Theodor W. Adorno is both known and criticized for his philosophy of the subject. While his focus on subjectivity by many is deemed an outdated approach, Adorno himself claims that subjectivity must be challenged through the subject itself. What this implies, and how the role of the subject in its transformation can be envisioned, is what I aim to discuss in this paper. My study adresses the subject’s challenge from different angles. The first is an analysis of the subject in relation to its object-part, where I show how the subject can come close to its object, not only through bodily impulses but also, and importantly, through subjectivity itself by self-reflection on its mediation. The second is an investigation of how Adorno uses Freud’s drive theory, and how the drive for self-preservation can be dangerous or utopian depending on the subject’s interaction with it. The third is a comparison of the position of Adorno to those of Jürgen Habermas and Giorgio Agamben, each in their own way sharing Adorno’s diagnosis of subjectivities challenge, but choosing entirely different paths to address it. This comparison shows how Adorno, by insisting on the subject’s role in its own challenge, makes the subject aware of its actual location in the false world, without giving up the idea of its redemption. Habermas and Agamben each try to leave subjectivity behind in ways that for Adorno would not only be false but also dangerous. In doing so, they miss the point that we cannot be anything but subjects, and that the challenge therefore must be addressed from within. My aim with this paper is to show how Adorno’s philosophy of the subject can open critical theory for a bolder utopian thinking than what Habermas’ heritage has accomplished, while at the same time preserving the subject’s power to accomplish change which postmodernists like Agamben seem to have given up upon.

Bakgrund: Samverkan i team är en av sjuksköterskans kärnkompetenser. Samverkan sker mellan olika professioner som tillsammans arbetar för att ge en god och patientsäker vård. Teamet ska inkludera patient och närstående för en individanpassad vård. Sjuksköterskor är en sammankopplad länk i teamet och bär på huvudansvaret i omvårdnaden. Teamarbetet brister ofta i vården vilket kan resultera i vårdskador. Syfte: Syftet var att utifrån sjuksköterskans perspektiv beskriva samverkan i team i akut- och primärvård. Metod: Litteraturöversikt med kvalitativ design och induktiv ansats. Artikelsökning gjordes i databaserna Cinahl och PsycInfo. Till resultatet inkluderades 12 artiklar som var publicerade mellan åren 2012-2022. Artiklarna analyserades med Fribergs modell i fem steg. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i två huvudkategorier och sex subkategorier. Huvudkategorierna var Tillhörighet i teamet och Professionens betydelse för samverkan i team. Resultatet speglar hur sjuksköterskor upplever samverkan i team och vilka verktyg som behövs för ett lyckat teamarbete. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskor upplever att teamsamverkan har en stor betydelse för en fungerande vård. Alla professioner är viktiga och behöver bli inkluderade för att ge patienter en fullständig, god och säker vård. En kontinuerlig och fungerande kommunikation med varandra var nyckeln för teamsammanhållning. / Background: Collaboration between teams is one of the nurse's core competencies. Cooperation takes place between different professions who work together to provide good and patient-safe care. The team must include the patient and relatives for individualized care. Nurses are a connected link in the team and bear the main responsibility in nursing. Teamwork is often lacking in healthcare, which can result in healthcare injuries. Aim: The aim was to describe collaboration in teams in emergency- and primary care from the nurse's perspective. Method: Literature review with qualitative design and inductive approach. Article searches were made in the databases Cinahl and PsycINFO. The results included 12 articles published between the years 2012-2022. The articles were analyzed using Friberg's model in five steps. Result: The analysis resulted in two main categories and six subcategories. The main categories were belonging to the team and The professions meaning of collaborating in teams. The result reflects how nurses experience collaboration in teams and which tools are needed for successful teamwork. Conclusion: Nurses experience that teamwork is of great importance for a functioning care. All professions are important and need to be included in order to provide patients with complete, good and safe care. Continuous and effective communication with each other was the key to team cohesion.

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Syftet med studien är att undersöka om det finns skillnader i den politisk kommunikationen på digitala plattformar beroende på vilken målgrupp kommunikationen riktar sig till samt analysera hur dessa skillnader utspelar sig. Målet är att ge en djupare förståelse för hur politisk kommunikation är anpassad till olika målgrupper och hur strategier och budskap är utformade för att nå och engagera väljare i olika åldersgrupper. Forskningsfrågan som ska besvaras är: Hur anpassar politiska partier sin kommunikation på digitala plattformar för att nå sin målgrupp? Huvudmaterialet består i första hand av primärkällor, men även sekundära källor förekommer. Till de primära källorna hör bland annat Instagraminlägg från Moderaterna (MUF) och Socialdemokraternas Ungdomsförbunds (SSU) sidor samt Facebookinlägg från Moderaterna (M) och Socialdemokraternas (S) officiella sidor. De sekundära källorna består huvudsakligen av tidigare forskning och artiklar. Studiens teoretiska ramverk bygger på Gunnar Sjöbloms teorier om de tre politiska arenorna och Jürgen Habermas teorier om det offentliga samtalet och det fria ordet, metoden som används är en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Slutsatserna visar bland annat att ungdomsförbund, som riktar sig till en yngre målgrupp, tenderar att ha en mer informell och humoristisk ton medans de officiella partierna, som riktar sig till en äldre målgrupp, tenderar att kommunicera mer objektivt och formellt. / The purpose of the study is to investigate whether there are differences in political communication on digital platforms depending on which target group the communication is aimed at and to analyze how these differences play out. The goal is to provide a deeper understanding of how political communication is adapted for different target groups and how strategies and messages are designed to reach and engage voters in different demographic groups. The research question to be answered is: How do political parties adapt their communication on digital platforms to reach their target group? The main material consists primarily of primary sources, but secondary sources also occur. The primary sources include, among other things, Instagram posts from the pages of the Moderate Youth Union (MUF) and the Social Democrats Youth Union (SSU), as well as Facebook posts from the official pages of the Moderates (M) and the Social Democrats (S). The secondary sources mainly consist of previous research and articles. The study's theoretical framework is based on Gunnar Sjöblom's theories about the three political arenas and Jürgen Habermas theories about the public sphere and free speech, the method used is a qualitative content analysis. The conclusions show, among other things, that youth associations, which are aimed at a younge target group, tend to have a more informal and humorous tone, while the official parties, which are aimed at an older target group, tend to communicate more objectively and formally.

La presente investigación tiene como finalidad reorganizar los cuestionamientos planteados a la ética discursiva de Jürgen Habermas a partir de una mirada teórica y crítica sobre las funciones del lenguaje. Esta reorganización permitirá comprender a detalle la utilidad de una perspectiva interdisciplinaria, desde la Filosofía y la Lingüística, con el fin de rescatar nuevos aportes a la misma que no solo se concentren en la caracterización específica y formal que propone Habermas de tales funciones. El primer capítulo de la tesina introducirá los tres conceptos cruciales que estarán vinculados durante toda la investigación: el paradigma del lenguaje, las funciones lingüísticas y, sobre todo, la ética discursiva junto con sus presupuestos: por un lado, se discutirá el presupuesto de simetría; y, por otro lado, se debatirá acerca del presupuesto de comunicación ideal. El segundo capítulo se detendrá a explicar cómo ambos planteamientos ofrecen soluciones a la teoría habermasiana de la ética. El primero está relacionado con el lenguaje como sostén del pensamiento. Su representante más importante es Carol Gilligan en su respuesta a Lawrence Kohlberg. El segundo se vincula con el lenguaje como herramienta de comunicación de Iris Young en su crítica directa a la obra de Habermas. Finalmente, se brindará una reflexión acerca de los alcances de estas críticas y se mencionará la relevancia de entender a la ética discursiva desde las funciones lingüísticas.

This thesis demonstrates that participants in Political Blogging Communities increase their deliberative capacity over time, potentially enabling them to participate in democratic societies. The study unifies perspectives on the meaning of blogs in American politics. It presents a unique theoretical framework that incorporates community and social learning literatures. The Internet is thought to potentially enable a revitalization of democracy because of its political and communicative properties. While studies have looked to deliberation in online forums, this study specifically targets Political Blogging Communities. Blogs have been targeted by a diverse range of scholars and methods that raise questions of their role in emphasizing the constitutional ideal of deliberation. Daily Kos and Red State are among the most popular political discussion sites, but are generally under-investigated in the literature. The theoretical framework and results presented here suggest that they are places where democratic capacity increases. A pilot study provided encouraging results. Because Political Blogging Communities talk about public issues, have several aspects of a supportive community, and feature contributions from ordinary people, they foster an adherence to deliberative norms. The sampling frame sought dedicated participants in an effort to approach the question of social learning over time. To address these questions, the deliberative content of 373 diaries from 20 authors at Daily Kos and Red State was hand coded. This Thesis makes two principal contributions: (1) it introduces a new measure that assesses deliberative quality is introduced, and (2) finds that the diversity of deliberative content in political blogs increases over time. / Master of Arts

Thèse en cotutelle : Université Laval, Québec et Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke / Le but de la thèse est de proposer un modèle de cadre délibératif à l'usage des comités d'éthique hospitaliers. Ce modèle délibératif doit tenir compte de la normativité de l'éthique médicale. La thèse a quatre chapitres. Le premier chapitre traite de l'évolution historique des comités d'éthique hospitaliers depuis leur création aux États-Unis jusqu'à leur implantation au Québec. Des études successives ont démontré le manque de cadre délibératif au sein des comités d'éthique hospitaliers du Québec. À la recherche de modèles, quelques auteurs ont souligné l'à-propos de la théorie délibérative de Jürgen Habermas. Nous avons certaines difficultés à croire que cette théorie délibérative est appropriée pour les comités d'éthique hospitaliers.

La communication, souvent considérée de nos jours comme une solution à plusieurs problèmes philosophiques, constitue pourtant elle-même un problème de taille en philosophie. Les philosophes peuvent-ils se comprendre entre eux ou sont-ils condamnés pour toujours à travailler seuls? Quand on observe de plus près les «oppositions» philosophiques, même les plus connues, on constate qu'on ne peut pas parler de rencontre avec exactitude. Ce mémoire analyse plus spécialement sous cet aspect le conflit sur le fondement de la morale qui oppose traditionnellement déontologistes et conséquentialistes, où l'on pourra apprécier l'asymétrie des deux systèmes notamment en ce qui concerne la question de l'universalité du fondement et celle de l'autonomie de la morale. Cependant, l'étude des philosophes passés et présents constituant également un dialogue entre philosophes, toute conclusion déplorant l'état du dialogue entre les philosophes ne saurait être prise totalement au sérieux.

L'étude qui fait l'objet de ce mémoire, entre philosophie et pédagogie, a pour but d'évaluer dans quelle mesure la communauté de recherche, « l'espace » méthodologique de la démarche de Philosophie pour enfants, autorise chez l'enfant l'émergence d'un comportement démocratique. Pour ce faire, la réflexion s'effectuera d'une part, à partir de la conception « communicationnelle » de la démocratie, issue des travaux de Jürgen Habermas, Karl Otto Apel et Jean-Marc Ferry. Elle explorera ensuite les dimensions démocratiques attachées à la communauté de recherche et laissera finalement la place à une comparaison entre les deux analyses. Il sera ainsi possible de comprendre jusqu'à quel point l'apprentissage effectué dans la communauté de recherche répond aux critères d'une éducation porteuse d'une attitude démocratique, telle que nous en donnons la définition.

Thesis (PhD) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Philosophy has traditionally been concerned with the question of reason and rationality, as its central focus. From the perspective of the modern metaphysical tradition, this focus has developed around the theme of subjectivity in general, and the assumption of an ahistorical transcendental subject in particular. The idea of reason was thus foundational for the articulation and validation of the notions of truth and freedom. From the perspective of modernity, reason has thus been the condition of the possibility of enlightenment, freedom and moral progress. The debate between Habermas and the representatives of postmodern thinking represents the latest chapter regarding the question of reason, its limits, and its possibilities. What makes this debate particularly challenging is that Habermas, while he defends the idea of reason against its critique by the postmodernists, is actually in agreement with them in their dismissal of the tradition of metaphysical thinking. In view of his defense of the idea of reason, however, Habermas has invariably been accused of defending an outmoded and discredited form of philosophical thinking, while his opponents have generally been hailed as progressive thinkers who have succeeded in effecting a radical break with the conceptual legacy of the metaphysical tradition. In my dissertation I argue that the exact opposite position is the case, namely, that it is Habermas, and not his postmodern opponents, who has effected a radical break with metaphysical thinking. It is his ability to transform the idea of reason, from a transcendental into a postmetaphysical concept, in terms of which the question of reason and rationality, and the related ideas of truth and knowledge, are recast in fallibilistic terms, that, in my view, represents the overcoming of metaphysics. The postmodern turn, on the other hand, in view of its reluctance to consider the question of reason from an alternative model of rationality, finds itself still trapped within a form of transcendental thinking in which it seeks to enquire into the (im)possibility of reason, in the absence of a transcendental subject. In the final analysis, I argue that it is postmetaphysical rather than postmodern thinking, that offers us a practical alternative to the problematic conception of reason, bequeathed by the tradition of metaphysical thinking. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die fenomeen van die rede en die betekenis van rasionaliteit vorm tradisioneel 'n sentrale fokus van die filosofie. Vanuit die perspektief van die moderne metafisiese tradisie het hierdie fokus ontwikkel rondom die tema van subjektiwiteit in die algemeen, en die aanname van 'n a-historiese transendentele subjek in die besonder. Die rede was dus fundamenteel vir die artikulasie en legitimering van die konsepte van waarheid en vryheid. Vanuit die perspektief van moderniteit was die rede dus die voorwaarde vir die moontlikheid van verligting, vryheid, en morele vooruitgang. Die debat tussen Habermas en die verteenwoordigers van postmoderne denke verteenwoordig die mees onlangse hoofstuk van die verhaal van die vraag na rede en rasionaliteit - die beperkings daarvan, asook die moontlikhede daarvan. Hierdie debat bied besondere uitdagings omdat Habermas, terwyl hy die idee van rede verdedig teen die kritiek van die postmoderniste, eintlik met hulle saamstem vir sover hulle die tradisie van metafisiese denke verwerp. In die lig van sy verdediging van die idee van rede, is Habermas egter voortdurend daarvan beskuldig dat hy 'n uitgediende en gediskrediteerde vorm van filosofiese denke bly voorstaan, terwyl sy opponente in die algemeen voorgehou is as progressiewe denkers wat suksesvol 'n radikale breuk gemaak het met die konseptuele erfenis van die metafisiese tradisie. In my dissertasie beweer ek dat die teenoorgestelde inderwaarheid die geval is, naamlik dat dit Habermas, en nie sy postmoderne opponente nie, is wat hierdie radikale breuk met metafisiese denke suksesvol uitgevoer het. Dit is sy verrnoe om die idee van die rede te transformeer vanaf 'n transendentale na 'n post- metafisiese konsep, in terme waarvan die vraag na rede en rasionaliteit, en die verwante idees van waarheid en kennis, omskep is in fallibilistiese beg rippe, wat, soos ek aantoon, 'n (die!) suksesvolle transendering van die metafisika bewerkstellig. Die postmoderne wending, aan die ander kant, in die lig van die traagheid daarvan om 'n alternatiewe en verruimde konsepsie van rasionaliteit te ontwikkel, bly vasgevang in 'n vorm van transendentele denke waarin dit probeer om ondersoek in te stel na die (on)moontlikheid van die rede ten aansien van die afwesigheid van 'n transendentele subjek. Uiteindelik beweer ek dat dit die post-metafisiese eerder as die postmoderne denke is wat aan ons 'n praktiese alternatief bied vir die problematiese konsep van die rede, soos ons dit qeerf het by die tradisie van metafisiese denke.