Une des voies privilégiées pour réduire la teneur en soufre dans les essences commerciales est l'hydrodésulfuration sélective (HDS) des essences issues du procédé de FCC. Une essence étant composée d'un mélange de composés soufrés (1000 ppm) et d'oléfines (20-40%pds). Il est important de comprendre leur transformation de manière à améliorer l'HDS tout en minimisant l'hydrogénation (HYD) des oléfines. Par conséquent, la transformation de plusieurs molécules modèles soufrées (2-méthylthiophène, 3-méthylthiophène et le benzothiophène) et oléfiniques (hex-1-ène, 4-méthylpent-1-ène, 3,3-diméthylbut-1-ène et 2,3-diméthylbut-2-ène) a été étudiée dans les conditions opératoires d'HDS. Par une approche expérimentale couplée à de la modélisation cinétique, nous avons établi une échelle de réactivité entre les composés soufrés d'une part et les oléfines d'autre part. Le benzothiophène est le composé le plus réactif, mais aussi celui qui est le plus inhibiteur pour la transformation des autres composés soufrés. Concernant les oléfines, l'hex-1-ène est la plus réactive par rapport aux autres oléfines ramifiées. Lorsque ces composés sont en mélange, on constate des inhibitions mutuelles plus au moins conséquentes selon la structure des composés modèles. Ces effets qui résultent de compétitions à l'adsorption entre les molécules à la surface du catalyseur ont été modélisés et quantifiés (constantes cinétique et d'adsorption) à partir d'un modèle unique en considérant le formalisme de Langmuir-Hinshelwood. / A preferred route to reduce the sulfur content on the commercial gasoline is the selective hydrodesulfurization (HDS) process of FCC gasoline. A typical gasoline is composed by a mixture of sulfur (1000 ppm) and olefins (20-40%wt) compounds. Therefore, it is important to understand their transformation in order to improve the HDS and minimizing the olefin hydrogenation (HYD). Consequently, the transformation of various sulfur (2-methylthiophene, 3-methylthiophene and benzothiophene) and olefins (hex-1-ene, 4-methylpent-1-ene, 3,3-dimethylbut-1-ene and 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene) has been studied under HDS operating conditions.By experimental and theoretical (kinetic modeling) approaches, a reactivity scale has been established between the sulfur compounds on one hand and olefins compounds on the other hand. The benzothiophene is the most reactive compound. However it is the most inhibitor compound for the transformation of others sulfur compounds. Regarding the olefins, the hex-1-ene is the most reactive compound among the others branched compounds. A mutual inhibition has been observed when those compounds are studied in mixture according with their structures. These effects result from competitive adsorption between the molecules on the catalyst surface. These results could be modeled and quantified (adsorption and kinetic constants) from a unique model considering the Langmuir-Hinshelwood formalism.

Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes tout d’abord intéressés à l’influence du traitement de la mésophase hybride sous ammoniac et des conditions de cristallisation sur les propriétés d’oxydes de titane mésoporeux. Le protocole de synthèse de ces matériaux a été mis au point auparavant au laboratoire à l’aide d’une méthode combinant le mécanisme transcriptif à partir des cristaux liquides du copolymère bloc P123 et la méthode EISA. Une cristallisation sous atmosphère oxydante, augmente le degré de cristallinité et favorise une croissance des particules d’anatase. En conséquence, la photodégradation du méthylorange, utilisé comme molécule modèle est augmentée. Lorsque la cristallisation est réalisée sous azote pur, l’anatase n’est pas favorisée et la photoactivité est alors gouvernée par la surface spécifique des matériaux. Nous avons également montré qu’au cours de la synthèse, l’interaction de NH3 avec le titane amorphe promeut la formation de la structure rutile de TiO2 et défavorise par conséquent la cristallisation sous forme anatase. Par conséquent lorsque le traitement sous ammoniac de la mésophase hybride est prolongé ou lorsqu’ il est réalisé à pression élevée, l’activité photocatalytique des oxydes de titane, obtenus après cristallisation du TiO2 amorphe sous air synthétique, diminue. L’introduction d’un second niveau de mésoporisité permet d’accroitre l’efficacité des photocatalyseurs, car la diffusion et l’accès aux sites actifs des molécules de colorant sont améliorés. Les matériaux à double mésoporisité présentent une activité photocatalytique deux fois et demie supérieure à celle des oxydes de titane mésoporeux monomodaux. Des catalyseurs pour l’hydrodésulfuration des gazoles ont également étés conçus en dispersant la phase active MoS2 à la surface des oxydes de titane mésoporeux mono- et bimodaux. Le dibenzothiophène (DBT) et le 4,6-diméthylbenzodiophène (46DMDBT) ont été utilisées comme molécules modèles. Contrairement au catalyseur conventionnel MoS2/Al2O3, pour lequel l’hydrodésulfuration se produite selon la voie hydrogénante, grâce à la présence de sites acides de Brönsted, les catalyseurs supportés sur TiO2 mésoporeux favorisent la désulfurisation directe du 46DMDBT. Pour terminer, la méthode de synthèse mise au point pour TiO2 a été transposée à l’oxyde de zirconium. Toutefois, dans ce cas seul un arrangement vermiforme des canaux est obtenu. Ce phénomène est probablement lié à la présence du propanol contenu dans la source du précurseur inorganique. L’incorporation d’étain au sein des zircones mésoporeuses a également été réalisée et nous avons mis en évidence que cet élément est favorable à la cristallisation de ZrO2 / In this work, we have first investigated the effect of both the crystallization conditions and of the hybrid mesophase treatment under ammonia atmosphere on the properties of mesoporous TiO2, for which the preparation was developed previously via a method combining Liquid Crystal Templating (LCT) and EISA mechanisms, using P123 as template. The photocatalysis efficiency of the materials crystallized under oxidizing conditions increases with the calcination temperature thanks to the enhancement of crystallinity and the growth of anatase particles. By contrast, when the crystallization is performed under pure nitrogen the anatase is not favored and the photocatalytic activity is governed by the materials’ specific surface area. We have also shown that during the mesoporous TiO2 synthesis, interactions between ammonia and amorphous titania promote the formation of rutile, which is a drawback for the transformation of amorphous titania into anatase. Consequently, when the treatment under ammonia is prolonged or when it is performed at high NH3 pressure, the activity of the photocatalysts recovered after crystallization under synthetic air decreases. The introduction of a second mesoporosity level enhances the degradation rate. In that case the diffusion and the accessibility of the dye molecules to the active sites are favored. Catalysts for gazole hydrodesulfurization have also been designed by dispersing the active MoS2 phase onto the surface of the mono and dual mesoporous titania. The obtained catalysts have been tested for the hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene (DBT) and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (46DMDBT), used as model molecules. We highlight that thanks to the intrinsic Brönsted acidity, the CoMoS/mesoporous TiO2 catalysts favor the direct desulfurization route of 46DMDBT, in contrary to the conventional CoMoS/alumina catalyst. The synthesis procedure developed for mesoporous TiO2 has also been adapted for the preparation of mesoporous ZrO2. However, only mesoporous materials with a wormhole-like structure have been obtained. This phenomenon is likely due to the presence of propanol contained in the source of the inorganic precursor. We have also incorporated tin into the zirconia framework. The presence of thin favors the crystallization of ZrO2

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-04T13:40:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 webertonreisdocarmo.pdf: 10785206 bytes, checksum: 2f8475c0ec8915c5f59c44191ffae7a0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-17T13:31:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 webertonreisdocarmo.pdf: 10785206 bytes, checksum: 2f8475c0ec8915c5f59c44191ffae7a0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T13:31:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 webertonreisdocarmo.pdf: 10785206 bytes, checksum: 2f8475c0ec8915c5f59c44191ffae7a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A catálise heterogênea desempenha um importante papel no desenvolvimento de tecnologias ambientais sustentáveis, abrangendo vários setores industriais. Normas cada vez mais rigorosas em relação às emissões de gases poluentes impõem melhorias nos processos empregados pela indústria. Baseado neste fato, a melhoria na preparação de catalisadores de hidrotratamento tem ganhado atenção de vários grupos de pesquisa devido à necessidade de produzir combustíveis mais limpos contendo menos impurezas, como os compostos de enxofre. Dependendo da finalidade, o processo de desenvolvimento de um catalisador pode consistir na produção de um novo catalisador sem nenhum dado disponível a seu respeito, ou o processo pode ter como objetivo melhorar um catalisador já conhecido. Nesse trabalho, tentamos contribuir com a melhora na atividade de um catalisador já conhecido alterando os suportes no qual esse catalisador é disperso. Para isso foram sintetizados compostos de hidrotalcitas do tipo MgZnAl-carbonato que foram usados como precursores dos suportes. Após a calcinação a 500 °C os suportes foram obtidos, e impregnados com sais de cobalto e molibdênio. Esses materiais foram calcinados com o objetivo de se obter os óxidos de cobalto e molibdênio dispersos sobre a superfície dos suportes para posterior sulfetação e ativação. Essa etapa final aconteceu in situ, onde logo após procedeu-se à avaliação catalítica para HDS de tiofeno e HID de cicloexeno. Os precursores foram preparados a partir de diferentes rotas sintéticas tais como: coprecipitação, hidrólise de uréia e coprecipitação assistida por ultrassom. Para todas as sínteses a variação da razão molar de Mg2+ /Zn2+, y, ocorreu nas quantidades de 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75 e 100 mol%. Esses materiais foram caracterizados a partir de diferentes técnicas analíticas, onde foi possível constatar a formação da fase cristalina característica de compostos do tipo hidrotalcita com carbonato na região interlamelar. As análises de ICP-AES e CHN sugeriram um maior controle estequiométrico para as amostras obtidas por ultrassom e coprecipitação. A decomposição térmica das amostras de hidrotalcitas das diferentes séries, Znys, foi avaliada por difração de raios X in situ variando-se a temperatura no intervalo de 100 a 1000 °C, onde observou-se um comportamento térmico muito parecido para as amostras obtidas por diferentes rotas sintéticas contendo a mesma quantidade de zinco. Adicionalmente, o estudo da termodecomposição mostrou que as amostras formam uma fase amorfa próximo de 400 °C e que essa fase associada ao tamanho do cristalito é responsável pelo alargamento dos picos na região de médio ângulo no difratograma. A influencia da substituição dos cátions de Mg2+ por Zn2+ e da metodologia de síntese nas propriedades texturais dos óxidos mistos derivados da termodecomposição das hidrotalcitas foi estudada pela adsorção e dessorção de N2, bem como por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, onde constatou-se que a forma de obtenção dos precursores influência nas propriedades físico-químicas dos suportes. A avaliação catalítica dos materiais mostrou que todos aqueles testados são ativos para a hidrodessulfurização de tiofeno e hidrogenação de cicloexeno e ainda, quando comparado com o catalisador convencional suportado em alumina as amostras Zn5uCoMoS, Zn15cCoMoS se mostraram mais seletivas nas reações de hidrogenação e hidrodessulfurização. Em relação ao catalisador comercial todos os catalisadores da série ZnysCoMoS obtidos neste trabalho se mostraram mais seletivos, com destaque para o catalisador Zn5cCoMoS que além de mais seletivo, apresentou-se mais eficiente para a hidrodessulfurização de tiofeno quando comparado ao catalisador comercial. Ainda, a partir dos resultados, o que se observa é que a atividade catalítica e a seletividade dos catalisadores são muito sensíveis a pequenas mudanças no procedimento de preparação empregado para a obtenção dos suportes, uma vez que catalisadores com composições químicas muito próximas apresentaram diferentes propriedades catalíticas. / The heterogeneous catalysis plays an important role in the development of environmentally sustainable technologies, including multiple industries sectors. An increasingly stringent standard for pollutant emissions imposes an enhancement in these processes. Based on this fact, improvement in the preparation of hydrotreating catalysts is gaining attention from several research groups because of the need to produce cleaner fuels, as lower amounts of impurities such as sulfur compounds. Depending on the purpose, the development process of a catalyst may consist in an extreme situation, as the development of a new catalyst where no data is available about it, or the process may consist in improving a catalyst already known. In this work, we try to contribute to the improvement of a known catalyst already, altering the support in which it is dispersed. To these purposes hydrotalcites like MgZnAl-CO32- compounds were synthesized. After calcination at 500 °C supports were obtained and impregnated as salts of cobalt and molybdenum. These materials were calcined to obtain oxides of cobalt and molybdenum dispersed on the surface of the supports for subsequent sulfidation and activation. This final stage was made in situ, where soon after occurred the catalytic evaluation for HDS of thiophene and HID of cyclohexene. The precursors were prepared from different synthetic routes such as coprecipitation, urea hydrolysis, and coprecipitation assisted by ultrasound. For all synthesis, the ratio between divalent metallic cations (Zn2+ and Mg2+), y, was tested at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mol%. These materials were studied with different analytical techniques, where the formation of the typical compounds of the phase hydrotalcite with carbonate in the interlayer region can be seen. The analysis of ICP-AES and CNH suggested greater control of stoichiometry in samples obtained by ultrasound and co-precipitation. Thermal decomposition of hydrotalcites samples from different series, Znys were investigated by X-ray diffraction in situ, where varying the temperature range of 100 to 1000 °C, we observed a very similar thermal response to the samples obtained by different synthetic routes but with the same zinc content. Furthermore, the study showed that thermodecomposition of the samples formed an amorphous phase around 400 °C and that the phase associated with the crystallite size is responsible by peak broadening in the region of the middle angle diffraction. The influence of the zinc content and synthesis methodology on the physicochemical properties of mixed oxide derivatives from the hydrotalcite precursor MgZnAl-HT was evaluated through the adsorption/desorption of N2 and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), where it was observed that precursors synthesis variables influence on the physicochemical properties of the supports. The catalytic evaluation of the materials showed that all of them were active for hydrodesulfurization of thiophene and hydrogenation of cyclohexene. Samples Zn5uCoMoS and Zn15cCoMoS were selectivity in the hydrogenation and hydrodesulfurization reactions than the conventional catalyst supported in alumina. Regarding the commercial catalyst, all catalysts of the ZnysCoMoS series obtained in this study were more selective, highlighting the Zn5cCoMoS catalyst which in addition to more selective presented itself more efficient for hydrodesulfurization of thiophene as compared to the commercial catalyst. Thus, from the results it was observed that the catalytic activity and selectivity of the catalysts are sensitive to small changes in preparation procedures used to obtain the supports, since catalysts with very similar chemical compositions showed different catalytic properties.

Catalytic hydrotreating (HDT) is a mature process technology practiced in the petroleum refining industries to treat oil fractions for the removal of impurities (such as sulfur, nitrogen, metals, asphaltene). Hydrotreating of whole crude oil is a new technology and is regarded as one of the more difficult tasks that have not been reported widely in the literature. In order to obtain useful models for the HDT process that can be confidently applied to reactor design, operation and control, the accurate estimation of kinetic parameters of the relevant reaction scheme are required. This thesis aims to develop a crude oil hydrotreating process (based on hydrotreating of whole crude oil followed by distillation) with high efficiency, selectivity and minimum energy consumption via pilot plant experiments, mathematical modelling and optimization. To estimate the kinetic parameters and to validate the kinetic models under different operating conditions, a set of experiments were carried out in a continuous flow isothermal trickle bed reactor using crude oil as a feedstock and commercial cobaltmolybdenum on alumina (Co-Mo/γ-Al2O3) as a catalyst. The reactor temperature was varied from 335°C to 400°C, the hydrogen pressure from 4 to10 MPa and the liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) from 0.5 to 1.5 hr-1, keeping constant hydrogen to oil ratio (H2/Oil) at 250 L/L. The main hydrotreating reactions were hydrodesulfurization (HDS), hydrodenitrogenation (HDN), hydrodeasphaltenization (HDAs) and hydrodemetallization (HDM) that includes hydrodevanadization (HDV) and hydrodenickelation (HDNi). An optimization technique is used to evaluate the best kinetic models of a trickle-bed reactor (TBR) process utilized for HDS, HDAs, HDN, HDV and HDNi of crude oil based on pilot plant experiments. The minimization of the sum of the squared errors (SSE) between the experimental and estimated concentrations of sulfur (S), nitrogen (N), asphaltene (Asph), vanadium (V) and nickel (Ni) compounds in the products, is used as an objective function in the optimization problem using two approaches (linear (LN) and non-linear (NLN) regression). The growing demand for high-quality middle distillates is increasing worldwide whereas the demand for low-value oil products, such as heavy oils and residues, is decreasing. Thus, maximizing the production of more liquid distillates of very high quality is of immediate interest to refiners. At the same time, environmental legislation has led to more strict specifications of petroleum derivatives. Crude oil hydrotreatment enhances the productivity of distillate fractions due to chemical reactions. The hydrotreated crude oil was distilled into the following fractions (using distillation pilot plant unit): light naphtha (L.N), heavy naphtha (H.N), heavy kerosene (H.K), light gas oil (L.G.O) and reduced crude residue (R.C.R) in order to compare the yield of these fractions produced by distillation after the HDT process with those produced by conventional methods (i.e. HDT of each fraction separately after the distillation). The yield of middle distillate showed greater yield compared to the middle distillate produced by conventional methods in addition to improve the properties of R.C.R. Kinetic models that enhance oil distillates productivity are also proposed based on the experimental data obtained in a pilot plant at different operation conditions using the discrete kinetic lumping approach. The kinetic models of crude oil hydrotreating are assumed to include five lumps: gases (G), naphtha (N), heavy kerosene (H.K), light gas oil (L.G.O) and reduced crude residue (R.C.R). For all experiments, the sum of the squared errors (SSE) between the experimental product compositions and predicted values of compositions is minimized using optimization technique. The kinetic models developed are then used to describe and analyse the behaviour of an industrial trickle bed reactor (TBR) used for crude oil hydrotreating with the optimal quench system based on experiments in order to evaluate the viability of large-scale processing of crude oil hydrotreating. The optimal distribution of the catalyst bed (in terms of optimal reactor length to diameter) with the best quench position and quench rate are investigated, based upon the total annual cost. The energy consumption is very important for reducing environmental impact and maximizing the profitability of operation. Since high temperatures are employed in hydrotreating (HDT) processes, hot effluents can be used to heat other cold process streams. It is noticed that the energy consumption and recovery issues may be ignored for pilot plant experiments while these energies could not be ignored for large scale operations. Here, the heat integration of the HDT process during hydrotreating of crude oil in trickle bed reactor is addressed in order to recover most of the external energy. Experimental information obtained from a pilot scale, kinetics and reactor modelling tools, and commercial process data, are employed for the heat integration process model. The optimization problem is formulated to optimize some of the design and operating parameters of integrated process, and minimizing the overall annual cost is used as an objective function. The economic analysis of the continuous whole industrial refining process that involves the developed hydrotreating (integrated hydrotreating process) unit with the other complementary units (until the units that used to produce middle distillate fractions) is also presented. In all cases considered in this study, the gPROMS (general PROcess Modelling System) package has been used for modelling, simulation and parameter estimation via optimization process.

Les structures organométalliques poreuses (Metal Organic Framework, MOF) sont une nouvelle classe de matériaux, composées d'ions métalliques ou de clusters liés à des ligands organiques ou des complexes organométalliques dans des réseaux cristallins 1D, 2D ou 3D. Au cours de cette thèse la possibilité de construire de nouveaux MOF a été illustrée par le développement de matériaux MOF à base d’imidazolium, précurseur important pour la synthèse de catalyseurs. En outre, ce travail démontre l’utilité de la modification post-synthèse des MOFs par chimie organométallique de surface à visée catalytique : i) un MOF connu, UiO-66, avec des pores relativement petits a été fonctionnalisé avec un groupement amino et ses capacités d'adsorption de gaz ont été étudiées. ii) la synthèse de MOF a structure poreuse, CPO-27, MOF a été optimisée et utilisée comme précurseur pour produire un catalyseur d'hydrodésulfuration après l'introduction d'espèces actives, via la chimie organométallique de surface, dont les performances catalytiques ont été évaluées / Metal organic frameworks (MOF) are a new class of material, which consist of metal ions or clusters coordinated to organic ligands or metal-organic complexes and result in 1D, 2D or 3D crystalline networks. The possibility of constructing new MOF has been exemplified in this thesis by development of imidazolium based MOF, a highly important ligand system in catalysis. Moreover, this work has performed post synthesis modification via surface organometallic chemistry on existing MOF: i) a known MOF, UiO-66, with relatively small pores has been functionalized with amino group and its gas adsorption capacity has been investigated, ii) the syntheses of a 3D open structure MOF, CPO-27, MOFs have been optimized and used as a precursor to produce a hydrodesulfurization catalyst after introducing active species via surface organometallic chemistry approach, whose catalytic performances have been measured

Afin de réduire la teneur en soufre des essences, l’hydrodésulfuration transforme les molécules soufrées en hydrocarbures en présence d’un catalyseur supporté (métaux de transition sulfurés : MoS2) et dopé (Co, Ni). Cette phase active, déposée sur des nanoparticules, présente un nombre plus important de défauts, sites actifs essentiels à la catalyse. Les nanoparticules ont un ratio S/V élevé, une grande réactivité de surface avec une juste utilisation des quantités de métaux. L’objectif de ce projet de thèse est de synthétiser des catalyseurs nanométriques de type coeur@coquille possédant une meilleure activité catalytique qu’un simple mélange mécanique de deux métaux sulfurés. Le coeur est composé de Fe3O4 ou de nanodiamants et la coquille de MoS2, NiMoS, CoMoS ou NiCoMoS, supporté sur du TiO2 ou de la γ-Al2O3. Une réaction modèle (HDS du thiophène) a été utilisée afin d’évaluer l’activité catalytique et d’optimiser la structure du catalyseur. L’étude portera sur les paramètres de synthèse et l’effet de la taille du coeur, la synthèse utilisée, les interactions entre le coeur et la coquille, le support, la (co)– promotion (Ni/Co) et l’activation par la température. / In hydrodesulfurization of fossil fuels, the sulfur levels are reduced by sulfur extraction from hydrocarbons by using supported catalysts (MoS2), doped (Co, Ni). Ultra-deep hydrodesulfurization will be achieved by improving new catalysts. Nanoparticles are a promising candidate with their high S/V ratio and permit to use the precise amount of metallic sulphide. The aim of this thesis is the synthesis of core@shell nanometric catalyst with improved activities. Core composed of Fe3O4 or nanodiamonds will be surrounded by a shell formed of MoS2, NiMoS, CoMoS or NiCoMoS, supported on TiO2, γ-Al2O3. Model reaction (thiophene) has allowed to compare conversion rates between each catalyst. Additionally, characterizations have provided a better understanding of the HDS catalyst structure and performances. Some factors have been investigated such as the size of the core, theinteractions between the core and the shell, the type of synthesis, the support chosen, the synergetic effect with doping ions and also the activation of the catalyst at low temperature.

A demanda por combustíveis cada vez menos prejudiciais ao meio ambiente, leva à necessidade de desenvolvimento de processos industriais cada vez mais eficientes. No caso da produção de diesel, há uma crescente preocupação com a emissão de derivados do enxofre após a queima do combustível. Tais derivados são responsáveis, principalmente, pelo surgimento de chuvas ácidas. A tecnologia de retirada de enxofre dos combustíveis fósseis já está bem estabelecida na indústria, através de processos catalíticos conhecidos como hidrotratamento. O aprimoramento destes processos está intimamente ligado ao desenvolvimento de catalisadores cada vez mais eficientes. Visando o desenvolvimento de tais materiais, este trabalho apresenta a síntese de catalisadores Ni-Mo/Al2O3 para hidrodessulfurização no refino de petróleo, preparados a partir do método de síntese conhecido como processo poliol e posteriormente sulfetados in situ. A preparação destes catalisadores demonstrou que tal método de síntese favorece a formação do óxido misto de níquel e molibdênio em duas estruturas cristalinas distintas, ?-NiMoO4 e ?-NiMoO4. Normalmente, a formação destas fases não é muito explorada na literatura de catalisadores para hidrodessulfurização. Outro resultado muito interessante obtido a partir deste trabalho é em relação às propriedades texturais de tais catalisadores. Observa-se que, a partir do processo poliol, poucas alterações em termos de área específica e volume de poros dos catalisadores em relação à alumina adotada como suporte são esperadas. No entanto, testes catalíticos demonstraram que os resultados de conversão em termos de hidrodessulfurização da molécula modelo dibenzotiofeno foram insatisfatórios em comparação a um catalisador comercial. Acredita-se que este comportamento seja proveniente da formação do NiMoO4, que mitiga a ação promotora do níquel na estrutura do óxido de molibdênio. O presente trabalho demonstra a necessidade de maiores estudos em relação à aplicação das duas estruturas de molibdato de níquel frente às reações de hidrodessulfurização. / The demand for less harmful fuels to the environment leads to the necessity of developing more and more efficient industrial processes. In the case of diesel production, there is a growing concern about the emission of sulfur compounds after the fuel has been burned. Such compounds are mainly responsible for the emerging of acid rain. Sulfur removing technology for fossil fuels is already well established in the industry through catalytic processes known as hydrotreatment. The improvement of these processes is closely connected to the development of increasingly efficient catalysts. Aiming for the development of such materials, this study presents the synthesis of Ni-Mo/Al2O3 catalysts for hydrodesulfurization in petroleum refining, prepared from the synthesis method known as the polyol-mediated synthesis and after in situ sulfidation. The preparation of these catalysts has shown that such a synthesis method favors the formation of the mixed oxide of nickel and molybdenum in two distinct crystalline structures, ?-NiMoO4 and ?-NiMoO4. Normally, the formation of these structures is not much explored in the literature of hydrodesulfurization catalysts. Another really interesting result obtained from this work is in relation to the textural properties of such catalysts. It is observed that, from the polyolmediated synthesis, few changes in terms of specific surface area and pore volume of the catalysts in comparison with the alumina adopted as a support are expected. However, catalytic tests have shown that the conversion results in terms of hydrodesulfurization of the dibenzothiophene molecule model were unsatisfactory compared to a commercial catalyst. It is believed that this behavior comes from the formation of NiMoO4, which mitigates the promoting action of nickel in the structure of molybdenum oxide. The present work demonstrates the necessity for further studies regarding the application of the two nickel molybdate structures to the hydrodesulfurization reactions.

L’objet de ce travail de thèse porte sur la synthèse originale en milieu fluide supercritique (FSC) de précurseurs « bulk » de catalyseurs d’hydrodésulfuration (HDS) à haute surface spécifique (SBET), destinés à l’HDS de composés soufrés réfractaires tels que le 4,6 diméthyldibenzothiophène (4,6¬ DMDBT). Ce projet a été réalisé en collaboration entre l'Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux (ICMCB-CNRS) et l'Instituto de Tecnología Química de Valencia (ITQ-CSIC) dans le cadre du réseau européen d’excellence Functional Advanced Materials and Engineering of Hybrids and Ceramics (FAMEnoe). Les études à l’ICMCB se sont portées sur l’optimisation des paramètres de synthèse en milieu FSC de NixCo1-xMoO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) (précurseurs métalliques, solvant, température, pression). Des poudres de précurseurs « bulk » majoritairement composées de la phase hydratée (NiMoO4.0,75H2O) - phase la plus active en HDS - de composition contrôlée et pouvant atteindre près de 200 m2.g-1 ont été obtenues et caractérisées.Les propriétés catalytiques de ces précurseurs « bulk » après sulfuration ont ensuite été testées à l’ITQ sur la réaction de Deep-HDS d’un mélange modèle et d’une fraction pétrolière réelle. L’étude souligne plus particulièrement leurs meilleures capacités d’hydrogénation et de catalyse de l’HDS du 4,6 DMDBT que le catalyseur commercial utilisé comme référence dans ces travaux. / This work deals with an original synthesis using supercritical fluids (SCF) of “bulk” catalyst precursors of hydrodesulfurization (HDS) with high specific surface area (SBET) and dedicated to the HDS of refractive sulfur compounds such as 4,6 dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT). This work was performed in collaboration between the Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux (ICMCB-CNRS) and the Instituto de Tecnología Química de Valencia (ITQ-CSIC) within the Functional Advanced Materials and Engineering of Hybrids and Ceramics network of excellence (FAMEnoe).Studies performed at the ICMCB consisted in optimizing the parameters of the synthesis in SCF of NixCo1-xMoO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) (metallic precursors, solvent, temperature, pressure). Powders of “bulk” precursors mainly consisting of the hydrated phase (NiMoO4.0,75H2O) - the most active phase in HDS - with controlled composition and SBET up to 200 m2.g-1 were obtained and characterized.The catalytic properties of those “bulk” precursors after sulfidation were then tested at the ITQ for the reaction of Deep-HDS of a model feedstock and a real feedstock. The experiments highlighted their better hydrogenation capacity and efficiency in catalyzing the HDS of 4,6 DMDBT than the commercial catalyst used as a reference in this work.

Les  catalyseurs impliqués dans le procédé d’hydrodésulfurisation des essences (HDS) reposent sur l’utilisation principale d’une phase active MoS2 promue par du cobalt et supportée sur alumine. L’enjeu de cette thèse est de faire le lien entre les propriétés spécifiques propres du catalyseur et ses performances catalytiques. Trois paramètres ont été étudiés afin de tenter de comprendre l’origine de leurs propriétés catalytiques : la nature du support (γ-Al2O3, δθ-Al2O3, SiO2), la densité surfacique en molybdène et le ratio cobalt/molybdène. L’activité HDS et la sélectivité ont été mesurées en réalisant des tests catalytiques sous haute pression en présence de molécules modèles. En parallèle, la phase CoMoS a été caractérisée  par XPS et HRTEM pour déterminer sa spéciation et sa structure (taille de feuillet et empilement). De plus, ces deux techniques combinées aux calculs quantiques ab initio ont permis de développer un modèle morphologique 2D d’un feuillet de phase CoMoS en dénombrant la nature (Co ou Mo) des atomes localisés aux bords du feuillet. Pour les supports étudiés, une corrélation entre l’activité HDS et le nombre d’atomes de cobalt aux bords du feuillet CoMoS a été établie. Ceci a été possible en considérant aussi l’empilement, paramètre pertinent. Ensuite, les analyses en HRSTEM réalisées sur les catalyseurs CoMoS sur γ et δ-Al2O3 ont révélé l’effet des facettes de l’alumine d d’une part, et le possible effet des arrêtes et coins de γ-Al2O3 d’autre part, sur la taille des feuillets CoMoS.Une étude spectroscopique FTIR de l’adsorption de la molécule sonde NO combinée à des calculs ab initio, a permis de mettre en évidence la nature des sites actifs de la phase CoMoS en fonction du support étudié. Les résultats spectroscopiques obtenus en présence du catalyseur supporté sur silice se sont révélées en adéquation avec la faible activité HDS observée.Une unité a également été conçue dans le but d’étudier ces catalyseurs par GC-DRIFT and GC-ATR in situ. La mise en contact de réactifs modèles en présence de la phase CoMoS et de son support dans des conditions de réaction d’HDS a alors pu être réalisée pour la première fois. Lors de l’adsorption et désorption du 3-methylthiophene (non réversible et réversible) sur les catalyseurs supportés sur γ-Al2O3 et SiO2, une réactivité particulière en présence de 3MT a été observée selon le support et la présence de la phase CoMoS. En présence d’H2, de nouveaux modes  vibrationnels liés à l’adsorption et/ou à la réactivité du 3MT ont été mis en évidence. / Catalysts used in the selective gasoline hydrodesulphurization (HDS) process are mainly cobalt promoted MoS2 active phase (CoMoS) supported on alumina. The aim of this work is to explore correlation between specific features of those HDS catalysts and their catalytic performances. Three parameters are studied to understand the catalytic performances of HDS catalysts: the nature of the support (γ-Al2O3, δθ-Al2O3, SiO2), the molybdenum surface density and the cobalt/molybdenum ratio. HDS activity and selectivity are measured by performing high pressure catalytic tests on model molecules. In parallel, characterizations of the CoMoS phase were performed by XPS and HRTEM analysis to determine the chemical speciation and structure (size and stacking) of the active phase. Additionally, these techniques are combined with previous ab initio quantum calculations to develop a 2D morphology model of the CoMoS slab by considering the location of cobalt atoms at the edges of the slab. For the three supports, a correlation is found between the HDS activity and the number of Co atoms at the slab edges. The normalization by stacking appears to be necessary to obtain this correlation. Moreover, HRSTEM analysis on CoMoS on δθ-Al2O3 and γ-Al2O3 reveals the impact of the facets of dq-alumina crystallites and the possible role of corner and edges of g-Al2O3 crystallites on the size of the CoMoS slabs. The FTIR spectroscopic study of the adsorption of the NO probe molecule combined with ab initio calculations enables the identification of the nature of the active sites of the CoMoS phase as a function of the support. The spectroscopic features revealed for the silica supported catalyst are in line with its lower HDS activity. Simultaneously, an innovative experimental set up for in situ GC-DRIFT and GC-ATR analysis has been built on-purpose for studying the catalysts. It allows the investigation of the interactions of model reactants contacting the CoMoS phase and its supports close to HDS reaction conditions. This technique shows distinct behaviors of the adsorption and desorption process (non-reversible and reversible) of 3-methylthiophene (3MT) on γ-Al2O3 and SiO2 supported catalysts due to specific surface reactivity towards 3MT depending on the support and the presence of the CoMoS phase. Moreover, the presence of H2 modified the vibrational adsorption modes of 3MT linked to its adsorption and/or reactivity.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le domaine de la catalyse hétérogène pour des applications en raffinage et enpétrochimie. Comme objet d'étude, nous avons ciblé les catalyseurs d'hydrotraitement qui permettentd'éliminer les impuretés contenues dans le pétrole comme le soufre. Ces catalyseurs d'hydrotraitementsont constitués de sulfures de molybdène supportés sur alumine et généralement promus par du nickelou du cobalt.L'enjeu de la thèse porte sur la compréhension des phénomènes mis en jeu au cours de la sulfuration etde la stabilisation (cokage, passivation, évolution de la phase sulfure) des catalyseurs pour la réactiond'hydrodésulfuration des gazoles visant à réduire sa teneur en soufre. Néanmoins, à l'heure actuelleaucune technique ne permet de caractériser le catalyseur lors de la sulfuration en phase liquide (avecou sans DMDS) et du test dans les conditions de température et de pression industrielles.La présente thèse vise le développement d'une « caractérisation operando » de ce type de réaction ens'appuyant sur la spectroscopie Raman, une des seules technique de laboratoire permettant d'effectuerdes analyses avec les contraintes précédemment citées. Une unité, composée d'un réacteur cylindriquetransparent, a donc été conçue et mise au point pour suivre par spectroscopie Raman les phases solideet liquide au cours de la sulfuration et de la réaction d'HDS. Parallèlement, une méthodologie decaractérisation et de focalisation a été développée. Ce montage et cette méthodologie ont permisd'accéder pour la première fois à des profils spatiaux et temporels sur la phase solide dans lesconditions d'activation et de réaction d'hydrotraitement des gazoles en condition d'hydrodésulfuration(30 bar, 350 °C).Malgré un signal de fluorescence probablement liée à la décomposition radicalaire du précurseur desoufre (DMDS) entre 200 et 260°C, il a été possible de suivre au cours du temps à des positions fixesla disparition de la phase oxyde, l'évolution de la phase sulfure et du coke . Ces résultats ontnotamment permis d'étudier l'impact de la charge sur la cinétique de sulfuration .Le suivi spatial, lelong du réacteur par exemple, s'avère plus délicat et nécessitera de développer des méthodes pourcompenser les variations d'intensité du signal Raman induites par le positionnement aléatoire desgrains ainsi que l'écoulement. Concernant la phase liquide, une approche multivariée utilisant desoutils chimiométriques a été appliquée afin de relier l'émission de fluorescence intrinsèque à denombreux diesels à certaines de leurs propriétés (teneur en soufre et en aromatiques, densité…). Lesmodèles ont été développés à partir de spectres acquis à température ambiante et à pressionatmosphérique, mais leurs performances satisfaisantes encouragent à étendre l'approche auxconditions réactionnelles d'HDS qui reste une perspective de ce travail / This thesis is in the field of heterogeneous catalysis for the applications in refining and petrochemistry. As an aim of this study, we have focused on the hydrotreatment catalysts that are applied to remove some of the impurities from crude oils, like sulfur. Such hydrotreatment catalysts consist of alumina supported molybdenum sulfides, being generally promoted by nickel or cobalt.The aim of this work have consisted on the understanding of the phenomena occurring during the stabilization phase (coking, passivation, evolution of the sulfide phase) during the catalysts sulfidation and under the reaction of hydrodesulfurization, HDS, aiming to reduce the diesels sulfur content. A better understanding of these phenomena would ease the development of new generations of more efficient catalysts. This thesis aims at extending the operando characterization methods to allow a spatial and temporal follow-up of liquid and catalyst during this type of reactions. A unit was designed and built to follow the solid and liquid phases during the catalysts sulfidation and under HDS reaction. The operando follow-up was done using Raman spectroscopy through a cylindrical transparent reactor. In parallel, a methodology has been developed to focus and acquire good quality spectra through the reactor..With these reactor and methodology , we were able to access for the first time to time-space resolved profiles of the solid phase during the sulfidation and the diesel hydrodesulfurization (under 350 °C and 30 bar). Temporal profiles concerns the oxide phase disappearance, sulfide phase growth and coke formation. Spatial profiles are more challenging and will require a methodology more robust to signal changes induced by the random position of pellets and flow pattern. With respect to the liquid phase, a multivariate approach based on chemometrics has gave properties of diesels at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The good results are encouraging enough to propose to extend the approach to HDS conditions that constitutes one of the perspectives of the work