Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal analisar três personagens femininas na ficção de Eça de Queirós e Gustave Flaubert: Amélia, Luísa e Emma Bovary, relacionando as suas mortes ao conceito de melancolia na psicanálise. Através de pesquisa bibliográfica, estudamos os conceitos de Realismo e Naturalismo e suas características, bem como, a situação da mulher no século XIX. Utilizamos como suporte teórico a psicanálise de Sigmund Freud e Jacques Lacan, para, finalmente, analisarmos a estrutura melancólica presente nas três mulheres / This dissertation has the main goal to analyse three female personages in Eça de Queiróss and Gustave Flauberts fiction: Amélia, Luísa and Emma Bovary, reporting their deceasing to the concept of Melancholy in Psychoanalysis. Through bibliographic inquiries we studied Realism and Naturalism thoughts and their characteristics, as well as the woman position in the XIX th century. We utiulized as a theoretician support Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan Psychoanalysis in order to explain the melancholic frame in those mentioned women

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal analisar três personagens femininas na ficção de Eça de Queirós e Gustave Flaubert: Amélia, Luísa e Emma Bovary, relacionando as suas mortes ao conceito de melancolia na psicanálise. Através de pesquisa bibliográfica, estudamos os conceitos de Realismo e Naturalismo e suas características, bem como, a situação da mulher no século XIX. Utilizamos como suporte teórico a psicanálise de Sigmund Freud e Jacques Lacan, para, finalmente, analisarmos a estrutura melancólica presente nas três mulheres / This dissertation has the main goal to analyse three female personages in Eça de Queiróss and Gustave Flauberts fiction: Amélia, Luísa and Emma Bovary, reporting their deceasing to the concept of Melancholy in Psychoanalysis. Through bibliographic inquiries we studied Realism and Naturalism thoughts and their characteristics, as well as the woman position in the XIX th century. We utiulized as a theoretician support Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan Psychoanalysis in order to explain the melancholic frame in those mentioned women

Literary realism, that is, texts that seek to represent the actual in literature while achieving a sense of verisimilitude, have historically been analyzed and defined by a number of critics. These critics have, with differing approaches, attempted to make comprehensible what it is that constitutes the realist text. In their process of doing so, many have dismantled this specific category of text and isolated its distinguishing components. This study has sought to challenge and elaborate on three of the most influential, scholarly voices that have articulated such ideas about the realist text: Ian Watt, Eric Auerbach and Roland Barthes. The purpose has been to add to this field of knowledge by increasing our understanding of what it is that constitutes literary realism. This has been done by analyzing three realist works that have been previously examined by these critics, and then, by studying two further realist works, more recent in time. These works are, in the order that they have been approached and analyzed: Daniel Defoe’s A Journal of the Plague Year (Published in 1722), Gustave Flaubert’s A Simple Heart (Published in 1877), Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway (Published in 1925), Melina Marchetta’s Jellicoe Road (Published in 2006) and Gabrielle Zevin’s Tomorrow, and Tomorrow, and Tomorrow (Published in 2022). As a result, the study has found that technology is a recurring textual element that functions as a coherence-making narrative device in these realist texts, and as a consequence, has laid bare a blind spot in these above-mentioned critics’ definitions of literary realism. Thus, the study suggests that technology should be understood as a distinguishing element in the literary text. The selection of works has, in turn, allowed for the study to both compare and contrast these texts, and to trace the effect that the technological development in the reality preceding the literary text can be said to have on these texts themselves. Here, the study has found that new technologies in the reality preceding the text often occur as new coherence-making textual devices in these literary works, and thus, that the technological development in the actual affects the realist text itself.

The release of the two films, Madame Bovary (1992) by Claude Chabrol and Le Colonel Chabert (1994) by Yves Angelo, arouses an interest in a method which studies the rapport between the seventh art and literature. Following the studies of the narratologists, Gerard Genette, Yves Reuter, Gerard-Denis Farcy, Celestino Deleyto, Andre Gaudreault and Francois Jost, a method of analyzing and studying the relationship between literature and cinema can be developed. The principal interest of a comparative study can reside in the relationship between the story and the narration of the two genres of works. The study conducted at this level of analysis allows the appreciation of the impoverishments or the enrichments operated by the adapter. The comparative analysis of the works of Flaubert, Chabrol, Balzac, and Angelo reveal the problems relative to the cinematographic adaptation.

L’objectif de ce mémoire est de proposer une généalogie de la théorie de l’art pour l’art, élaborée dans le contexte historique du romantisme. En prenant pour point de départ le double mouvement d’autonomisation des beaux-arts et de l’esthétique du XVIIIe siècle, cette recherche vise à reconstituer les grands axes de cette nouvelle doxa artistique apparue sous la Monarchie de Juillet. S’inscrivant dans la même démarche de dissociation entre les notions du Beau et du Bien qui caractérise la naissance de la discipline esthétique au siècle des Lumières, la théorie de l’art pour l’art est généralement reconnue en raison de son rejet radical de toute forme de moralité. Or, derrière cet aspect, il apparaît que certains de ses tenants ont fait preuve d’une très forte rigueur éthique dans l’exercice de leur art. Cela est notablement le cas de Gustave Flaubert, dont la Correspondance déploie le programme complet d’une « morale de l’art ». La reconstitution des fondements de cette dernière occupera la seconde et dernière grande partie de ce travail. La première partie sera quant à elle pour une large part consacrée à la pensée esthétique de Karl Philipp Moritz. Personnage parfois méconnu, cet écrivain philosophe mérite sans l’ombre d’un doute d’être considéré dans la genèse des idées de l’art pour l’art. Sa conception autotélique du Beau offre très certainement l’une des versions les plus radicales de l’indépendance des beaux-arts à l’égard de la morale au XVIIIe siècle. De plus, son concept d’imitation formatrice du beau annonce les changements profonds qui affecteront la conception romantique de l’artiste et de l’acte de création au XIXe siècle. / The aim of this study is to propose a genealogy of the theory of “l’art pour l’art”, elaborated in the historical context of Romanticism. Taking as a starting point the movement of autonomy of the Fine Arts and aesthetics of the 18th century, this research is an attempt to reconstruct the main lines of this new artistic doxa that appeared under the July Monarchy. Following the same approach of dissociation between the notions of Beauty and Good that characterized the birth of the aesthetic discipline in the Enlightenment, the theory of “l’art pour l’art” is generally recognized because of its radical rejection of all forms of morality. Yet, behind this aspect, it appears that some of its proponents have shown a very strong ethical rigour in the exercise of their art. Gustave Flaubert is definitely one of them. In his Correspondance, a complete program of a “moral of art” is deployed. Rebuilding the foundations of this program will occupy the second and final major part of this work when the first part will be largely devoted to the aesthetic thought of Karl Philipp Moritz, a character who is sometimes misunderstood. This philosophical writer undoubtedly deserves to be considered in the genesis of the ideas of the theory of “l’art pour l’art”. His autotelic conception of Beauty certainly offers one of the most radical versions of the independence of the fine arts from morality on the 18th century. Moreover, his concept of formative imitation of beauty announces the profound changes that will affect the romantic conception of the artist and the act of creation in the 19th century.

Cette thèse porte sur la représentation littéraire de l’échange prostitutionnel dans son rapport ambigu au contrat, à l’intimité et à la rencontre. Elle est basée sur une analyse de textes de Villiers de L’Isle-Adam, Maupassant, Flaubert, Arcan, Duras, et du tableau Olympia de Manet. Dans un premier temps, je m’intéresse à un motif abordé par certains textes du corpus, et devenu lieu commun, celui qui fait de la prostitution la métaphore et l’extension du capitalisme en tant que ce dernier « réifie le monde », et j’en montre les divers déploiements. Dans un second temps, j’analyse des œuvres qui mettent de l’avant l’échange prostitutionnel en reprenant un autre rapport qu’il entretient avec le marché (intimement lié au premier) : celui de la clôture de la relation induite par le contrat. Les textes à l’étude problématisent cette rencontre « annulée ». En cela, je m’arrête d’une part sur l’invention d’un « dépassement » du contrat vers l’intimité, et de l’autre sur la mise en scène, rejouée dans l’échange prostitutionnel, d’un empêchement de la relation. Comment la prostitution figure-t-elle en tant que métaphore péjorative de la vénalité ? Comment devient-elle par ailleurs le lieu de la répétition d’une impossible rencontre sexuelle « véritable » ? Alimentée par ces questions, cette thèse analyse les représentations de l’échange prostitutionnel dans la littérature comme lieu paradigmatique du contrat, paradoxalement travaillé de l’intérieur par l’invention d’une rencontre toujours occupée à ne pas se faire. / This thesis focuses on the literary representation of prostitutional exchange in its ambiguous relationship to the concepts of contract, intimacy and encounter. It is based on an analysis of texts by Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, Maupassant, Flaubert, Arcan and Duras, as well as Manet's painting, Olympia. First, I focus on a theme addressed by some writings within the corpus which has become commonplace: the idea of prostitution as the too wide extension of capitalism, as it “reifies the world.” I show the various deployments of this metaphor. In a second step, I analyze literary works that put forward the prostitutional exchange by returning to another relationship that it maintains with the market (intimately linked to the first): that of the closure and the clarity of the rapport allowed by the contract. The texts offered for study herein problematize this “cancelled” meeting. In this, I address on the one hand the development of “surpassing” of the contract towards intimacy, and on the other, on the staging, replayed in the prostitutional exchange, of an impediment of the relationship. How does prostitution become the pejorative metaphor for venality? How does it also become the place of repetition of an impossible “real” sexual encounter? These queries spark others to unfold through the thesis, in that the latter questions the prostitutional exchange in literature as a paradigmatic place of the contract, paradoxically developed from within by the invention of an encounter constantly yearning to be inexistant.