulate both, time-independent and -dependent damage evolution leading to ultimate failure of sandstone and granite, respectively. The models take into account elastic grain and elasto-plastic contact deformation, inter- and intra-granular fracturing and lifetime prediction on the basis of subcritical crack growth. The time-independent mechanical behavior of Coconino sandstone and Lac du Bonnet granite during uniaxial compression tests, Brazilian splitting tests and fracture toughness tests was simulated. Triaxial compression tests and fracture toughness tests for Kirchberg II granite and fracture patterns tests for Eibenstock II granite were carried out in laboratory to perform time-independent damage and failure criterion analysis. The corresponding simulations showed reasonable damage phenomena compared with experimental results. Damage indices were deduced and were applied for different time-independent simulations. Based on calibrations of the time-independent damage simulations of selected brittle rocks, Charles equation and Hillig-Charles equation, which are generally used to describe subcritical crack growth, were implemented into the numerical code to simulate time-dependent damage. One-edged crack growth in Coconino sandstone specimen due to stress corrosion has been analyzed theoretically and numerically. Uniaxial compressive creep tests for Lac du Bonnet granite were simulated and time-dependent behavior in terms of the damage process during primary, secondary and tertiary creep until final failure characterized by macroscopic fracturing was discussed in detail. Subsequent to this, the time-dependent Mode-I crack growth tests and uniaxial compressive creep tests for Kirchberg II granite were carried out and the corresponding simulations were performed. Simulation results are in good agreement with experimental observations. In addition, damage indices and time-dependent fracture development were monitored and illustrated. The developed approach was applied to two potential practical applications: the damage analysis of a sandstone landscape arch and a tunnel. Finally, the results are summarized and recommendations for future work are proposed.

Dès la loi impériale du 23 Prairial an XII (12 juin1804) qui impose l’obligation d’inhumation pour tous au cimetière, la sculpture se met au service du portrait du défunt, dans cet espace si particulier qui tient à la fois du cadre privé et du cadre public. Héritier d’une tradition jusqu’alors réservée aux nobles et au roi, le portrait funéraire s’affiche dans une iconographie qui oscille entre symbolique et réalisme des traits physiques; le militaire est honoré comme héros tandis que le curé est vénéré par les paroissiens. S’inscrivant dans la mode de la statuomanie galopante des années 1880, les cimetières lorrains rejoignent la volonté publique d’honorer ses Grands Hommes, à une époque où la « Petite Patrie », la Lorraine, rencontre la « Grande Patrie », la France, où des artistes connus et parfois moins connus mettent leur savoir-faire et leur notoriété au service de portraits de notables. Le portrait funéraire connaît alors son âge d’or. Alors que le cimetière moderne se construit peu à peu grâce à son organisation parcellaire, les familles éprouvent très rapidement le besoin impérieux de matérialiser, sur ces concessions familiales, le souvenir des traits de leur défunt et le portrait sculpté leur en offre la possibilité et le voilà qui quitte l’intimité des salons pour être installé soit sur la stèle de la tombe familiale. C’est ainsi que l’époux éploré se souvient du visage de sa chère épouse, que des parents effondrés peuvent se consoler d’avoir perdu un petit ange en lui substituant un autre visage, plutôt idéalisé, ou mieux la figure d’un autre ange, plus solide car en marbre et plus protecteur. Peu à peu, le cimetière se pare d’un peuple de statues que viennent compléter quelques motifs professionnels, rares toutefois. La personnalisation de la tombe reste toutefois très discrète, la douleur contenue. La sculpture funéraire, et le portrait en particulier, se mettent au service de l’expression de sentiments filiaux ou conjugaux, réservés jusqu’alors à l’intimité, mais traduisent un élitisme que la législation du 23 prairial an XII ne souhaitait pas. Pendant la période 1880-1930, les commanditaires des portraits funéraires bénéficient d’une offre élargie de produits notamment grâce à l’essor de la photographie et au procédé de vitrification. Sans concurrencer le portrait sculpté porté principalement par le médaillon de bronze et la ronde-bosse, le vitrail photographique permet de promouvoir le souvenir du défunt dans un écrin luxueux, où, pour la première fois, la présence de la couleur fait animer ces visages et les rend presque vivants. Mais, c’est un luxe que peu de familles peuvent s’offrir. Alors, le médaillon photographique sur plaque émaillée, plus modeste, permet à une clientèle moins fortunée d’accéder au portrait funéraire au cimetière. Après 1930, alors que chapelle et vitrail disparaissent des allées du cimetière, le médaillon peut définitivement prendre place sur les sépultures. Très vite, c’est un succès assuré qui ne se dément pas, aujourd’hui encore. La période de 1940 à nos jours est de loin la plus riche en portraits funéraires et ce grâce à des techniques bien maîtrisées, celle de la photographie sur médaillon de porcelaine et celle de la gravure mécanique ou artistique, grâce également à de nouveaux supports que sont les plaques funéraires, les urnes, les vases. Et il n’est pas rare qu’une famille ait recours à des techniques différentes pour chacun de ses défunts. La façon de présenter le défunt a également évolué ; le modèle de studio photographique cède la place à un modèle présenté « au naturel », c’est-à-dire issu de l’album photographique familial et de nouveaux symboles montrent le défunt sous des aspects plus personnels. Désormais, le portrait funéraire du défunt au cimetière n’est plus seulement un visage mais c’est aussi un sportif, un chasseur, un motard, un professionnel, un amoureux des bêtes, un amateur de pétanque / From the imperial law of 23 Prairial year XII (June 12, 1804) which imposes the burial obligation for all in the cemetery, the sculpture puts itself at the service of the portrait of the deceased, in this very special space which is at the same time of the private frame and the public setting. Heir to a tradition hitherto booked with noble and to the king, the funerary portrait is displayed in an iconography which oscillates between symbolic system and realism of the physical features; the soldier is honored as hero while the priest is venerated by the parishioners. Falling under the fashion of the “statuomanie galopante” years 1880, the Lorraine cemeteries join the public will to honour its Great men, at one time when the “Small Fatherland”, Lorraine, meets the “Great Fatherland”, France, where known artists and sometimes less known put their know-how and their notoriety at the service of portraits the notable ones. The funerary portrait knows its golden age then. Whereas the modern cemetery is built little by little thanks to its compartmental organization, the families test the imperative need very quickly to materialize, on these family concessions, the memory of the features of their late and the carved portrait give of it them the opportunity and here it is which leaves the intimacy of the living rooms to be installed either on the family stele of the tomb. Thus the tearful husband remembers the face his dear wife, that ploughed up parents can comfort themselves to have lost a little angel in him substituent another face, rather idealized, or best the figure of another angel, more solid because out of marble and more protective. Little by little, the cemetery is avoided of people of statues which some professional reasons come to supplement, rare however. The personalization of the tomb remains however very discrete, the pain contained. The funerary sculpture, and the portrait in particular, are put at the service of the expression of subsidiary or marital feelings, hitherto booked with the intimacy, but translate an elitism which the legislation 23 Prairial An XII did not wish. For the period 1880-1930, the silent partners of the funerary portraits profit from a widened offer of products in particular thanks to rise of the photography and with the process of vitrification. Without competing with the carved portrait carried mainly by the bronze medallion and the sculpture in the round, the photographic stained glass makes it possible to promote the memory of late in a luxurious house, where, for the first time, the presence of the color makes animate these faces and makes them almost alive. But, it is a luxury which few families can offer. Then, the photographic medallion on enamelled plate, more modest, makes it possible to less fortunate customers to reach the funerary portrait with the cemetery. After 1930, whereas vault and stained glass disappear from the alleys of the cemetery, the medallion can definitively take seat on the burials. Very quickly, these is a assured success which is not contradicted, still today. The period of 1940 to our days is by far richest in funerary portraits and this thanks to techniques controlled well, that of photography on porcelain medallion and that of mechanical or artistic engraving, grace also to new supports which are the funerary plates, the ballot boxes, vases. And it is not rare that a family resorts to different techniques for each one of her late. The way of presenting the late one also evolved; the photographic model of studio gives way to a model presented “to the naturalness”, i.e. resulting from the family photographic album and new symbols show the late one under more personal aspects. From now on, the funerary portrait of late with the cemetery is not only any more one face but it is also a sportsman, a hunter, a motorcyclist, a professional, in love with the animals, an amateur of game of bowls.

Author´s name: Bc. Stanislav Klimek School: Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Energy institute Title: Determining the life storage of a carbon steel cask Consultant: Prof. Ing. Oldřich Matal, CSc. Number of pages: 70 Year: 2009 The assignment of this diploma thesis is to estimate the lifetime of spent fuel container made from carbon steel grade. This container is designed for deep geological disposal of spent nuclear fuel. Basic mechanism of corrosion are described in detail in the first part. Further on, this work deals with the other specific phenomena and influences, which affect at corrosion of steel in conditions of a deep geological repository. Heat, radiation and surroundings are considered of particular importance. In the following part an estimate of the lifetime of model container is introduced, which is affected by temperature and radiation. Here recommendations for protection of container are introduced, arising from the model calculation. Finally, the relevancy of incidence of particular parameters is evaluated, which affect the corrosion.