Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vilka fysiologiska effekter sex veckors högintensiv intervallträning (HIIT) på löpband med hyperoxi (&gt;20,94  % syre) samt med normoxi (normal rumsluft) hade under kontrollerade former. De frågeställningar som hjälpte att besvara syftet var: (1) Hur förändras VO2max efter sex veckors högintensiv träning? (2) Hur förändras prestationen efter sex veckors högintensiv träning? (3) Hur påverkas löpekonomin av sex veckors HIIT? (4) Vilka fysiologiska effekter gav hyperoxiträning?   Metod I studien deltog initialt åtta manliga vältränade löpare varav fem stycken fullföljde studien. Karaktäristiken för de fem försökspersonerna (FP) var: ålder (år) 27,6 ± 5,8, längd (cm)180,9 ± 5,0, vikt (kg) 68,6 ± 6,2, årsbästa 10 km (mm:ss) 33:44 ± 01:11 och VO2max (ml/kg/min) 69,0 ± 2,3. FP delades in i test- och kontrollgrupp och studien var utformat som en single-blind. Under en sex veckors träningsperiod tränade FP två gånger per vecka under kontrollerade former i laboratoriemiljö på löpband. Träningen bestod av HIIT i 3-6 st x 6 min arbete med 4 min vila. Hyperoxigruppen fick tillgång till intermittent extra syre genom Oxelerate. Normoxigruppen fick normal rumsluft administrerad genom samma apparatur. Det gjordes tester innan och efter träningsperioden som bestod av ett submaximalt test för att fastställa laktattröskel och löpekonomi, samt ett maximalt syreupptagningstest där även prestationen mättes.   Resultat De signifikanta (P &lt;0,05) resultat studien kunde visa på var att prestationen förbättrades för alla FP efter sex veckors HIIT (414,6 ± 85,8 till 460,6 ± 80,4 sekunder). Maxlaktatet blev signifikant högre hos hyperoxigruppen (17,7 %) och signifikant lägre hos normoxigruppen (-19,1 %).   Slutsats HIIT gav en signifikant ökad prestation för alla FP. Hyperoxi hade bara effekt på maxlaktat. Löpekonomin och VO2max var oförändrad efter sex veckors HIIT. / <p>Uppsatsen tilldelades stipendiemedel ur Överste och Fru Adolf Johnssons fond för HT 2014.</p>

L'insuffisance cardiaque chronique (ICC) est une maladie dite " systémique " caractérisée notamment par le dérèglement de la balance végétative cardiaque et par un remodelage de l'architecture du tissu cardiaque. En rééducation cardiovasculaire, l'activité physique (AP) modérée et régulière joue un rôle majeur : améliorant les symptômes, la qualité de vie, l'aptitude physique des patients, elle permet de réduire les ré-hospitalisations et impacte favorablement la morbi-mortalité. Dans un premier travail bibliographique nous proposons une synthèse des effets bénéfiques de l'AP chez l'ICC, sur le rééquilibrage de l'activité orthosympathique et parasympathique. Puis, dans un deuxième travail, nous montrons que le réentraînement à l'effort par intervalles, court, intense, avec récupération passive améliore plus efficacement la capacité physique et le tonus vagal chez le patient ICC comparativement à un entraînement d'intensité modérée et continue. Enfin dans un troisième travail initié chez le rongeur en IC systolique post-ischémique, les analyses histologiques indiquent que l'entraînement débuté très tôt après la phase aigüe (J+7), provoque à la fois une hypertrophie et une amélioration de l'organisation structurelle des cardiomyocytes (alignement de l'appareil contractile, réorganisation de l'agencement des mitochondries inter-fibrillaires et des disques intercalaires). Par contre, la question de la prolifération des cardiomyocytes induite par l'entraînement reste entière pour le moment. En synthèse, notre projet Doctoral s'articule autour d'un projet clinique chez le patient ICC et d'une étude fondamentale chez la souris IC post-ischémique. L'objectif général de ces travaux est de déterminer de nouvelles caractéristiques pour les programmes d'exercice physique dans l'ICC, utilisables en pratique clinique courante au cours de la réadaptation cardiovasculaire. / Chronic heart failure (CHF) is characterized by the disruption of the cardiac vegetative balance and by a remodelling of the architecture of the cardiac tissue. Moderate and regular physical activity (PA) is the cornerstone of the cardiovascular rehabilitation programs. By improving symptoms, quality of life, physical fitness of the patients, PA also reduce re-hospitalization and had a favourable impact on morbi-mortality. In a first work, we propose a review of the beneficial effects of PA in patients with CHF, on the sympathovagal balance activity. Then, in a second work, we show that short high intensity interval training with passive recovery is more efficient than moderate intensity and continuous training to improve physical fitness and vagal tone in CHF patients. Finally, in a third work initiated in the rodent with post-ischemic heart failure, the histological analyses indicate that early (D+7, after the acute coronary syndrome) exercise training-induced both hypertrophy and an improvement of the structural organization of the cardiomyocytes. The question of exercise training-induced cardiomyocyte proliferation remains. In summary, our PhD project is based on two studies merging clinical trial and basic research. The overall goal of this work is to identify new features for physical exercise training programs in CHF that can be used in routine care during cardiovascular rehabilitation.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The modification of sedentary patterns added to sedentarism are strictly related to the increase in obesity and the onset of metabolic syndrome (MS). Obesity sets a causal relation with many diseases, including insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes and a systemic inflammatory state common to such diseases. MS is closely associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress. The index of women in post menopause with MS is growing, according to studies, since they are susceptible to oxidative stress frame. Although the regular practice of regular physical exercise is indicated as one of the best non-pharmacological interventions for the prevention and treatment of MS, few studies have examined the effects of high-intensity interval training HIIT - isolated on oxidative, inflammatory, and anthropometric parameters for functional postmenopausal in women with MS, not concurrently it is not found in literature a period of detraining in the same population. The intervention consisted of three weekly sessions of HIIT protocol on treadmills, and the prescribed training intensity was individualized and controlled by heart monitors. The training consisted of 12 weeks and two weeks of detraining, with an effective increased estimating the maximum oxygen consumption after training, but after two weeks of detraining, it was observed a significant reduction. The following training protocol levels of nitrite and nitrate (NOx) increased and remained in the detraining period, as well as advanced products of protein oxidation (advanced oxidation protein products - AOPP). After twelve weeks of HIIT, it was not observed weight loss. Although we found significant improvement in the inflammatory profile, interleukin-1 beta levels (IL-1β), interleukin- 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) showed significant reduction after this period and returned to significant levels after the two weeks of detraining. HIIT also proved to be effective in increasing the levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and subsequently to two weeks of detraining partially reversed this benefit. Thus, it is concluded that this HIIT protocol was not sufficient to reduce oxidative stress, although the benefits of the inflammatory profile of this population given by the regular practice of high-intensity aerobic exercise are independent of weight loss. / As modificações nos padrões nutricionais somados ao sedentarismo estão relacionados com o aumento da obesidade e o surgimento da síndrome metabólica (SM). A obesidade estabelece relação de causa com diversas doenças, incluindo resistência insulínica, doenças cardiovasculares, diabetes tipo II e um estado inflamatório sistêmico comum a estas doenças. A SM está intimamente associada a inflamação crônica de baixo grau e ao estresse oxidativo. Mulheres na pós menopausa estão mais susceptíveis ao quadro de estresse oxidativo. A maior prevalência de SM é entre mulheres e o risco da SM aumenta em 60% na pós menopausa. Apesar da prática regular de exercícios físicos ser indicada como uma das melhores intervenções não farmacológicas para a prevenção e o tratamento da SM, poucos estudos analisaram os efeitos do treinamento aeróbio intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT- high intesity interval training) isolado sobre parâmetros oxidativos, inflamatórios, antropométricos, funcionais de mulheres na pós menopausa com SM. Concomitantemente não encontra-se na literatura efeitos de um período de destreino nesta mesma população. A intervenção foi composta por três sessões semanais de um protocolo de HIIT em esteiras, sendo que a intensidade prescrita do treinamento foi individualizada e controlada através de monitores cardíacos. O treinamento foi composto de doze semanas e duas semanas de destreino e se mostrou efetivo na estimativa do consumo máximo de oxigênio após o treinamento, porém após as duas semanas de destreino observou-se uma redução significativa. O após o protocolo de treinamento os níveis de nitritos e nitratos (NOx) aumentaram e se mantiveram no período de destreino, assim como os produtos avançados de oxidação de proteínas (AOPP - advanced oxidation protein products). Após as doze semanas de HIIT não foi constatada redução ponderal, apesar de encontrarmos melhoras significativas no perfil inflamatório. Os níveis de interleucina-1 beta (IL-1β), interleucina-6 (IL-6), fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α), interferon-gama (INF-γ), apresentaram significativa redução após esse período, bem como retornaram a níveis significativos depois de duas semanas de destreino. O HIIT também se mostrou efetivo no aumento dos níveis da interleucina-10 (IL-10), e posterior a estas duas semanas reverteram parcialmente esse benefício. Assim, conclui-se que este protocolo HIIT não foi suficiente para reduzir o estresse oxidativo, porém os benefícios sobre o perfil inflamatório dessa população oportunizados pela prática regular de exercícios aeróbios de alta intensidade são independentes da perda ponderal.

Muscle Dysmorphia (MD) is characterized by preoccupation with muscularity. Although there is a growing body of research concerning MD, there is a lack of research concerning the potential role exercise training environment has on the clinical features of MD. The purpose of this study was to compare MD symptomology in traditional strength-trained (TRAD) individuals to individuals training in communal high intensity functional training environments (HIFT). Participants were recruited from both types of facilities. Participants (N=376) completed online (Qualtrics) demographics survey and Muscle Dysmorphia Inventory (MDI). One-way ANOVA compared the effect of training environment on MDI scores among HIFT, TRAD, both HIFT and TRAD (BOTH), home gym (HOME), and “OTHER.” Training environment significantly affected MDI for the 5 environments [F (4, 345) = 3.765, p = .005, d = 0.737]. Mean score for TRAD (M = 111.73, SD = 20. 39, [107.78, 115.68]) was significantly higher than HIFT (M = 102.20, SD = 19.59, [99.17, 105.23]). MDI for BOTH (M= 107.06, SD = 18.01, [100.77, 113.34]), HOME (M = 108.89, SD = 22.80, [99.86, 117.90]), and OTHER condition (M = 108.19, SD = 22.43, [97.97, 118.40]) did not significantly differ from HIFT or TRAD. Results suggest training environment is correlated with levels of MD symptomology. Specifically, males and females with higher levels of MD symptoms prefer to train in a traditional training environment, which is potentially more conducive to facilitating and perpetuating MD symptomology. The results of this study provide insight into the social physique anxiety associated with MD, as participants with higher levels of MD symptoms do not prefer to train in a HIFT environment where training occurs communally and other gym members provide extrinsic motivation. Additionally, the results of the present study further our understanding into the psychopathology of MD in that the motivating factors related to aesthetics (high level of body focus) associated with a TRAD environment take precedence over the motivating factors relating to selfimprovement and the desire to increase functional fitness that is associated with a HIFT environment. Results may provide knowledge for creating optimal treatment programs for individuals with clinical MD.

Introdução: Baixos níveis de atividade física vêm sendo constatados nas diversas classes e faixas etárias da população brasileira, inclusive entre os jovens que anualmente se alistam para ingressar nas Forças Armadas. Este quadro compromete diretamente a saúde e a qualidade de vida destes jovens adultos, enquanto a realização de uma rotina de treinamento físico está relacionada com a prevenção de diversas doenças. O treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) é um método que tem demostrado ser eficiente para melhorar os níveis de aptidão e atividade física, bem como de indicadores de saúde como % gordura, % massa magra, aptidão cardiorrespiratória (VO2pico), perfis lipídico e glicêmico, em diversas populações. Partindo desta premissa, o presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar e comparar os efeitos crônicos de diferentes protocolos de treinamento de alta intensidade sobre indicadores de saúde e desempenho em jovens adultos militares. Metodologia: Dois grupos, compostos por militares homens entre 18 e 20 anos, foram submetidos durante 12 semanas, três vezes por semana, a dois diferentes protocolos de treinamento de HIIT previstos nos manuais do Exército: o treinamento intervalado aeróbio (TIA), e a corrida variada (CV). Os indivíduos foram avaliados pré e pósintervenção, sendo analisadas variáveis cardiorrespiratórias, antropométricas, glicêmicas e lipídicas relacionadas à saúde e ao desempenho, bem como teste de Cooper e salto vertical em plataforma de força. Resultados: Observou-se em ambos os grupos uma redução das dobras cutâneas (-12,7% e -7,1%, respectivamente para os grupos TIA e CV, p=0,002), assim como um aumento da massa livre de gordura (MLG) (TIA = 4,0%, CV = 2,2%), com esta diferença sendo significativamente maior para o grupo TIA (p=0,045). Também foi verificada uma melhora pós-intervenção no VO2pico (p=0,028), tanto para o grupo TIA (2,9%) como para o grupo CV (5,5%), havendo diferença significativa em favor do grupo CV (p=0,013). Da análise bioquímica, constatou-se que os dois treinamentos foram capazes de aumentar os níveis de HDL (TIA=10,3% e CV=20,7%, p=0,001) e diminuir a glicemia de jejum (TIA=-4,23% e CV=-4,33%, p=0,025). Adicionalmente, o grupo TIA apresentou um aumento significativo no teste squat jump (10,5%, p=0,011) e na potência de membros inferiores (8,1%, p=0,016). Os dois protocolos apresentaram um ganho significativo e tamanho de efeito muito grande no teste de Cooper (p<0,001, TIA d=1,865 e CV d=1,394), assim como um aumento significativo e tamanho de efeito grande para velocidade de segundo limiar ventilatório (vLV2) (p=0,001, TIA d=1,016 e CV d=1,173), velocidade deVO2pico (vVO2pico) (p<0,001, TIA d=1,047 e CV d=0,885) e velocidade máxima no teste ergométrico (vMáx) (p<0,001, TIA d=0,875 e CV d=0,773). Conclusão: Ambos os protocolos de treinamento foram efetivos em promover a melhora da composição corporal, do perfil lipídico e glicêmico, contribuindo para uma manutenção dos indicadores de saúde, sendo o treinamento intervalado mais eficaz no ganho de massa livre de gordura. Além disso, os dois tipos de treino parecem influenciar positivamente nas variáveis de desempenho, com destaque para a CV no ganho cardiorrespiratório, e para o TIA no aumento da potência de membros inferiores. / Introduction: Low levels of physical activity have been observed in the different groups of the Brazilian population, including the young people who annually join the Armed Forces. This framework influence directly health and quality of life of those young adults, while the carrying out of a physical training is related to prevention of various diseases. High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a method that has been shown to be efficient in improving fitness and physical activity levels, as well as health indicators such as fat mass, lean mass, cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak), lipid profile and glycemic control in several populations. Based on this premise, this study aimed to analyze and compare the chronic effects of different high intensity training protocols on health and performance indicators in young military adults. Methods: Two training groups, consisting of military men between the ages of 18 and 20, underwent two different HIIT protocols, foreseen in the Army manuals: aerobic interval training (TIA), and varied running (CV). Individuals were evaluated before and after the intervention period, in cardiorespiratory, anthropometric, glycemic and lipid parameters related to health and performance, as well as the Cooper’s test and vertical jump tests in force platform. Results: There was a reduction of skin folds in both groups (-12.7% and - 7.1%, respectively for TIA and CV groups, p = 0.002), as well as an increase in free fat mass (MLG) (TIA = 4.0%, CV = 2.2%), with significant difference for TIA group (p = 0.045). VO2peak improvement (p = 0.028) was also observed for both TIA group (2.9%) and CV group (5.5%), with significant difference in favor of CV group (p = 0.013). From blood analysis, it was found that both training protocols were able to increase HDL levels (TIA = 10.3% and CV = 20.7%, p = 0.001) and to decrease fasting glycaemia (TIA = -4, 23% and CV = -4.33%, p = 0.025). In addition, TIA group showed a significant increase in squat jump test (10.5%, p = 0.011) and lower limbs power (8.1%, p = 0.016). The two protocols showed a significant improve and very large effect size in Cooper's test (p <0.001, TIA d = 1.865 and CV d = 1.394), as well as a significant increase and large effect size for second ventilatory threshold speed (vLV2) (p = 0.001, TIA = 1.016 and CV d = 1.173), VO2peak speed (vVO2peak) (p <0.001, TIA d = 1.047 and CV d = 0.885) and ergometric test maximum speed vMáx (p <0.001, TIA d = 0.875 and CV d = 0.773). Conclusion: Both training protocols are effective in improve body composition, lipid and glycemic profile, contributing to maintain health indicators, with TIA method being more effective in free-fat mass increase. Besides, the two training seem to influence positively the performance variables, with emphasis on CV method in cardiorespiratory improvement, and on TIA method in lower limbs power increase.

Introduction: Impaired inhibitory control, one of the core executive functions, is common among individuals with mental illness. However, inhibitory control is essential for successful treatment and recovery. Inhibitory control is extremely vulnerable to developmental disruption during adolescence, a time when mental illness is first diagnosed. An acute bout of exercise has been shown to improve inhibitory control in healthy adolescents, however, to our knowledge there are no studies evaluating this effect in adolescents with mental illness. Purpose: The primary goal of this project was to examine the effect of an acute bout of high-intensity interval training on inhibitory control immediately, and 30 minutes following exercise in adolescents hospitalized for mental illness. The secondary goal was to assess the feasibility of using this type of exercise as an adjunct to current treatment. Methods: Participants were recruited through the inpatient mental health unit at the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario. They performed exercise and control conditions in a randomized, counterbalanced manner. The Colour-Word Stroop Task was assessed pre, post, and 30-minutes-post on both days. The exercise condition included a 12 minute HIIT circuit, consisting of body weight exercises performed in a 1:1 work to rest ratio. The control condition involved reading magazines. Repeated-measures ANOVA evaluated changes in Interference Cost, the reaction time cost of responding to trials where the ink and colour do not match, and overall accuracy. Feasibility was assessed through recruitment and completion rates, as well as changes in affect and acceptability of the high-intensity interval training. Results: There was a significant interaction between condition and time for the Interference Cost measure, F(1.6,43.3)=13.6, p<.0001, η2=.34. Interference Cost was similar for both conditions at baseline (Mdiff = 12.4±11.11, p=.28). Interference Cost was significantly reduced immediately (Mdiff = 78.8±14.91, p<.001) and 30-minutes post-exercise (Mdiff = 59.6±15.14, p=.001) compared to control. Response accuracy did not differ by time, F(2,54)=.14, p<=.87, η2=.01 nor condition, F(1,27)=2.25, p=.15, η2=.08. After exercise, participants increased positive affect (mean difference = 4.3±8.09, p=.009) and were willing to perform the exercise before therapy sessions (rating = 6.4±2.75 out of 10). Conclusion: These findings suggest that high-intensity interval training could be used to improve inhibitory control in adolescents with mental illness, which has the potential to enhance the efficacy of their treatment. Future research should determine the impact of individual factors, such as diagnosis, medication, age of illness onset, length of hospitalization, and treatment history, on inhibitory control improvement after exercise.

The principal purpose of this study is to provide a refined empirical investigation concerning country-specific determinants of horizontal and vertical intra-industry trade (IIT,) in relation to South Africa using the gravity model of trade in a panel data setting. Prior to investigating the case of South Africa's intra-industry trade a critical review of the relevant theoretical, methodologcal, and empirical literature is provided. The study operationalises the theoretical dstinction between horizontal and vertical IIT using the latest methodology of decomposing total IIT into horizontal intra-industry trade (HIIq and vertical intra-industry trade (WIT,). Thts study makes several advances on earlier empirical studies of intra-industry trade determinants. These include the introduction of new countq-specific determinants of intraindustry trade that previous studies have not examined. Furthermore, it is the first empirical study that traces the relationshp between intra-industry trade flows and intellectual property rights (IPRs). Moreover, to ensure the sensitivity and robustness of the results, several econometric approaches have been used in estimating the gravity model of South Africa's intra-industry trade: the consistent coefficient approach, the fixed effects approach, the random effects approach, and the between effects approach. The econometric results are generally satisfactory in terms of economic interpretation and statistical significance and thus offer new empirical validation to the theoretical explanatory variables. The key findngs suggest the following: the volume of South Africa's IIT has increased during the study period and its WIT exceeds its HIIT. The latter result reflects the nature of South Africa's trade as it imports high valued added products and exports primary and mineral products. South Africa's intra-industry trade and its two components are positively related to market size and standard of living, and negatively related to geographcal distance. Furthermore, separately, the IPRs and the imitation ability of South Africa's tradmg partners are not important factors in determining IIT flows; however, the interaction between them is an important factor. Thts study also reveals South Africa should pursue its intra-industry trade with rest of world concentrating on local industries that produce most competitive varieties, absorbing labor and other resources from the production of other varieties.

Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-08-09T22:31:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) daniel_almeida_freitas.pdf: 2420619 bytes, checksum: eef5412551343ea7660ddfdaac19b6e2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-10-05T19:33:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) daniel_almeida_freitas.pdf: 2420619 bytes, checksum: eef5412551343ea7660ddfdaac19b6e2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-05T19:33:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) daniel_almeida_freitas.pdf: 2420619 bytes, checksum: eef5412551343ea7660ddfdaac19b6e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) / O treinamento f?sico de intensidade leve e moderada est?o associados a efeitos neurais ben?ficos, contudo o exerc?cio de alta intensidade cont?nuo a efeitos neurais mal?ficos, pouco ? conhecido sobre os efeitos do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade em ingl?s high intensity interval training (HIIT) em par?metros neuroqu?micos e de mem?ria. O presente estudo avaliou em ratos da linhagem Wistar os efeitos de 6 semanas de HIIT sobre o estado redox, concentra??o de mediadores inflamat?rios fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-?), interleucina 1-beta (IL-1?), interleucina 6 (IL-6) e interleucina 10 (IL-10) e do fator neurotr?fico derivado c?rebro, do ingl?s brain derived neurothrophic factor (BDNF) no hipocampo e c?rtex cerebral. Al?m disso, foi avaliado o desempenho nas tarefas de reconhecimento espacial de objeto (hipocampo-dependente) e tarefa de reconhecimento de novo objeto (c?rtex-dependente). O presente estudo aprovado pela Comiss?o de Experimenta??o Animal (CEUA-UFVJM) sob n?mero de protocolo (031/2015). Ap?s 6 semanas de HIIT, os animais apresentaram redu??o de 28,57% do conte?do de esp?cies reativas ao ?cido tiobarbit?rico (TBARS) e aumento de 75% da atividade da enzima super?xido dismutase (SOD) e de 50,83% da capacidade antioxidante total pelo m?todo de redu??o do ferro (FRAP - ?Ferric reducing ability of plasma).no hipocampo. Al?m disso, o HIIT reduziu a concentra??o de mediadores neuroimunes no hipocampo (TNF-?, IL-1?, IL-6 e IL-10) respectivamente em (24,8%;13,9%; 33,93% e 16,33%), aumentou a concentra??o de BDNF em 60,21% e n?o interferiu no desempenho dos animais nas tarefas de reconhecimento espacial de objeto e reconhecimento de novo objeto. Nenhum dos par?metros investigados foram alterados no c?rtex cerebral. O presente estudo mostrou efeito positivo de 6 semanas de HIIT espec?fico por regi?o cerebral, sendo que tais modifica??es resultaram em efeitos neurais ben?ficos no hipocampo de animais submetidos a um treinamento for?ado. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa Multic?ntrico de P?s-gradua??o em Ci?ncias Fisiol?gicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / Although High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is associated with neuroprotection, there is no information available on the balance of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as redox status, expression of neurotrophins and their impacts on different neural substrates and cognitive function. The present study evaluated the effects of a 6 weeks HIIT protocol on redox homeostasis, concentration of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-?), interleukin 1-beta (IL-1?), interleukin 6 (IL -6) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of Wistar rats.In addition, we evaluated the performance in the object spatial recognition tasks (hippocampus-dependent) and the new object recognition task (cortex-dependent). After 6 weeks of the HIIT protocol, the animals showed a reduction in the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and an increase in the activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) and in the total antioxidant capacity evaluated by the iron reduction method (FRAP - Ferric reducing ability of plasma) in the hippocampus. In addition, HIIT reduced the concentration of neuroimmune mediators in the hippocampus (TNF-?, IL-1?, IL-6 and IL-10), increased BDNF concentration and did not interfere in the performance of animals in the object recognition task. None of the investigated parameters were altered in the cerebral cortex. The present study was the first to show positive effect of 6 weeks of HIIT on specific brain-region, and such modifications result in a neuroprotective effect in the hippocampus of animals submitted to the stress of forced training.

Introdução: Baixos níveis de atividade física vêm sendo constatados nas diversas classes e faixas etárias da população brasileira, inclusive entre os jovens que anualmente se alistam para ingressar nas Forças Armadas. Este quadro compromete diretamente a saúde e a qualidade de vida destes jovens adultos, enquanto a realização de uma rotina de treinamento físico está relacionada com a prevenção de diversas doenças. O treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) é um método que tem demostrado ser eficiente para melhorar os níveis de aptidão e atividade física, bem como de indicadores de saúde como % gordura, % massa magra, aptidão cardiorrespiratória (VO2pico), perfis lipídico e glicêmico, em diversas populações. Partindo desta premissa, o presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar e comparar os efeitos crônicos de diferentes protocolos de treinamento de alta intensidade sobre indicadores de saúde e desempenho em jovens adultos militares. Metodologia: Dois grupos, compostos por militares homens entre 18 e 20 anos, foram submetidos durante 12 semanas, três vezes por semana, a dois diferentes protocolos de treinamento de HIIT previstos nos manuais do Exército: o treinamento intervalado aeróbio (TIA), e a corrida variada (CV). Os indivíduos foram avaliados pré e pósintervenção, sendo analisadas variáveis cardiorrespiratórias, antropométricas, glicêmicas e lipídicas relacionadas à saúde e ao desempenho, bem como teste de Cooper e salto vertical em plataforma de força. Resultados: Observou-se em ambos os grupos uma redução das dobras cutâneas (-12,7% e -7,1%, respectivamente para os grupos TIA e CV, p=0,002), assim como um aumento da massa livre de gordura (MLG) (TIA = 4,0%, CV = 2,2%), com esta diferença sendo significativamente maior para o grupo TIA (p=0,045). Também foi verificada uma melhora pós-intervenção no VO2pico (p=0,028), tanto para o grupo TIA (2,9%) como para o grupo CV (5,5%), havendo diferença significativa em favor do grupo CV (p=0,013). Da análise bioquímica, constatou-se que os dois treinamentos foram capazes de aumentar os níveis de HDL (TIA=10,3% e CV=20,7%, p=0,001) e diminuir a glicemia de jejum (TIA=-4,23% e CV=-4,33%, p=0,025). Adicionalmente, o grupo TIA apresentou um aumento significativo no teste squat jump (10,5%, p=0,011) e na potência de membros inferiores (8,1%, p=0,016). Os dois protocolos apresentaram um ganho significativo e tamanho de efeito muito grande no teste de Cooper (p<0,001, TIA d=1,865 e CV d=1,394), assim como um aumento significativo e tamanho de efeito grande para velocidade de segundo limiar ventilatório (vLV2) (p=0,001, TIA d=1,016 e CV d=1,173), velocidade deVO2pico (vVO2pico) (p<0,001, TIA d=1,047 e CV d=0,885) e velocidade máxima no teste ergométrico (vMáx) (p<0,001, TIA d=0,875 e CV d=0,773). Conclusão: Ambos os protocolos de treinamento foram efetivos em promover a melhora da composição corporal, do perfil lipídico e glicêmico, contribuindo para uma manutenção dos indicadores de saúde, sendo o treinamento intervalado mais eficaz no ganho de massa livre de gordura. Além disso, os dois tipos de treino parecem influenciar positivamente nas variáveis de desempenho, com destaque para a CV no ganho cardiorrespiratório, e para o TIA no aumento da potência de membros inferiores. / Introduction: Low levels of physical activity have been observed in the different groups of the Brazilian population, including the young people who annually join the Armed Forces. This framework influence directly health and quality of life of those young adults, while the carrying out of a physical training is related to prevention of various diseases. High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a method that has been shown to be efficient in improving fitness and physical activity levels, as well as health indicators such as fat mass, lean mass, cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak), lipid profile and glycemic control in several populations. Based on this premise, this study aimed to analyze and compare the chronic effects of different high intensity training protocols on health and performance indicators in young military adults. Methods: Two training groups, consisting of military men between the ages of 18 and 20, underwent two different HIIT protocols, foreseen in the Army manuals: aerobic interval training (TIA), and varied running (CV). Individuals were evaluated before and after the intervention period, in cardiorespiratory, anthropometric, glycemic and lipid parameters related to health and performance, as well as the Cooper’s test and vertical jump tests in force platform. Results: There was a reduction of skin folds in both groups (-12.7% and - 7.1%, respectively for TIA and CV groups, p = 0.002), as well as an increase in free fat mass (MLG) (TIA = 4.0%, CV = 2.2%), with significant difference for TIA group (p = 0.045). VO2peak improvement (p = 0.028) was also observed for both TIA group (2.9%) and CV group (5.5%), with significant difference in favor of CV group (p = 0.013). From blood analysis, it was found that both training protocols were able to increase HDL levels (TIA = 10.3% and CV = 20.7%, p = 0.001) and to decrease fasting glycaemia (TIA = -4, 23% and CV = -4.33%, p = 0.025). In addition, TIA group showed a significant increase in squat jump test (10.5%, p = 0.011) and lower limbs power (8.1%, p = 0.016). The two protocols showed a significant improve and very large effect size in Cooper's test (p <0.001, TIA d = 1.865 and CV d = 1.394), as well as a significant increase and large effect size for second ventilatory threshold speed (vLV2) (p = 0.001, TIA = 1.016 and CV d = 1.173), VO2peak speed (vVO2peak) (p <0.001, TIA d = 1.047 and CV d = 0.885) and ergometric test maximum speed vMáx (p <0.001, TIA d = 0.875 and CV d = 0.773). Conclusion: Both training protocols are effective in improve body composition, lipid and glycemic profile, contributing to maintain health indicators, with TIA method being more effective in free-fat mass increase. Besides, the two training seem to influence positively the performance variables, with emphasis on CV method in cardiorespiratory improvement, and on TIA method in lower limbs power increase.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-06-23T21:52:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PedroIvoDeSouzaPinheiro_DISSERT.pdf: 1470768 bytes, checksum: 95e0a6d8271caf71927f8658f369b623 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-28T21:55:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PedroIvoDeSouzaPinheiro_DISSERT.pdf: 1470768 bytes, checksum: 95e0a6d8271caf71927f8658f369b623 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T21:55:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PedroIvoDeSouzaPinheiro_DISSERT.pdf: 1470768 bytes, checksum: 95e0a6d8271caf71927f8658f369b623 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-27 / O exerc?cio intervalado de alta intensidade tem sido apontado como op??o para o aumento da pr?tica da atividade f?sica al?m de ser sugerido no manejo terap?utico de diversas condi??es como diabetes mellitus e insufici?ncia card?aca. Contudo, o conhecimento pleno das suas repercuss?es fisiol?gicas e dos par?metros que possam trazer maior seguran?a quanto ? sua prescri??o; em especial os efeitos a curto e m?dio prazo (24 horas ap?s o exerc?cio) sobre a recupera??o do exerc?cio, necessitam ser esclarecidos. O objetivo do presente trabalho ? avaliar a repercuss?o de uma sess?o de exerc?cio aer?bico cont?nuo e intervalado no controle auton?mico card?aco imediato e em m?dio prazo (24 horas), atrav?s da avalia??o da variabilidade da frequ?ncia card?aca (VFC). Trata-se de um ensaio cl?nico randomizado do tipo crossover onde indiv?duos jovens saud?veis e com baixo n?vel de atividade f?sica tiveram a VFC de 24 horas mensurada atrav?s de frequenc?metro e aceler?metro port?til (eMotion HRV 3D, Kuopio, Finl?ndia) antes e ap?s sess?o de exerc?cio aer?bio cont?nuo (60-70% FCmax, 21min.) e intervalado (ciclo 1 min. a 80-90% FCmax, 2 min. a 50-60% FCmax, dura??o 21 min.). A VFC foi avaliada nos dom?nio tempo e frequ?ncia e o balan?o simpatovagal determinado pela raz?o LF/HF. Avalia??o n?o linear foi calculada pela entropia de Shannon. O dados demonstraram retardo na recupera??o imediata da frequ?ncia card?aca p?s exerc?cio e menor FC 24 horas comparados a valores pr? interven??o, principalmente no exerc?cio intervalado. Houve tend?ncia ? maior predom?nio e valores de ?ndices representantes da estimula??o simp?tica durante o dia no grupo de exerc?cio intervalado; contudo, sem signific?ncia estat?stica. O resultados do estudo auxiliam no esclarecimento das repercuss?es do exerc?cio intervalado nas 24 horas que sucedem a interven??o permitindo par?metros para prescri??o e futura avalia??o de grupos de indiv?duos com patologias metab?licas e cardiovasculares. / The high-intensity interval exercise has been described as an option for increasing physical activity and its use also being suggested in the therapeutic management of many conditions such as diabetes mellitus and heart failure. However, the knowledge of its physiological effects and parameters that can assure greater safety for interval exercise prescription; especially its effect on short- and medium-term (24 hours after exercise) exercise recovery, need to be clarified. This study objective was to evaluate the effect of continuous and interval aerobic exercise on the cardiac autonomic control immediate and medium term (24 hours), by assessing heart rate variability (HRV). The present study is a randomized crossover clinical trial in which healthy young individuals with low level of physical activity had the VFC 24 hours measured by a heart rate sensor and portable accelerometer (3D eMotion HRV, Kuopio, Finland) before and after continuous aerobic exercise (60-70% HR max, 21 min.) and interval exercise (cycle 1 min. 80-90% HR max, 2 min. at 50-60% HR max, duration 21 min.). HRV was measured in the time and frequency domain and the sympathovagal balance determined by the ratio LF / HF. Nonlinear evaluation was calculated by Shannon entropy. The data demonstrated delayed heart rate recovery immediate after exercise and lower HR after 24 hours compared to pre intervention values, especially in the interval exercise group. There was a tendency to higher predominance and representatives index values of sympathetic stimulation during the day in interval exercise group; however, without statistical significance. The study results help to clarify the effects of interval exercise on the 24 hours following interval exercise, setting parameters for prescription and for further evaluation of groups with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.