A wireless ad hoc network consists of a number of mobile nodes that temporarily form a dynamic infrastructure-less network. New routing protocols that can adapt to the frequent topology changes induced by node mobility and varying link qualities are needed. During the last decade dozens of different ad hoc routing protocols have been proposed, optimized and partially compared, mainly through simulation studies. This thesis takes an experimental approach to the evaluation of ad hoc routing protocols. We argue that real world experiments are needed in order to complement simulation studies, and to gain practical experience and insights that can provide feedback to routing protocol design and existing simulation models. For example, we discovered a performance discrepancy for the AODV protocol between real world experiments and corresponding simulation studies. This so called ``communication gray zone'' problem was explored and countermeasures were implemented. As a result we could eliminate this performance problem to a large extent. We have implemented a software-based testbed called APE to carry out efficient and systematic experimental evaluation of ad hoc routing protocols. Experiments with up to 37 participating ad hoc nodes have demonstrated APE's ability to scale efficiently and assess repeatability between test runs. APE is part of our methodology for test repeatability in a real world ad hoc routing protocol testbed. It addresses the repeatability issue induced by stochastic factors like the radio environment and node mobility. Using APE, we have performed a systematic experimental evaluation of three ad hoc routing protocols (AODV, OLSR and LUNAR). Our results show that TCP does not work satisfactorily even in very small networks with limited mobility.

The prominence of the South China Sea comes from its wealth of energy resources, fisheries, and maritime trade that traverses through its waters. These assets entice many southeast Asian countries to stake their claims over the features of the sea. In recent years, China’s rising power has allowed the country to increasingly assert its authority in the territory without much of an opposing force. Of the few actors that are capable of policing China’s actions, the United States is the most promising, yet has failed to meet international expectations. Through two case studies and theoretical analysis, this thesis examines the failures of American deterrence policy through a two-part approach. First, it investigates the incident of the 2012 Scarborough Shoal standoff between the Philippines and China, analyzing the consequences of American policy failure. It then examines Chinese island reclamation efforts, and how the failures from the first case study can explain the new Chinese strategy and rationale behind Chinese activities. Lastly, the paper explores the deterrence theory and its applications to gray zone conflicts, pointing out components of successful deterrence in these types of engagements and why American deterrence policy was ineffective.

<p>A <i>wireless ad hoc network </i>consists of a number of mobile nodes that temporarily form a dynamic infrastructure-less network. New routing protocols that can adapt to the frequent topology changes induced by node mobility and varying link qualities are needed. During the last decade dozens of different ad hoc routing protocols have been proposed, optimized and partially compared, mainly through simulation studies.</p><p>This thesis takes an experimental approach to the evaluation of ad hoc routing protocols. We argue that real world experiments are needed in order to complement simulation studies, and to gain practical experience and insights that can provide feedback to routing protocol design and existing simulation models. For example, we discovered a performance discrepancy for the AODV protocol between real world experiments and corresponding simulation studies. This so called ``communication gray zone'' problem was explored and countermeasures were implemented. As a result we could eliminate this performance problem to a large extent. </p><p>We have implemented a software-based testbed called APE to carry out efficient and systematic experimental evaluation of ad hoc routing protocols. Experiments with up to 37 participating ad hoc nodes have demonstrated APE's ability to scale efficiently and assess repeatability between test runs. APE is part of our methodology for test repeatability in a real world ad hoc routing protocol testbed. It addresses the repeatability issue induced by stochastic factors like the radio environment and node mobility. Using APE, we have performed a systematic experimental evaluation of three ad hoc routing protocols (AODV, OLSR and LUNAR). Our results show that TCP does not work satisfactorily even in very small networks with limited mobility.</p>

Une étude de sensibilité aux échelles kilométriques et hectométriques de simulations idéalisées de convection profonde montre qu’une résolution horizontale minimale de 1 km est nécessaire pour commencer à bien représenter les structures convectives et qu'il faut améliorer la turbulence dans les nuages convectifs. Une simulation LES (50 m de résolution) d'un nuage convectif profond permet d’obtenir les flux turbulents de référence, dégradés ensuite à différentes résolutions (2, 1 et 0.5 km), et d'évaluer ainsi la paramétrisation actuelle de la turbulence au sein des nuages convectifs. Les défauts mis en évidence sont une énergie cinétique turbulente insuffisante, liée à une sous-estimation de la production thermique notamment dans des zones à contre-gradient, et des vitesses verticales trop fortes. Une paramétrisation alternative de certains flux turbulents, basée sur des gradients horizontaux, montre une meilleure partition entre mouvements résolus et sous-maille à 1 km de résolution. / The purpose of adaptive observation (AO) strategies is to design optimal observation networks in a prognostic way to provide guidance on how to deploy future observations. The overarching objective is to improve forecast skill. Most techniques focus on adding observations. Some AO techniques account for the dynamical aspects of the atmosphere using the adjoint model and for the data assimilation system (DAS), which is usually either a 3D or 4D-Var (ie. solved by the minimization of a cost function). But these techniques rely on a single (linearisation) trajectory. One issue is to estimate how the uncertainty related to the trajectory aects the eciency of one technique in particular : the KFS. An ensemble-based approach is used to assess the sensitivity to the trajectory within this deterministic approach (ie. with the adjoint model). Experiments in a toy model show that the trajectory uncertainties can lead to signicantly diering deployments of observations when using a deterministic AO method (with adjoint model and VDAS). This is especially true when we lack knowledge on the VDAS component. During this work a new tool for observation targeting called Variance Reduction Field (VRF) has been developed. This technique computes the expected variance reduction of a forecast Score function that quanties forecast quality. The increase of forecast quality that is a reduction of variance of that function is linked to the location of an assimilated test probe. Each model grid point is tested as a potential location. The VRF has been implemented in a Lorenz 96 model using two approaches. The rst one is based on a deterministic simulation. The second approach consists of using an ensemble data assimilation and prediction system. The ensemble approach can be easily implemented when we already have an assimilation ensemble and a forecast ensemble. It does not need the use of the adjoint model. The implementation in real NWP system of the VRF has not been conducted during this work. However a preliminary study has been done to implement the VRF within OOPS (2013 version). After a description of the different components of OOPS, the elements required for the implementation of the VRF are described.

Sammanfattning   Digitaliseringen har skapat ömsesidiga beroenden som bidrar till stora sårbarheter i samhället. Nu möter vi nya hot delvis på grund av sårbarheter som vi själva har skapat. Vi ser att hoten mot vårt land är mer omfattande än på flera år och de har antagit nya former inom flera områden. Påverkansoperationer, främmande underrättelseinhämtning och kontroll över kritisk infrastruktur är några exempel som utgör ett hot mot samhällets skyddsvärda delar. Klyftan mellan hoten och våra säkerhetsskyddsåtgärder är stor och den ökar hela tiden. Hotbilden inom gråzonsproblematiken är diffus, komplex och spänner över stora delar i samhället, det försvårar en tydlig gränsdragning mellan fred och krig.   Vår lägesbild blir otydlig och skapar ett beslutsvakuum där våra resurser förblir outnyttjade. Vi anser att prioritering av resurser sker efter ett föråldrat synsätt. Det djupt rotade binära tankesättet skapar juridiska låsningar och bidrar till att skapa ett beslutsvakuum.   Resultat visar även att störningar i samhället sätter förtroendet för samhällskontraktet på spel, detta menar vi kan leda till att försvarsviljan och vår demokrati påverkas negativt. Paradoxen är även att när samhället utsätts för svåra påfrestningar ligger det nära till hands att ta till extrema metoder, metoder som inskränker individens rättigheter och som på sikt även kan hota vår demokrati.   En av vår mest framträdande slutsats är att vi bör fokusera mera på våra egna sårbarheter och mindre på hotet. Att enbart bygga en större armé kommer inte lösa problemet. Tillsammans måste vi bygga ett robustare samhälle för att kunna möta gråzonsproblematiken på ett helt annat sätt än idag. Det kommer kosta tid, effektivitet och pengar. Frågan är bara vilket pris samhället är beredd att betala?   En annan viktig slutsats är att flera nya empiriska referenspunkter förflyttat oss in i ett nytt fredstida normalläge. Ett normalläge som vi säger är en ny nyans av det konventionella kriget. I konventionella krig finns krigets lagar och folkrätten att förlita sig på, dessa lagar täcker dock inte den nya nyansen av kriget. Den nya nyansen utmanar våra gamla strukturer, där folkrätten och krigets lagar blir helt verkningslösa. Om fenomenet ses för vad det egentligen är så kommer vi bli bättre rustade att möta det.  Vi anser att gråzonsproblematiken är en del av kriget och ska inte tolkas som något annat. Gråzonsproblematiken utgör krigets nya nyans där en demokrati som Sverige initialt slår i ett underläge och utmanas till det yttersta. / Digitalization has created mutual dependencies that contribute to major vulnerabilities in society. Now we face new threats partly because of vulnerabilities that we ourselves have created. We see that the threats to our country are more extensive than in several years and they have adopted new forms in several areas. Influencing operations, foreign intelligence gathering, and control of critical infrastructure are some examples that pose a threat to the parts of society that are worth protecting. The gap between the threats and our security measures is great and it is constantly growing. Threat scenario within the grey zone and its related problems are diffuse, complex and spans over large parts of society, making the distinction between peace and war unclear.   Our overview of the situation becomes unclear and a vacuum which hinders decision making is created and our resources remain untapped. We believe that prioritizing resources takes place according to an outdated approach. The deeply rooted binary mindset creates legal locks and helps create the previously mentioned vacuum.   Our results also show that disturbances in society put the trust in the social contract at stake, this means we can lead to the defense will and our democracy being adversely affected. The paradox is that when society is subjected to severe stress it is close taking to extreme measures, methods that restrict the individual's rights and in the long term might also threaten our democracy.   One of our most prominent conclusions is that we should focus more on our own vulnerabilities and less on the threat. Building a larger army alone will not solve the problem. Together, we must build a more robust society in order to be able to meet the gray zone problem in a completely different way than today. It will cost time, efficiency and money. The question is just what price is our society willing to pay?   Another important conclusion is that several new empirical reference points moved us into a new peacetime normal position. A normal mode we say is a new nuance of conventional war. In conventional wars there are the laws of war and international law to rely on, however, these laws do not cover this new nuance of the war. The new nuance challenges our old structures, where international law and the laws of war become completely ineffective. If the phenomenon is seen for what it really is, we will be better equipped to meet it. We believe that the gray zone problem is part of the war and should not be interpreted as anything else. The gray zone problem is the new nuance of the war, where a democracy like Sweden initially beats in a disadvantage and is challenged to the utmost.

L’IRM cardiaque a une capacité unique d’étudier le remodelage ventriculaire gauche (VG) après infarctus du myocarde. Les objectifs principaux de ce travail étaient de caractériser le tissue de l’infarctus par IRM et d’évaluer les facteurs associés au remodelage du VG. Nous avons étudié prospectivement 114 patients présentant un premier infarctus du myocarde avec sus-décalage du segment ST et ayant subi une angioplastie primaire. Des IRM cardiaques ont été réalisées dans les 2 à 4 jours et à 6 mois suivant la revascularisation. Premièrement, nous avons réalisé une analyse comparative de différentes méthodes de segmentation de l’infarctus sur l’imagerie de rehaussement tardive (RT). Deuxièmement, nous avons étudié l’évolution des différentes composantes de la zone RT au cours des six mois, et observé que la réduction de la zone RT (33,8%) était représentée par l’extension de la zone grise initiale. Troisièmement, nous avons évalué le rôle clinique de la zone grise. Elle s’est révélée protectrice vis-à-vis du remodelage délétère. Quatrièmement, nous avons étudié l’influence de l’obstruction microvasculaire (OMV) sur le remodelage local du VG. Différents motifs ont été observés entre les patients atteints de l’OMV et ceux ne présentant pas d’OMV: un rétrécissement uniforme à travers le VG chez les patients sans OMV lorsque les sujets avec OMV présentaient une dilatation globale significative, ainsi qu’une dilatation plus importante dans les régions atteint d’OMV / Cardiac MRI (CMR) has the unique ability to study left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. The main objectives of this work were to characterize infarct tissue by CMR and to evaluate factors associated with LV remodeling. We prospectively studied 114 patients with a first ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary angioplasty. CMR was performed within 2-4 days and at 6 months after the revascularization. First, we compared different methods for the segmentation of myocardial infarcts on late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging. Second, we described the evolution of different components of LGE area during 6 months. We found that the decrease of LGE area (33.8%) matched the extent of initial gray zone. Third, we studied the clinical role of gray zone. The gray zone was found to be a protective factor for adverse remodeling. Fourth, we studied the influence of microvascular obstruction (MVO) on local LV remodeling and observed distinct remodeling patterns in patients with and without MVO: equally-distributed shrinkage throughout the LV cavity in patients without MVO whereas significant dilation occurring in those with MVO, tending to be greater in myocardial regions containing MVO

Dagligen bedömer människan sin omgivning utifrån sina fem sinnen. Då ett intryck ges från omgivningen sker en process, signaler skickas till hjärnan via nerver ifrån det sinne som stimulerats. På grund av den olika uppsättningen nervceller upplevs samma intryck skilt bland människor. I textilproduktion används visuell bedömning genom hela produktionsprocessen, från garn till färdig vara där tyget slutligen kontrolleras i sin helhet vid avsyningen. Avsyningsprocessen sker vid ett avsyningsbord där en operatör matar fram tyg på bordet. Frammatningen stoppas då fel upptäcks och de märks ut med hjälp av felkoder. Att avsyna och bedöma fel kan vara mycket svårt då uppfattningen om hur något ser ut är individuellt och således tolkas det som granskas olika. AB Ludvig Svensson har utformat uppdraget som går ut på att studera företagets bedömningsgrunder för tyg och utveckla dem för att kunna hantera svårbedömda fel. Företaget sorterar in svårbedömda fel i något de kallar en gråzon. Gråzon är oftast en benämning för ett svårdefinierat område.För att få en förståelse för var och hur fel uppstår i produktionen har observationer gjorts på företaget där hela textilprocessen studerats. Genom samtal med berörd personal och analyser av felvaror har bedömningsunderlag utvecklats. Bedömningsunderlaget går ut på att ge avsyningspersonalen så mycket information och kunskap som möjligt för en enklare bedömning. Studien har visat att gråzonen kan delas in i två delar, gråzon 1 och gråzon 2. Gråzon 1 behandlar tydliga fel där felkällan är okänd och gråzon 2 behandlar otydliga fel där den eventuella felkällan är känd. För att eliminera gråzon 1 ligger fokus på att ge avsyningspersonalen så mycket information om varan och dess processer som möjligt. Gråzon 2 kan minskas med hjälp av designbeskrivning om hur varan ska upplevas vid avsyningen. Beskrivningen placeras på ett textilt referensprov som avsynaren alltid använder vid syning av en vara.Daily man&apos;s surroundings are evaluated based on their five senses. When an impression is given from the surroundings a process starts, signals are sent to the brain via nerves from the stimulated sense. Due to the different set of neurons the same impression is experienced differently among people. In textile production visual evaluation is used throughout the entire production process, from yarn to finished product, in which the fabric finally is checked in its whole at the inspection. The inspection process occurs at an inspection table where an operator feeds the fabric on to the table. The feeding is stopped when defects are discovered which are marked by defect codes. To inspect and evaluate defects can be very difficult when the perception of how something looks is individual and therefore what is examined is interpreted differently.AB Ludvig Svensson has designed the mission that is to study the company&apos;s evaluation criteria’s for fabric and develop them to be able to deal with imponderable defects. The company sorts imponderable defects into what they call a gray zone. Gray zone is usually a term used to describe an elusive area.To gain an understanding of where and how defects occurs in the production observations have been made at the company where the whole textile process has been studied. Through conversations with concerned staff and analysis of products with defects, evaluation material has been developed. The evaluation material is meant to give the inspection staff as much information and knowledge as possible for an easier evaluation. The study has shown that the gray zone can be divided into two parts, gray zone 1 and gray zone 2. Gray zone 1 process clear defects where the defect source is unknown and gray zone 2 process unclear defects where the possible defect source is known. To eliminate gray zone 1, focus lays on providing the inspection staff with as much information about the product and its processes as possible. Gray zone 2 can be reduced with the help of a description from the designer of how the product should be experienced at the inspection. The description is placed on a fabric reference sample that the inspector always uses during the inspection process. / Program: Textilingenjörsutbildningen

Avec le dernier roman La Bascule du souffle (Prix Nobel) écrit 4 mains avec Oskar Pastior, l’écrivaine allemande d’origine roumaine Herta Müller ouvre à une recherche inédite. La romancière aborde avec le roman un tabou historique et testimonial qui s'impose comme une œuvre de portée universelle. L’écrivaine appartient à la 1.5 génération (Ruban Suleiman), qui exprime ses souvenirs non-vécus par le biais du passé, par l’entremise de l’imaginaire (Marianne Hirsch). Avec le roman comme document de la mémoire collective et culturelle, par l'esthétique de la remémoration, la romancière s’inscrit dans une « communauté de pensée » (C.Coquio) des auteurs-témoins de la première génération (Charlotte Delbo, Robert Antelme, Primo Levi, Jorge Semprún, Jean Cayrol), en mettant à mal les critères moraux et esthétiques sur les camps d’exterminations et les camps de travail forcé, le Stalinisme et le Nationalisme. Notre thèse comme recherche sur les procédés littéraires de la romancière rejoint celle sur les formes d’écriture des écrivains-témoins de l’expérience des camps, comme d'Oskar Pastior. Notre analyse du texte participe à la mise en relief de la fonction esthétique de la contrainte oulipienne employée comme pharmakon au double sens de remède et de poison.La recherche sur le roman anticipe l’avancée des études sur l’oulipien Oskar Pastior et nourrit ainsi, d’une manière réciproque, un regard nouveau sur l’œuvre de la poétesse allemande de renommée mondiale. / With her latest novel Atemschaukel/The Hunger Angel (Nobel Prize) of Herta Müller co-written with Oskar Pastior, the Romanian-born German writer opens up a new line of research. With Atemschaukel/ The Hunger Angel she broaches an historical and testimonial taboo that emerges as a work with universal reach. The writer belongs to the 1.5 generation (Ruban Suleiman) who express memories not experienced in the past through imagination (Marianne Hirsch). Documenting the collective and cultural memory through the aesthetic power of recollection, the novelist belongs to the ‘community of thought’ (Catherine Coquio) of first generation ‘postmemory’ authors (like Charlotte Delbo, Robert Antelme, Primo Levi, Jorge Semprun, Jean Cayrol) by undermining moral and aesthetic criteria about the extermination and forced labour camps, Stalinism, and Nationalism. As research into the literary devices of the novelist, this thesis ties in with analysis of the forms of writing used by witness-authors coming from experience of the camps, like this of Oskar Pastior. Interpreting constraint (Formzwang) in his aesthetic fonction, this investigation concludes by declaring the constraint as a pharmakon in both senses of the word: remedy and poison. The research on this novel anticipates further development of studies on the Oulipian Oskar Pastior, and so in a reciprocal manner sheds new light on the work of the world-famous German poet.

This thesis describes the electrical and physiological characterization of cardiac tissue with myocardial infarction (MI) responsible for abnormal cardiac rhythms such as ventricular tachycardia (VT), using a newly-developed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) electrophysiology system. In electrophysiology (EP), radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation combined with cardioverter-defibrillator implantation is a first-line action to manage ventricular VT. Unfortunately, this therapy is known to have sub-optimal success rates in a large number of patients because of difficulties to accurately identifying the arrhythmic target regions. Currently, characterization of post-MI scars is performed by using catheters to measure electrical signals of the endocardial tissue (electroanatomical mapping), under x-ray fluoroscopy guidance. Prolonged radiation exposure to both the cardiologist and the patient have made the use of MRI extremely attractive; further, unlike x-ray imaging, MRI provides post-MI scars with direct visualization, characterization in three dimensions and the ability to visualize ablation lesions. Although recent research has focused on registration between pre-acquired MR images and electroanatomical maps, a potentially more useful approach is to use real-time MRI to directly locate and characterize potential arrhythmogenic regions during the EP procedure. A real-time MR-guided EP system was developed and validated to perform EP diagnostic procedures, such as mapping and pacing. In a series of animal studies, the system demonstrated the ability to use active catheter tracking and intra-procedural MR imaging to navigate to specific regions in the left ventricle and record intracardiac electrical signals. A study correlating myocardial fibrotic scar detected by multicontrast late enhancement (MCLE) MRI and electroanatomical voltage mapping demonstrated that MRI information (transmurality, tissue classification, and relaxation rate) can accurately predict areas of myocardial fibrosis identified with bipolar voltage mapping. Finally, MCLE-derived gray zone was shown to have a high correspondence to regions with a high proportion of abnormal intracardiac signals. The methods described in this thesis help advance the understanding of infarcted tissue responsible for ventricular tachycardia. Further studies are proposed to perform RF ablation lesions and correlate pre- and post-ablation tissue electrophysiological properties with MRI.

This thesis describes the electrical and physiological characterization of cardiac tissue with myocardial infarction (MI) responsible for abnormal cardiac rhythms such as ventricular tachycardia (VT), using a newly-developed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) electrophysiology system. In electrophysiology (EP), radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation combined with cardioverter-defibrillator implantation is a first-line action to manage ventricular VT. Unfortunately, this therapy is known to have sub-optimal success rates in a large number of patients because of difficulties to accurately identifying the arrhythmic target regions. Currently, characterization of post-MI scars is performed by using catheters to measure electrical signals of the endocardial tissue (electroanatomical mapping), under x-ray fluoroscopy guidance. Prolonged radiation exposure to both the cardiologist and the patient have made the use of MRI extremely attractive; further, unlike x-ray imaging, MRI provides post-MI scars with direct visualization, characterization in three dimensions and the ability to visualize ablation lesions. Although recent research has focused on registration between pre-acquired MR images and electroanatomical maps, a potentially more useful approach is to use real-time MRI to directly locate and characterize potential arrhythmogenic regions during the EP procedure. A real-time MR-guided EP system was developed and validated to perform EP diagnostic procedures, such as mapping and pacing. In a series of animal studies, the system demonstrated the ability to use active catheter tracking and intra-procedural MR imaging to navigate to specific regions in the left ventricle and record intracardiac electrical signals. A study correlating myocardial fibrotic scar detected by multicontrast late enhancement (MCLE) MRI and electroanatomical voltage mapping demonstrated that MRI information (transmurality, tissue classification, and relaxation rate) can accurately predict areas of myocardial fibrosis identified with bipolar voltage mapping. Finally, MCLE-derived gray zone was shown to have a high correspondence to regions with a high proportion of abnormal intracardiac signals. The methods described in this thesis help advance the understanding of infarcted tissue responsible for ventricular tachycardia. Further studies are proposed to perform RF ablation lesions and correlate pre- and post-ablation tissue electrophysiological properties with MRI.