Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-04-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:45:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_jfh_dr_jabo.pdf: 490090 bytes, checksum: 16cb8217591247e91ae9d1757dc47d28 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de aditivos químicos e dos períodos de exposição ao ar sobre as características nutricionais, microbiológicas das silagens pré secadas e dos fenos, bem como as características fermentativas das silagens de Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) colhidos em diferentes épocas do ano. Confeccionaram-se três silagens pré secadas com 50 a 60 % de matéria seca: não aditivada; aditivada com ácido propiônico tamponado e aditivada com uréia. Nos fenos, avaliaram-se os seguintes tratamentos: feno de alta umidade não aditivado; feno de alta umidade aditivado com uréia; feno de alta umidade aditivado com ácido propiônico tamponado e feno controle. Após o armazenamento das silagens pré secadas e dos fenos em condições anaeróbia, foram colhidas amostras no dia da abertura (tempo zero), quinto e nono dias após exposição aeróbia. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em parcelas subdivididas no tempo, sendo tratamentos, fatores das parcelas e tempo das subparcelas. A silagem aditivada com uréia apresentou maiores teores de PB (P < 0,05) em relação às demais silagens, no momento de abertura dos silos e no quinto dia de exposição aeróbia. Estimaram-se na silagem não aditivada, maiores valores de matéria seca, fibra em detergente ácido e lignina. O uso de aditivo alterou a composição nutricional das silagens, bem como a exposição ao ar. Houve efeito dos aditivos nas características de pH e nitrogênio amoniacal/NT e de aditivos e tempo na contagem de leveduras, entretanto não se verificou interação entre os dois fatores. A silagem aditivada com uréia apresentou valor superior de pH em relação a silagem aditivada com ácido propiônico. Maiores teores de nitrogênio amoniacal/NT foram verificados na silagem aditivada com uréia em comparação as demais silagens. As silagens aditivadas... / This study aimed to evaluate the effect of chemical additives and air exposition periods on the chemical composition, microbial population, and fermentation characteristics of the haylage and hay of the Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) harvested in different seasons of the year. Three wilted silages were prepared with 50-60% dry matter (DM), the first without additive (SE), the second treated with buffered propionic acid (SEAP) and the third with urea (SEU). In the hays the following treatments were evaluated: high-moisture hay without additive; high moisture hay with urea, highmoisture hay with buffered propionic acid, and control hay. After storage of the haylage and hay in anaerobic conditions, samples were taken on opening day (time zero) and at five days and nine days of aerobic exposition. The urea and propionic acid were applied, 1.0% of wet base on the haylage and hay. Experimental design was completely randomized with four replications in split plot scheme, considering treatments the factors of the parcels, and time on sub parcels. The SEU showed higher levels of CP (P <0.05), compared to other treatments, at the time of opening of the silos, and in the fifth day of aerobic exposition. It was estimated in the SE, the highest values (P <0.05) of DM, ADF and lignin, and lowest OM after nine days of aerobic exposition. Additive utilization change (P < 0.05) haylage chemical, as well as air exposition time. Significant effects of additives in the pH and N-NH3/NT characteristics was observed, and also the additives and air exposition effect in the yeast count (P <0.05), however there was no interaction (P> 0.05) between these factors. The SEU presented higher pH value compared to SEAP. Higher amounts of N-NH3/NT (P <0.05) were observed in the SEU related to other haylages. The SEU and SEAP showed lower yeast count compared to control haylage, it was observed also higher yeast... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:48:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Samantha_Mariana_Monteiro_Sunahara.pdf: 1044680 bytes, checksum: e143425cc2686c94597b93fadabf2784 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-10 / Fundação Araucária / This study aimed to evaluate the dehydration curve, nutritional value, fractionation of carbohydrates and protein from grass hay Tifton 85 under two cutting heights in relation to ground level (4 and 8 cm) during 120 days of storage in a closed shed. The dehydration curve was determined using samples of the aerial part of plants in eight times. The experimental design was randomized blocks with time-divided sub plots with five replications, in which the main plots were two cutting heights (4 cm and 8 cm) and sub plots were time after cutting. In a second step we evaluated the nutritional value, fractionation of carbohydrates and protein Tifton 85 stored hay, and for it we adopted the randomized block design, in split plot scheme in time, with 2 treatments allocated in the plots: Cutting heiht at 4 and 8 cm from the ground five times in the subplots: baling, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days from hay storage, with five repetitions. The dehydration of Tifton 85 grass hay occurred at 48 hours for the different cutting heights and is considered a perfect time for drying hay. Upon cutting the Tifton 85 grass at 4 cm from the ground resulted in a dry matter yield of 5487 kg ha-1, and the same cut at 8 cm had the dry matter yield of 2721 kg ha-1. The dry matter content responded quadratically to hay storage time in both cutting heights studied, differing from the heights just in baling and at 120 days of storage. The mineral matter content did not differ between treatments. The levels of crude protein, ether extract and ADF presented quadratic behavior for both the cut at 4 cm, as for the cut to 8 cm from the ground. The NDF content increased linearly as a function of storage time, showing no difference between cutting heights. It was found that the IVDMD and IVDCW stored hay were lower than the values obtained at the time of cutting. The total carbohydrate content of the Tifton 85 grass hay responded linearly to the storage time, the cutting height at 4 cm from the ground and quadratic form to the storage time, the cutting height at 8 cm from the ground. There was a difference between the heights from 60 days of storage. The carbohydrate fraction A + B1 responded negatively linear to periods of storage evaluated in the two cutting heights and did not differ between the heights. The contents of the B2 fraction showed a positive linear response as a function of storage time, differing between cutting heights only after 90 days of storage. The fraction C responded positively linear with storage time, the cutting height at 8 cm from soil and quadratic form to the storage time, the cutting height at 4 cm from the ground, with a difference between cutting height at 90 and 120 days of storage. The concentration of soluble carbohydrates responded quadratically to the storage time in the two cutting heights studied, no statistical difference between the heights. For protein fractions there were no difference between the heights only for fraction A at 90 days of storage. Fractions A, B1, B3 and C presented quadratic behavior for both the cut at 4 cm, as for the cut at 8 cm from the ground. The B2 fraction showed a negative linear response as a function of storage time. Cutting the grass performed at 4 cm from the ground is the most suitable for hay production, as higher dry matter production and nutritional value without difference between treatments in baling. The storage for 120 days generates undesirable changes in nutritional value and in different fractions of carbohydrates and protein of hay of Tifton 85 grass / O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a curva de desidratação, valor nutricional, fracionamento de carboidratos e proteína do feno de capim Tifton 85 sob duas alturas de corte em relação ao nível do solo (4 e 8 cm), durante 120 dias de armazenamento em galpão fechado. A curva de desidratação foi determinada utilizando amostras da parte aérea das plantas em oito tempos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com cinco repetições, sendo as parcelas principais as duas alturas de corte (4 cm e 8 cm) e as subparcelas os tempos após o corte. Em uma segunda etapa avaliou-se o valor nutricional, fracionamento de carboidratos e proteína do feno de Tifton 85 armazenado, para isto adotou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com 2 tratamentos alocados nas parcelas: altura de corte de 4 e 8 cm do solo e cinco tempos nas subparcelas: enfardamento, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias de armazenamento do feno, com cinco repetições. Verificou-se que a desidratação do feno de capim Tifton 85 ocorreu em 48 horas para as duas alturas de corte, sendo considerado um tempo ideal para secagem de feno. No momento do corte, o capim Tifton 85 cortado à 4 cm do solo apresentou uma produção de matéria seca de 5487 kg ha-1, e o mesmo cortado à 8 cm teve a produção de matéria seca de 2721 kg ha-1. O teor de matéria seca respondeu de forma quadrática ao tempo de armazenamento do feno nas duas alturas de corte estudadas, diferindo entre as alturas apenas no enfardamento e aos 120 dias de armazenamento. O teor de matéria mineral não apresentou diferença entre os tratamentos. Os teores de proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e FDA apresentaram comportamento quadrático, tanto para o corte a 4 cm, como para o corte à 8 cm do solo. O teor de FDN apresentou resposta linear positiva em função do tempo de armazenamento, não diferindo entre as alturas de corte. Verificou-se que os valores de DIVMS e DIVPC do feno armazenado foram inferiores aos valores obtidos no momento do corte. Os teores de carboidratos totais do feno capim Tifton 85 respondeu de forma linear ao tempo de armazenamento, na altura de corte a 4 cm do solo e de forma quadrática ao tempo de armazenamento, na altura de corte à 8 cm do solo. Houve diferença entre as alturas a partir dos 60 dias de armazenamento. A fração de carboidrato A + B1 respondeu de forma linear negativa aos períodos de armazenamento avaliados nas duas alturas de corte, não diferindo entre as alturas. Os teores da fração B2 apresentaram resposta linear positiva em função do tempo de armazenamento, diferindo entre as alturas de corte apenas aos 90 dias de armazenamento. A fração C respondeu de forma linear positiva ao tempo de armazenamento, na altura de corte a 8 cm do solo e de forma quadrática ao tempo de armazenamento, na altura de corte à 4 cm do solo, com diferença entre as alturas de corte aos 90 e 120 dias de armazenamento. A concentração de carboidratos solúveis respondeu de forma quadrática ao tempo de armazenamento nas duas alturas de corte estudadas sem apresentar diferença entre as alturas. Para as frações proteicas houve diferença entre as alturas somente na fração A aos 90 dias de armazenamento. As frações A, B1, B3 e C apresentaram comportamento quadrático, tanto para o corte à 4 cm, como para o corte à 8 cm do solo. A fração B2 apresentou resposta linear negativa em função do tempo de armazenamento. O corte do capim realizado a 4 cm do solo, é o mais indicado para produção de feno, visto maior produção de matéria seca e valor nutricional sem diferença entre os tratamentos no enfardamento. O armazenamento durante 120 dias causa alterações indesejáveis no valor nutricional e nas diferentes frações de carboidratos e proteína do feno de capim Tifton 85.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-22T13:36:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrezza Araujo de Franca.pdf: 529792 bytes, checksum: 4398977026fd32c6a9f3e713e306c916 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-22T13:36:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrezza Araujo de Franca.pdf: 529792 bytes, checksum: 4398977026fd32c6a9f3e713e306c916 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Aiming to relate the structural components of cell wall with its degradability, the chemical composition, the secondary compounds, the in situ degradability, anatomy and tissue degradability of hay of “maniçoba” (wild cassava) were evaluated. The stem showed cells with varied degrees of lignification, highlighting the presence of gelatinous fibers, pith parenchyma lignified and tick cell walls inside the xylem. The leaves were highlighted by the presence of a girder structure, which can influence the degradability; it is characterized by the great quantity of mesophyll, constituted by cells with thin walls, contributing for degradability of dry matter. Idioblasts with druses of oxalate were observed around the vascular tissues, in the midrib. It works like defense mechanisms of plant against herbivores and can affect the availability of minerals for animals. The “maniçoba” hay, in spite of its advanced maturity stage (early fruit development), present adequate chemical composition and low concentration of HCN and tannins. The limits mains to degradability are wall cell thickness and lignifications, particularly in tissue of stem. Additionally, several aspects here reported induce to the continuity of researches in several focuses and aim the improvement to use this specie as forage. / Objetivando relacionar os componentes estruturais da parede celular com sua degradabilidade, avaliou-se a composição química, teor de compostos secundários, degradabilidade in situ, anatomia e degradabilidade dos tecidos do feno de maniçoba. O caule apresentou células com variados graus de lignificação, destacando-se a presença de fibras gelatinosas, parênquima medular lignificado e espessas paredes celulares no xilema. As folhas se destacam pela presença da estrutura girder, a qual pode influenciar a degradabilidade se caracterizam pela grande quantidade de mesofilo, constituído por células com paredes delgadas, contribuindo para degradabilidade de matéria seca. Idioblastos contendo drusas de oxalato foram encontrados nos tecidos vasculares, na nervura principal da folha. Eles funcionam como mecanismos de defesa do vegetal contra herbívoros e podem afetar a disponibilidade de minerais para o animal. O feno de maniçoba, apesar de obtido de planta em avançado estágio de maturidade (início da frutificação), possui adequada composição química e baixos teores de HCN e taninos. Os principais limitantes à degradabilidade são o espessamento e lignificação das paredes celulares, especialmente nos tecidos do caule. Adicionalmente, os diversos aspectos aqui relatados induzem à continuidade de pesquisas em diversos focos e visam o melhoramento e a utilização desta espécie como forrageira.

Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de aditivos químicos e dos períodos de exposição ao ar sobre as características nutricionais, microbiológicas das silagens pré secadas e dos fenos, bem como as características fermentativas das silagens de Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) colhidos em diferentes épocas do ano. Confeccionaram-se três silagens pré secadas com 50 a 60 % de matéria seca: não aditivada; aditivada com ácido propiônico tamponado e aditivada com uréia. Nos fenos, avaliaram-se os seguintes tratamentos: feno de alta umidade não aditivado; feno de alta umidade aditivado com uréia; feno de alta umidade aditivado com ácido propiônico tamponado e feno controle. Após o armazenamento das silagens pré secadas e dos fenos em condições anaeróbia, foram colhidas amostras no dia da abertura (tempo zero), quinto e nono dias após exposição aeróbia. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em parcelas subdivididas no tempo, sendo tratamentos, fatores das parcelas e tempo das subparcelas. A silagem aditivada com uréia apresentou maiores teores de PB (P < 0,05) em relação às demais silagens, no momento de abertura dos silos e no quinto dia de exposição aeróbia. Estimaram-se na silagem não aditivada, maiores valores de matéria seca, fibra em detergente ácido e lignina. O uso de aditivo alterou a composição nutricional das silagens, bem como a exposição ao ar. Houve efeito dos aditivos nas características de pH e nitrogênio amoniacal/NT e de aditivos e tempo na contagem de leveduras, entretanto não se verificou interação entre os dois fatores. A silagem aditivada com uréia apresentou valor superior de pH em relação a silagem aditivada com ácido propiônico. Maiores teores de nitrogênio amoniacal/NT foram verificados na silagem aditivada com uréia em comparação as demais silagens. As silagens aditivadas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of chemical additives and air exposition periods on the chemical composition, microbial population, and fermentation characteristics of the haylage and hay of the Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) harvested in different seasons of the year. Three wilted silages were prepared with 50-60% dry matter (DM), the first without additive (SE), the second treated with buffered propionic acid (SEAP) and the third with urea (SEU). In the hays the following treatments were evaluated: high-moisture hay without additive; high moisture hay with urea, highmoisture hay with buffered propionic acid, and control hay. After storage of the haylage and hay in anaerobic conditions, samples were taken on opening day (time zero) and at five days and nine days of aerobic exposition. The urea and propionic acid were applied, 1.0% of wet base on the haylage and hay. Experimental design was completely randomized with four replications in split plot scheme, considering treatments the factors of the parcels, and time on sub parcels. The SEU showed higher levels of CP (P <0.05), compared to other treatments, at the time of opening of the silos, and in the fifth day of aerobic exposition. It was estimated in the SE, the highest values (P <0.05) of DM, ADF and lignin, and lowest OM after nine days of aerobic exposition. Additive utilization change (P < 0.05) haylage chemical, as well as air exposition time. Significant effects of additives in the pH and N-NH3/NT characteristics was observed, and also the additives and air exposition effect in the yeast count (P <0.05), however there was no interaction (P> 0.05) between these factors. The SEU presented higher pH value compared to SEAP. Higher amounts of N-NH3/NT (P <0.05) were observed in the SEU related to other haylages. The SEU and SEAP showed lower yeast count compared to control haylage, it was observed also higher yeast... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Ricardo Andrade Reis / Coorientador: Ana Claudia Ruggieri / Banca: Renata Helena Branco / Banca: Flávia Fernanda Simili / Banca: Mauro Dal Secco de Oliveira / Banca: Antonio Sergio Ferraudo / Doutor

Submitted by Rebeka Godeiro (rebeka_carvalho@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-09T12:51:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ANA CAROLINA ALVES DE CALDAS - DISSERTAÇÃO ZOOTECNIA 2018.pdf: 721909 bytes, checksum: becfdc3eaf87e2cccf9ee967e732a71a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-09T12:51:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANA CAROLINA ALVES DE CALDAS - DISSERTAÇÃO ZOOTECNIA 2018.pdf: 721909 bytes, checksum: becfdc3eaf87e2cccf9ee967e732a71a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-26 / Capes / Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho de ovinos Santa Inês, alimentados com diferentes proporções de inclusão de feno de Jurema Preta (FJP) na porção volumosa na dieta de ovinos. Foram utilizados 24 ovinos mestiços de Santa Inês machos, não castrados com peso vivo inicial de 27,25 ± 3,32 kg, distribuídos em quatro tratamentos com seis repetições que foram confinados durante 72 dias. Recebendo 50% de volumoso e 50% de concentrado. Os tratamentos experimentais foram 0 (0,11% taninos totais – TT);12,5 (0,87%TT); 25 (1,61%TT) e 37,5% (2,41% TT) de inclusão de feno de Jurema Preta na porção volumosa da dieta e alimentados no turno da manhã e da tarde para permitir sobra de 10%. As dietas foram ajustadas para um ganho de 200 gramas por dia. Os ovinos foram pesados a cada 15 dias. Durante o experimento de desempenho foram utilizados 12 ovinos para o ensaio de digestibilidade durante 18 dias, sendo 13 dias de adaptação e 5 de coleta. O delineamento utilizado para o ensaio de desempenho foi em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições, para o ensaio de digestibilidade foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizados com quatro tratamentos e três repetições. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e de regressão, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Os melhores resultados para ingestão de matéria seca, obtidos através das equações, foram os níveis de 28,21; 31,75 e 31,5% de inclusão de FJP para IMS (g/kg0,75), (g/kgPV) e (%PV), respectivamente. A eficiência alimentar foi melhor no tratamento sem inclusão de FJP. O coeficiente de digestibilidade de MS, FDN, FDA, MO, EE, CHOT, CNF, NDT e EB não sofreram influência da inclusão de FJP na dieta. Não houve efeito significativo da inclusão de FJP na dieta. Não houve efeito significativo da inclusão de FJP tanto para PPR como para acabamento. A inclusão de até 37,5% não afetou o ganho de peso de ovinos. O acréscimo de tanino não influenciou o desenvolvimento dos órgãos. O aumento de tanino nas dietas apresentou relação linear positiva com a gordura mesentérica, ao passo que as gorduras inguinal, pélvica e perirrenal não apresentaram nenhuma relação com o tanino. Para obtenção de ovinos com peso ao abate entre 33 e 36 kg com rendimentos de carcaça fria entre 39 e 44%, qualquer nível de inclusão de FJP pode ser recomendado. As características dos componentes de carcaça e dos não constituintes de carcaça não apresentam relação com o teor de tanino da jurema preta na dieta de ovinos. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of Santa Inês sheep fed with different proportions of inclusion of Jurema Preta hay (FJP) in the voluminous portion of the sheep diet. Twenty four non - castrated Santa Ines male lambs with initial live weight of 27.25 ± 3.32 kg were distributed in four treatments with six replicates that were confined for 72 days. They received 50% of bulky hay and 50% of concentrated hay. The experimental treatments were 0 (0.11% total tannins - TT), 12.5 (0.87% TT); 25 (1.61% TT) and 37.5% (2.41% TT) for inclusion of Jurema Preta hay in the bulky portion of the diet fed in the morning and afternoon shifts to allow a 10% surplus. The diets were adjusted to a gain of 200 grams per day. The sheep were weighed every 15 days. During the performance experiment, 12 sheep were used for the 18-day digestibility test, 13 days of adaptation and 5 days of collection. The experimental design was a completely randomized block design with four treatments and six replicates. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and regression, at a 5% probability level. The best results for dry matter intake, obtained through the equations, were the levels of 28.21; 31.75 and 31.5% inclusion of FJP for IMS (g/kg0.75), (g/kgPV) and (% PV), respectively. Food efficiency was better in the treatment without inclusion of FJP. The digestibility coefficient of MS, FDN, FDA, MO, EE, CHOT, CNF, NDT and EB was not influenced by the inclusion of FJP in the diet. There was no significant effect of FJP inclusion in the diet. There was no significant effect of the inclusion of FJP for both PPR and finishing. The inclusion of up to 37.5% did not affect sheep weight gain. The addition of tannin did not influence the development of the organs. The increase of tannin in the diets presented a positive linear relationship with the mesenteric fat, whereas the inguinal, pelvic and perirenal fat had no relation with tannin. Any level of FJP inclusion may be recommended for lambs weighing between 33 and 36 kg with cold carcass yields between 39 and 44%. The characteristics of the carcass components and non-carcass constituents are not related to the tannin content of the jurema preta in the sheep diet

<h2>BIOGAS POTENTIAL IN GRASSES FROM WETLANDS</h2><p><em>Marvin Martins</em></p><p>The purpose of this study has been to survey wetlands that are suitable for mowing and to analyze the biogas potential in the harvested grasses. A preformed investigation showed that there are suitable wetlands, which can be harvestable, namely those mowed formerly in traditional haymaking. The practice of traditional haymaking is dying out in Sweden today but there are several good reasons why it should to be reconsidered. Nature- and cultural values are obvious, also the unutilized energy in the grass.</p><p>The suitable types of wetland that were specifically studied were the productive wetlands; meadow marshes and wet meadows. These wetlands are represented in the Swedish meadow- and pasture inventory database; (TUVA) and the Swedish national wetland inventory (VMI). Going through the databases showed that they largely complement each other. A geographical mapping was also carried out of wetlands in relation to areas of interest for the future establishment of biogas plants, so called “hotspots”. The geographical survey shows that there is ample amount of grass from wetlands within a 30-kilometer radius that can supplement the plants main substrate, manure. The map layer Swedish Ground Cover Data (SMD) together with GIS software was used to analyze the extent of overgrowth for the older VMI objects in Uppsala County, with the result that half of the VMI objects are no longer of interest. They have become either woodland and bogs, or reed beds.</p><p>There is very little information on wetland-grasses and methane production. Instead, a theory was evaluated regarding the possibility of transforming nutritional values for grass and sedges into biogas potentials. It was shown that this method does not capture the total biogas potential, but offers a minimum value that can be considered rather reliable. The energy transformation showed that late harvested grasses from wetlands has a biogas potential about 0, 21Nm³methane/ (kg, DM) which is about 60 % of the biogas potential for grass-legume forages. The gas yield after 20 days is also relatively low. It could though be favorable to try grasses from wetlands in methane production, because co-digestion with these grasses and other suitable materials could produce a higher net gas yield for the plant, than using the materials solely by themselves. The derived biogas potential showed that there is at least 4, 4 GWh biogas energy in grasses from wetlands in Uppsala county at a low estimate. Harvesting costs were however shown to be too high in the present to achieve a plus result.</p> / <h2>BIOGASPOTENTIAL HOS VÅTMARKSGRÄS</h2><p><em>Marvin Martins</em></p><p>Syftet med detta arbete har varit att kartlägga våtmarker i Biogas Östs region lämpliga att skörda samt att undersöka biogaspotentialen i detta våtmarksgräs. Undersökningen visar att det finns lämpliga våtmarker, så kallade slåtterängar, i den undersökta regionen. Traditionell slåtter är en utdöende företeelse i Sverige men det finns flera goda argument till varför den borde återupptas. Natur- och kulturvärden är givna sådana men även den outnyttjade energin i gräset.<em></em></p><p>Våtmarkstyper som specifikt har studerats är de produktiva våta slåtterängarna; fuktängar, strandängar och mader. Dessa våtmarker finns representerade i Ängs- och betesmarksinventeringens databas; TUVA och våtmarksinventeringens VMI. En genomgång av databaserna visade att de i stor utsträckning kompletterar varandra. En geografisk kartläggning har även utförts på slåttermarker i förhållande till intressanta områden för framtida biogasanläggningar, så kallade ”hotspots”. Kartläggningen visar att det finns gott om våtmarksgräs inom en tremilsradie som kan komplettera anläggningarnas huvudsubstrat, gödsel. Kartskiktet Svenska Marktäckedata (SMD) tillsammans med GIS-programvara har använts för att analysera hur mycket de äldre VMI-objekten i Uppsala län har växt igen, med resultatet att hälften av VMI-våtmarkerna är inaktuella i dagsläget. De har antingen växt igen med mossor och träd eller blivit vassbälten.</p><p>Det finns ytterst begränsat med information kring rötdata på våtmarksgräs. Istället utvärderades en teori, om fodervärden för ett par gräs- och starrarter kan omvandlas till biogaspotentialer. Det visade sig att denna metod inte ger den maximala biogaspotentialen men ett minimivärde erhålls som kan betraktas som ganska tillförlitligt. Energiomvandlingen visar att sent slåttat våtmarksgräs har en biogaspotential runt 0,21 Nm³ metan/(kg, TS) vilket är omkring 60 % av den odlade åkervallens biogaspotential. Gasutbytet efter 20 dagars rötning är också relativt lågt. Trots detta kan det vara fördelaktigt att röta våtmarksgräs, eftersom samrötning mellan detta och annat lämpligt material kan ge ett högre nettogasutbyte för anläggningen än rötning av de enskilda materialen var för sig. Den framtagna biogaspotentialen visar att det finns minst 4,4 GWh biogasenergi i våtmarksgräs från till exempel Uppsala län, lågt räknat. Slåtterkostnaderna har dock visat sig vara för höga för att få det att gå ihop ekonomiskt i dagsläget.</p>

BIOGAS POTENTIAL IN GRASSES FROM WETLANDS Marvin Martins The purpose of this study has been to survey wetlands that are suitable for mowing and to analyze the biogas potential in the harvested grasses. A preformed investigation showed that there are suitable wetlands, which can be harvestable, namely those mowed formerly in traditional haymaking. The practice of traditional haymaking is dying out in Sweden today but there are several good reasons why it should to be reconsidered. Nature- and cultural values are obvious, also the unutilized energy in the grass. The suitable types of wetland that were specifically studied were the productive wetlands; meadow marshes and wet meadows. These wetlands are represented in the Swedish meadow- and pasture inventory database; (TUVA) and the Swedish national wetland inventory (VMI). Going through the databases showed that they largely complement each other. A geographical mapping was also carried out of wetlands in relation to areas of interest for the future establishment of biogas plants, so called “hotspots”. The geographical survey shows that there is ample amount of grass from wetlands within a 30-kilometer radius that can supplement the plants main substrate, manure. The map layer Swedish Ground Cover Data (SMD) together with GIS software was used to analyze the extent of overgrowth for the older VMI objects in Uppsala County, with the result that half of the VMI objects are no longer of interest. They have become either woodland and bogs, or reed beds. There is very little information on wetland-grasses and methane production. Instead, a theory was evaluated regarding the possibility of transforming nutritional values for grass and sedges into biogas potentials. It was shown that this method does not capture the total biogas potential, but offers a minimum value that can be considered rather reliable. The energy transformation showed that late harvested grasses from wetlands has a biogas potential about 0, 21Nm3 methane/ (kg, DM) which is about 60 % of the biogas potential for grass-legume forages. The gas yield after 20 days is also relatively low. It could though be favorable to try grasses from wetlands in methane production, because co-digestion with these grasses and other suitable materials could produce a higher net gas yield for the plant, than using the materials solely by themselves. The derived biogas potential showed that there is at least 4, 4 GWh biogas energy in grasses from wetlands in Uppsala county at a low estimate. Harvesting costs were however shown to be too high in the present to achieve a plus result. / BIOGASPOTENTIAL HOS VÅTMARKSGRÄS Marvin Martins Syftet med detta arbete har varit att kartlägga våtmarker i Biogas Östs region lämpliga att skörda samt att undersöka biogaspotentialen i detta våtmarksgräs. Undersökningen visar att det finns lämpliga våtmarker, så kallade slåtterängar, i den undersökta regionen. Traditionell slåtter är en utdöende företeelse i Sverige men det finns flera goda argument till varför den borde återupptas. Natur- och kulturvärden är givna sådana men även den outnyttjade energin i gräset. Våtmarkstyper som specifikt har studerats är de produktiva våta slåtterängarna; fuktängar, strandängar och mader. Dessa våtmarker finns representerade i Ängs- och betesmarksinventeringens databas; TUVA och våtmarksinventeringens VMI. En genomgång av databaserna visade att de i stor utsträckning kompletterar varandra. En geografisk kartläggning har även utförts på slåttermarker i förhållande till intressanta områden för framtida biogasanläggningar, så kallade ”hotspots”. Kartläggningen visar att det finns gott om våtmarksgräs inom en tremilsradie som kan komplettera anläggningarnas huvudsubstrat, gödsel. Kartskiktet Svenska Marktäckedata (SMD) tillsammans med GIS-programvara har använts för att analysera hur mycket de äldre VMI-objekten i Uppsala län har växt igen, med resultatet att hälften av VMI-våtmarkerna är inaktuella i dagsläget. De har antingen växt igen med mossor och träd eller blivit vassbälten. Det finns ytterst begränsat med information kring rötdata på våtmarksgräs. Istället utvärderades en teori, om fodervärden för ett par gräs- och starrarter kan omvandlas till biogaspotentialer. Det visade sig att denna metod inte ger den maximala biogaspotentialen men ett minimivärde erhålls som kan betraktas som ganska tillförlitligt. Energiomvandlingen visar att sent slåttat våtmarksgräs har en biogaspotential runt 0,21 Nm3 metan/(kg, TS) vilket är omkring 60 % av den odlade åkervallens biogaspotential. Gasutbytet efter 20 dagars rötning är också relativt lågt. Trots detta kan det vara fördelaktigt att röta våtmarksgräs, eftersom samrötning mellan detta och annat lämpligt material kan ge ett högre nettogasutbyte för anläggningen än rötning av de enskilda materialen var för sig. Den framtagna biogaspotentialen visar att det finns minst 4,4 GWh biogasenergi i våtmarksgräs från till exempel Uppsala län, lågt räknat. Slåtterkostnaderna har dock visat sig vara för höga för att få det att gå ihop ekonomiskt i dagsläget.