Étienne Maleu († 1322), chanoine de Saint-Junien (Haute-Vienne), a rédigé une chronique en latin. Il y raconte l’histoire de son église de l’an 500 jusqu’en 1316, date à laquelle il pose sa plume. L’auteur prend soin de consigner dans son « livre de mémoire », les biens et les droits de son chapitre à une époque où celui-ci voit ses horizons s’élargir considérablement à la suite de la nomination comme prévôt d’un membre de la curie pontificale avignonnaise. Étienne Maleu se distingue, parmi les historiens du début du XIVe siècle, par son profil singulier de chanoine de collégiale séculière ainsi que par la vaste érudition qu’il a mise au service d’une œuvre au caractère très local. Comme son contemporain Bernard Gui, auquel il emprunte sa matière et sa méthode historiques, il est un digne représentant de cette histoire « technicienne », selon le terme de Bernard Guenée, qui s’épanouit dans le royaume de France à la fin du Moyen Âge. En effet, le chanoine de Saint-Junien, qui a exploité des sources de natures très diverses (archéologiques notamment, qu’il a la particularité d’étudier dans une perspective liturgique), offre à son lecteur un récit construit et « documenté », y insérant, outre des analyses, la copie de vingt-sept chartes et bulles ainsi que de documents épigraphiques. La présente étude, qui vise à replacer Étienne Maleu dans la communauté des historiens médiévaux, s’accompagne d’une édition critique de sa chronique, réalisée à partir des différentes copies prises par des érudits des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, accompagnée de sa traduction commentée. / Étienne Maleu († 1322), canon of Saint-Junien (Haute-Vienne), wrote a Latin chronicle. He related the story of his church from 500 to 1316. Indeed, he completed his work in 1316. The author carefully recorded the possessions and rights of his church. At this time, indeed, the pope appointed to the function of provost a member of his familia : it deeply changed the chapter’s composition and organization. Étienne Maleu was quite different from the other historians of the beginning of the fourteenth century. Indeed, he was a secular canon who belonged to a collegiate church. Furthermore, he demonstrated a vast erudition in the writing of a very local chronicle and wrote a scholarly history, as his contemporary Bernard Gui from whom he borrowed his historical knowledge and method. Indeed, the canon of Saint-Junien used a very large range of sources, that is to say chronicles, vitae sanctorum, necrologies, deeds, epigraphic and monumental sources, oral sources and his own memory. He offered a well-structured story. He transcribed twenty-seven deeds in his work and also inserted in his text the summaries of about thirty other deeds. This study aims to place Étienne Maleu in the community of medieval historians. It also offers a critical edition of his chronicle – which publishes the text of copies made from the original manuscript (which was probably burnt during the French Revolution in 1793) during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries – and a translation with annotations.

This essay is an attempt to show how certain elements, or techniques of history writing, can be used in creative non-fiction. It uses three major sources of theory. First, there is Charlotte Canning and Thomas Postlewait’s view on “the five themes of historiography,” which are indispensable for researching history: time, space, archive, identity, and narrative. The essay primarily focuses on narrative, because it is connected to representations of human lives, and as such contributes to meaning- creation. Second, the essay employs Hayden White’s concept of the historian’s working process and the notions of chronicle, story, mode of emplotment, mode of argument and ideological implications. Third is the method developed by Thomas Andrews and Flannery Burke of the five C’s of historical thinking: change over time, causality, context, complexity and contingency. Although these are separate theories, the essay shows how they can be complementary and help in the development of memoir writing, which is here my creative work, A Family Memoir in Essays, in particular the essays entitled “Trimdiniekis,” “Brasiliana,” and “A Sertaneja”.

This thesis finds that Dr SM Molema made a considerable contribution to the construction of the history of black people in South Africa, and was the first African historian to do so. Yet, he and other African writers were marginalised from the mainstream twentieth-century canons of South African history. Therefore, the thesis investigates the reasons for which Dr Molema (a medical doctor) became an historian and an ethnographer in 1920, and explores the nature of his critical engagement with the ways in which these disciplines represented black people. To understand the controversial treatment of black historical writers, this study appraises South African historiography and its tendency to construct debates about black people, while rendering black writers marginal to such debates. Further, the thesis explores the generic complexity of Molema’s work and finds he wrote in a hybrid genre, autoethnography. This complexity may have contributed to the many misreadings of his work. This study outlines the generic specificity and implications of autoethnography and finds that, like autobiography, autoethnography has been one of the genres of the Self (of personal testimony) that, under colonialism and apartheid, many black writers employed in providing corrective versions of mainstream versions of South African history. Autoethnography enabled Molema to represent his own life, but — more importantly — that of his community (the Rolong boo RaTshidi of Mafikeng) as a form of cultural translation for readers at home and abroad. Methodologically, the thesis understands that Molema’s own family history played a large part in motivating him to write history. In order to explore this relationship between the experience of history and its representation, the thesis has a dual structure: the first four chapters present biographical studies of three generations of the Molema family: Chief Molema, the founder of Mafikeng, his son Chief Silas Thelesho Molema, and Silas’ son, Modiri Molema, the historian and ethnographer. Chapters Five and Six present an exposition and critique of his first work, The Bantu Past and Present. Dr Molema’s biographies of Chiefs Moroka and Montshiwa are used as ancillary texts.

[pt] Esta tese procura explorar a experiência da subjetividade à luz das interpretações de Nietzsche sobre a história. O texto está desenvolvido em três partes. A primeira parte trata do papel do indivíduo no pensamento do jovem Nietzsche. A segunda propõe uma aproximação com a sua crítica da cultura por meio de uma leitura de Goethe e Dostoievski. A questão que orienta a terceira parte é baseada na sua autobiografia, Ecce homo, compreendida como uma atitude radical com relação à experiência da subjetividade. / [en] This thesis intends to explore the experience of subjectivity in the light of Nietzsche s interpretations about history. The text is developed in three parts. The first one is about the role of individual in Nietzsche s early thought. The second part proposes an approach to his critique of culture through a reading of Goethe and Dostoievski. The question that guides the third part is based on his autobiography, Ecce homo, as a radical attitude toward the experience of subjectivity.

Cette thèse traite de la période durant laquelle les Cahiers du Cinéma ont appliqué une lecture idéologique aux films populaires. Elle met en exergue les débats et les différentes théories critiques développées autour de la représentation de l’histoire des luttes populaires au sein du cinéma français, italien et américain de 1973 à 1978. Ce travail analyse les articles parus dans la revue à partir de la prise en charge de la rédaction par Serge Daney et Serge Toubiana. Le changement qui intervient alors au sein de la revue est indissociable d’un désir de retour à une critique renouant avec le cinéma après une période marquée par l’engagement politique de la rédaction depuis 1968. Les retrouvailles avec cette critique filmique encore empreinte de militantisme passent par une lecture des intentions idéologiques que recouvrirait le cinéma populaire. Les films sont appréhendés par la revue tels des moyens pour la classe bourgeoise de rendre naturelle sa conception du monde, de la société et de l’Histoire. C’est aux côtés des philosophes Michel Foucault, Jacques Rancière et de l’historien Marc Ferro que les critiques des Cahiers vont affiner une approche historiographique de la représentation des masses populaires au cinéma. De la France de Charles de Gaulle au programme socialiste de François Mitterrand en passant par l’arrivée au pouvoir de Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, la rédaction des Cahiers du Cinéma focalise son analyse sur les mutations et les ruptures qui caractérisent les gouvernements se succédant. Ce travail revient sur les différentes lectures que les critiques développent à l’endroit du découpage de films historiques et documentaires traitant de mouvements révolutionnaires tels que mai 68, sur les films ayant recours à des images d’archives, sur la décontextualisation politique du discours tenu par le militantisme ainsi que sur la fonction sociale et historique que les critiques des Cahiers du Cinéma ont théorisée en s’appuyant sur des films tels que Moi, Pierre Rivière..., Le petit Marcel, Milestones ou encore Jonas qui aura 25 ans en l’an 2000. / This thesis concerns the period in which the Cahiers du Cinéma applied an ideological reading to popular film. It highlights the debates and various critical theories concerning social struggles within French, Italian and American cinema from 1973 until 1978. This work analyses the articles published in the Cahiers after Serge Daney and Serge Toubiana began managing the magazine. The changes which then occurred showed an intrinsic desire to revive film criticism after a period marked by the political commitments of the editorial staff (dating back to 1968). This merging of film criticism with a militant approach was achieved through a reading of the ideological intentions hidden within popular cinema. Film was understood by the magazine as a way for the bourgeois class to normalize its conception of the world, society and history. Along with the philosophers Michel Foucault, Jacques Rancière and the historian Marc Ferro, the critics of the Cahiers would go on to refine a historiographical approach of the representation of the working-class masses. From Charles de Gaulle’s France to Valéry Giscard d’Estaing’s election and to François Mitterrand’s socialist program, the editorial staff of the Cahiers du Cinéma focused its analysis on the transformations and fractures which characterized successive governments. This work reflects on the different readings that the critics developed, regarding the editing of historical and documentary films which recorded revolutionary movements like the May 1968 events. It also looks at the way films resorted to archive images, and the political decontextualization of the militant discourse, as well as the social and historical function that the critics of the Cahiers du Cinéma theorized, drawing from films such as Moi, Pierre Rivière..., Le petit Marcel, Milestones or Jonas qui aura 25 ans en l’an 2000.

Le fossile est le siège incontournable de la connaissance du passé du vivant et par conséquent de celui du présent.Il est épistémologiquement a-phénoménal, non-expérimentable, incomplet et historique. Cette nature épistémologique occasionne des contraintes importantes dans la manière de fabriquer l'histoire du vivant pour le paléontologue : l'historiographie du vivant. Comment,le fossile comme objet naturel et sa nature épistémologique vont-ils contraindre le processus épistémologique de la paléontologie et en définitive l'historiographie du vivant ? / The fossil is the essential seat of the knowledge of the past living beings and consequently of that of the present. It is epistemologically a-phenomenal, non-experimental, incomplete and historical. This epistemological nature causes important constraints in the way of making the history of the living beings for the paleontologist: the historiography of the living. How does the fossil as a natural object and its epistemological nature constrain the epistemological process of paleontology and ultimately the historiography of life?

[pt] O conceito de prudência possui centralidade em Maquiavel e Guicciardini, sendo empregado para qualificar o bom juízo, a celeridade decisória e a aguçada capacidade de avaliar as transformações da realidade. Os prudentes, além de reunirem em si as qualidades citadas, devem ser capazes de articular os produtos do cálculo cuidadoso da realidade na forma de textos ou orações regrados segundo preceitos definidos em tratados clássicos de arte retórica. Abrem-se, assim, dois horizontes distintos, porém mutuamente dependentes, em torno da prudência. De um lado, a ênfase no cálculo e medida das coisas do mundo, com destaque para a questão dos efeitos, ou seja, os possíveis resultados das ações dos governantes e demais agentes envolvidos nos processos de tomada de decisões em Repúblicas, principados, reinos ou estados papais; de outro, a representação de uma performance letrada da prudência em textos compostos segundo preceitos éticoretóricos- poéticos convencionais. Trata-se, nesta tese, da discussão desta dupla dimensão acerca da prudência, com ênfase no exame das histórias compostas por Maquiavel e Guicciardini. / [en] The concept of prudence is vital for the appropriate understanding of Machiavelli and Guicciardini`s texts, being used in order to qualify the good judgment, the ability to make fast decisions and the acute comprehension of the transformations of reality. The prudent men must also be capable of articulating the products of the careful analysis of the reality`s movements in texts composed according to the precepts established in classical treatises of rhetoric. Thus one institutes two distinct, however mutually dependent, horizons concerning prudence. On the one hand, the emphasis on the calculation and measure of the things of the world - the possible results of the actions of governors and the other agents responsible for taking decisions in Republics, Principalities, Kingdoms or Papal States. On the other hand, the representation of prudence`s literate performance in texts composed according to the ethical and rhetorical and poetical rules established by the tradition. This thesis discusses this double character associated to prudence, especially through the exam of the histories composed by Machiavelli and Guicciardini.

Dans les dernières décennies du XVIe siècle, s’épanouit une histoire « à hauteur d’homme », du fait de son objet et du fait des limites qu’elle se donne à elle-même. Les usages de la fortune contribuent au développement de cette pratique d’écriture qui se veut séculière et manifeste un intérêt pour les réalités humaines, mais dans laquelle la volonté divine est nettement prise en considération. Un prologue permet de définir la fortune comme un lieu commun et comme un objet polémique dans le contexte d’une crise politique et religieuse. L’étude s’attache ensuite à un corpus d’ouvrages d’histoire (Le Roy, La Popelinière, Belleforest…) et de Mémoires (Marguerite de Valois, Henri de Mesmes, Monluc…), rédigés ou publiés entre 1560 et 1600. Elle montre comment les usages du terme fortune permettent de penser l’adversité (I), de concevoir l’action (II) et de s’approprier le passé (III). Elle s’intéresse à la manière dont est élaborée la structure du récit, dont est construite une stratégie argumentative qui permet la valorisation d’une identité nobiliaire ou d’un parcours politique et militaire, et dont sont conférées aux faits passés une portée édifiante ou une valeur pratique. La fortune ne constitue pas un moteur de l’histoire comme somme d’événements, mais peut être un outil de l’écriture de l’histoire qui permet de désigner et de penser les rapports de l’homme à ce qui lui est extérieur (l’action d’autrui, les circonstances), ce qui lui échappe (l’action divine, l’action royale) mais aussi à ses propres failles et à ses propres capacités. / During the last decades of the XVIth century, a history flourishes « at human size », for its object and for the limits it gives itself. Uses of fortune contribute to the development of a writing which wants to be secular and shows interest for human realities, yet in which the divine will is strongly taken into consideration. The prologue defines fortune as a commonplace and as a polemical object in the context of a political and religious crisis. Then the study analyses a corpus of history books (Le Roy, La Popelinière, Belleforest…) and Memoirs (Marguerite de Valois, Henri de Mesmes, Monluc…) which are written or published between 1560 and 1600. It demonstrates how uses of the word fortune allow to think adversity (I), to understand action (II) and to take ownership of the past (III). This dissertation is interested in the elaboration of the narrative structure, in the construction of an argumentative strategy which gives value to a noble identity or a political and military experience, and in the way facts are given an edifying or a pratical significance. Fortune is not a driver of history as sum of events, but can be a tool to write history, to name and to think the relation of man to what is external to him (someone else’s action, circumstances) and out of range (divine action, royal action), but also to his own flaws and capabilities.

Orientador: Sílvia Maria Azevedo / Banca: Álvaro Santos Simões Junior / Banca: Ana Paula Franco Nóbile Brandileone / Resumo: Ao longo da história, muitos estudiosos tentaram definir o que distinguiria a literatura das demais manifestações culturais de uma sociedade. A distinção entre ficção e realidade, apesar de válida enquanto tentativa de caracterizar os textos literários, não deixa de ser problemática, pois que as histórias em quadrinhos são ficção, mas não são consideradas como literatura; os autores do Gênesis achavam que escreviam a verdade histórica, mas alguns o lêem hoje como fato e outros, como ficção. Se não existe um texto que seja de todo ficcional ou de todo realidade, há ainda a considerar que qualquer texto escrito pode ser lido subjetivamente. Tendo em vista as mudanças do conceito de literatura, o objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar algumas histórias da literatura brasileira, bem como as leituras que elas fazem da Carta de Pero Vaz de Caminha. Ainda hoje há controvérsias no tocante à classificação da obra, considerada literatura por alguns historiadores da literatura brasileira, enquanto outros a remetem para a história. A partir do estudo das concepções literárias presentes na historiografia literária brasileira, a análise das leituras de Sílvio Romero, José Veríssimo, Araripe Júnior, Afrânio Coutinho, Antonio Candido, Alfredo Bosi e Luiz Roncari, a respeito da Carta de Caminha, permitirá a apreensão da sensível modificação do conceito de literatura brasileira ocorrida ao longo do tempo. / Abstract: Over the history, many researchers tried to define what would distinguish the literature from the other cultural manifestations of the society. The distinction among fiction and reality, despite to be valid while attempt of characterization of literary works, is problematic, because comic strips are fiction, but they are not considered as literature; Genesis' authors thought they wrote the true story, but today some people read it as a fact and others as fiction. If there is not a fictional or true text, any writing can be read subjectively. Considering changes in the literature's concept, the aim of this work is to analyze the brazilian literary historiography and its reading about the Caminha's Letter. At present there is still different way of thinking about the classification of the work, considered literature by some historians of the brazilian literature, while others analyze it as an historical document. From study of the concept of literature present in the brazilian literary historiography, the analysis of the readings of Sílvio Romero, José Veríssimo, Araripe Júnior, Afrânio Coutinho, Antonio Candido, Alfredo Bosi and Luiz Roncari, about the Caminha's Letter, will let to understand the changes of the brazilian literature's concept over the time. / Mestre

O objetivo desta pesquisa histórica foi investigar as festas escolares e o seu papel no processo de constituição de um sistema público e estatal de ensino, bem como a sua contribuição para a disseminação de um ideal de escola e de sociedade republicana, no período compreendido entre 1890-1930. O termo cultura escolar constitui-se em um conceito nuclear para o desenvolvimento da investigação acerca das festas escolares, já que essas podem ser concebidas como um dos aspectos que integraram e ainda integram a cultura da escola. O conceito cultura escolar foi utilizado segundo a concepção engendrada por Dominique Julia (2001, p. 10) como um conjunto de normas que definem conhecimentos a ensinar e condutas a inculcar, e um conjunto de práticas que permitem a transmissão desses conhecimentos e incorporação desses comportamentos; normas e práticas coordenadas a finalidades que podem variar segundo as épocas (finalidades religiosas, sociopolíticas ou simplesmente de socialização). As festas escolares expressaram de forma exemplar a cultura escolar do período em questão, pois ao mesmo tempo em que eram constituídas por normas, estabelecidas externamente pelos governantes que determinavam legalmente os dias a serem comemorados e um padrão de festa a ser seguido de forma a garantir o ensinamento de determinadas condutas e conhecimentos, eram também compostas por práticas coordenadas com finalidades educativas e expressivas da escola. Outros autores como André Chervel (1990), Viñao Frago (1996), estudiosos da cultura escolar, também foram utilizados para a fundamentação teórica do estudo. O corpus documental a partir do qual se realizou o estudo foi composto de textos de revistas pedagógicas publicadas em São Paulo, a saber: A Eschola Publica (1895-1897), Revista de Ensino (1902-1919), Revista Escolar (1925-1927), bem como os relatórios dos inspetores escolares publicados nos Anuários de Ensino do Estado de São Paulo (1907-1926), compilados nas principais bibliotecas de São Paulo. O estudo das festas escolares permitiu conhecer quais eram as concepções de ensino, de escola, de aluno e de profissão docente vigentes no período e disseminadas nas ocasiões festivas, assim como a contribuição das festas para a constituição de uma memória histórica nacional oficial. A presente investigação demonstrou que mais do que um momento de confraternização, de descontração e de manifestação de alegria, as festas escolares possuíam outras funções, eram momentos privilegiados para o aprendizado de conteúdos, de disseminação de conhecimentos, de normas e de valores legitimados pela escola e pela sociedade. / The objective of this historical research was to investigate the educational festivals and their role in the process of the constitution of a public and national educational system as well as their contribution to the dissemination of the school and the republican society idealistic values during the 1890-1930 period. The term scholar culture consists of a nuclear concept for the development of the investigation of the educational parties and festivals since these may be conceived as one of the aspects that have integrated and still integrate the scholar culture. The concept of scholar culture was used in accordance with the conception created by Dominique Julia (2001, p. 10) as being a set of rules that define what to teach and what behaviour to promote, and a set of procedures that permit the transmission of this knowledge and the incorporation of these behaviours; rules and procedures aimed at the achievement of goals that may vary with time (religious, sociopolitical or simply socialization goals). The educational parties expressed in an exemplar way the scholar culture of such period for at the same time they followed rules, externally stablished by governors who used to stipulate the days to be celebrated and the pattern of the festival to guarantee the teaching of certain behaviour and knowledge, they also incorporated practices coordenated with educational and significant objectives of the school. Other authors, as André Chervel (1990) and Viñao Frago (1996), researchers of the scholar culture, have also been used to fundament the study from the theoretical standpoint. The study has been supported by a documental base that was composed by educational magazine texts published in São Paulo, such as: A Eschola Publica (1895-1897), Revista de Ensino (1902-1919), Revista Escolar (1925-1927), as well as reports from school inspectors published in the Anuários de Ensino do Estado de São Paulo (1907-1926), compiled at the main libraries of São Paulo. The study of the educational parties and festivals permited to know which were the concepts of teaching, school, pupil and professors, in force during that period and disseminated at festival opportunities, such as the contribution of the parties to the formation of an official nacional memory history. The present investigation proved that more than a moment of confraternization, display of enjoyment and happiness, the educational parties had other functions, they were privileged moments of apprenticeship, dissemination of knowledge, of rules and values legitimated by school and by society.