La génération d'harmoniques d'ordre élevé en milieu gazeux est un phénomène habituellement décrit par un modèle à trois étapes : sous l'effet d'un champ laser intense, un atome (ou une molécule) est ionisé par effet tunnel. L'électron éjecté est accéléré dans le champ laser, puis il se recombine sur son ion parent en émettant un photon XUV. Ce rayonnement XUV, émis sous la forme d'impulsions attosecondes (1 as = 10-18 s), est un outil idéal pour sonder la structure électronique des atomes ou des molécules, avec une résolution temporelle de l'ordre de l'attoseconde. Néanmoins, l'intensité de ce rayonnement n'est en général pas suffisante pour induire des effets non-linéaires (transitions à deux photons).Au cours des travaux réalisés pendant cette thèse, nous avons développé une source harmonique capable de produire un rayonnement XUV intense qui doit permettre d'accéder à la physique non-linéaire dans cette gamme de longueur d'onde. Pour parvenir à ces résultats, un travail important sur les impulsions infrarouges génératrices a été nécessaire, aussi bien dans le domaine spatial que dans le domaine temporel. Une technique de mise en forme spatiale de faisceaux laser intenses a donc été développée, ainsi qu'une technique de post compression adaptée aux impulsions laser intenses. Ce travail de thèse se divise donc en trois étapes : - Le développement de la source harmonique haute énergie et des diagnostics associés. Cette source est basée sur l'utilisation d'une chaîne laser Titane-Saphir qui délivre des impulsions de 150 mJ pour des durées de 40 fs à une cadence de 10 Hz. De bonnes conditions d'optimisation ont été obtenues, donnant lieu à des impulsions XUV dont l'énergie est de l'ordre du µJ lors de la génération dans l'argon.- Le développement d'une technique de mise en forme spatiale adaptée aux faisceaux laser intenses et à la génération d'harmoniques. Le dispositif est basé sur une optique en réflexion et sur les interférences à deux faisceaux. Il permet de produire, dans la région focale, des faisceaux dont le profil d'intensité est radialement constant (faisceaux flat top) et ainsi d'apporter un contrôle supplémentaire sur la génération d'harmoniques d'ordre élevé.- Le développement d'une technique de post compression en propagation guidée basée sur l'élargissement spectral induit par ionisation. Cette technique est adaptée pour des impulsions intenses (3.5 TW) et permet de produire des impulsions de puissance crête supérieure au Térawatt dans le domaine sub-10 fs. Cette technique fournit donc une source unique pour la génération d'harmoniques d'ordre élevé.Ces deux approches ont été testées et validées pour la génération d'harmoniques d'ordre élevé, et les résultats obtenus ouvrent d'intéressantes perspectives telles que la génération d'impulsions attosecondes isolées de haute énergie (> 100 nJ). / The generation of high order harmonics in a gaseous medium is a phenomenon conveniently described by a three steps model : subject to a strong laser field irradiation, an atom (or molecule) can undergo a tunneling ionization. The ejected electron is accelerated in the laser field and recombine on its parent ion leading to the emission of an XUV photon. The XUV radiation can be emitted as attosecond pulses (1 as = 10-18 s), and it is then an ideal tool to probe the electronic structure of atoms or molecules which require the highest time resolution. However, the intensity of this radiation is usually not sufficient to induce non-linear processes (two-photon transitions).In the frame of this work, we have developed a harmonic source capable of producing an intense XUV radiation to access non-linear physics in this wavelength domain.To achieve these results, significant work on the infrared generating pulses was necessary, both in the spatial and temporal domain. We have developed a technique for spatial shaping of intense laser beams, and a post compression technique fitted to high energy pulses.This thesis is therefore divided into three parts:- The development of an high energy harmonic source and related diagnostics. We use a Ti: sapphire laser system for this source which delivers 40-fs pulses up to an energy of 150 mJ at 10 Hz repetition rate. Good optimization conditions were obtained, leading to XUV pulse energies of the order of μJ in the case of generation in argon.- The development of a spatial shaping technique adapted to intense laser beams and to harmonic generation. The device is based on reflection optics and the interferences of two beams. It can produce, in the focal region, beams with a radially constant intensity over a large volume (flat top beams) and thus provide additional control of the harmonics generating process.- The development of a post compression technique in guided geometry based on the ionization induced spectral broadening. This technique is suitable for intense pulses (3.5 TW) and produces pulses above the terawatt level in the 10-fs range. This technique therefore provides a unique source for harmonic generation.These two approaches have been tested and validated for high order harmonics generation, and the results open interesting perspectives such as the generation of isolated attosecond pulses of high energy (> 100 nJ).

Lors d’un lancement spatial, le bruit des jets supersoniques chauds, générés par les moteurs-fusées au décollage et en interaction avec le pas de tir, est dommageable pour le lanceur et en particulier sa charge utile. Par conséquent, les acteurs du spatial cherchent à renforcer leur compréhension et leur maîtrise de cette ambiance acoustique, entre autres grâce à des méthodes et outils numériques. Toutefois, ils ne disposent pas d’une approche numérique globale capable de prendre en compte simultanément la génération fidèle du bruit, la propagation acoustique non-linéaire, les effets d’installation complexes et les géométries réalistes, pourtant inhérents aux applications spatiales. Dans cette optique, cette étude consiste à mettre en place et valider une méthodologie de simulation numérique par couplage fort Navier-Stokes − Euler, puis à l’appliquer à des cas réalistes de bruit de jet supersonique. L’objectif est d’affiner les capacités de prévision et de contribuer à la compréhension des mécanismes de génération de bruit dans de tels jets. Le solveur Navier-Stokes repose sur une méthode LES sur maillage non-structuré et le solveur acoustique sur une méthode de Galerkine discontinue d’ordre élevé sur maillage non-structuré. La méthodologie est tout d’abord évaluée sur des cas académiques visant à valider la simulation par couplage fort. Après des calculs préliminaires, la méthodologie est appliquée à la simulation du bruit d’un jet libre supersonique à Mach 3.1. Une méthode de déclenchement géométrique de la turbulence est implémentée sous la forme d’une marche à la paroi de la tuyère. La simulation aboutit à des estimations du bruit très proches des mesures réalisées au banc MARTEL et met en évidence des effets non-linéaires significatifs ainsi qu’un mécanisme singulier de rayonnement des ondes de Mach. Dans une démarche de progression vers des cas toujours plus réalistes, l’ensemble de l’approche numérique est finalement adaptée avec succès à la simulation du bruit d’un jet en présence d’un carneau. À terme, elle pourra être étendue à des configurations multi-jets réactifs, avec injection d’eau, voire à l’échelle 1. / During a space launch, the noise from hot supersonic jets, generated by rocket engines at liftoff and interacting with the launch pad, is harmful to the launcher and in particular its payload. Consequently, space actors are seeking to strengthen their understanding and control of this acoustic environment through numerical methods and tools, among the others. However, they do not dispose of a comprehensive numerical strategy that can simultaneously take into account accurate noise generation, nonlinear acoustic propagation, complex installation effects and realistic geometries, which are inherent to space applications. For this purpose, the present study consists in setting up and validating a numerical simulation methodology using a Navier-Stokes − Euler two-way coupling approach, then applying it to realistic cases of supersonic jet noise in order to improve prediction capabilities and contribute to the understanding of the noise generation mechanisms in such jets. The Navier-Stokes solver is based on an LES method on unstructured mesh and the acoustic solver on a high-order discontinuous Galerkin method on unstructured mesh. The methodology is first assessed on academic cases to validate the use of the two-way coupling. After preliminary computations, the methodology is applied to the simulation of the noise from a supersonic free jet at Mach 3.1. A geometric turbulence tripping method is implemented via a step at the nozzle wall. The computation leads to noise predictions very close to the experimental measurements performed at the MARTEL test bench and highlights significant nonlinear effects as well as a quite particular Mach waves radiation mechanism. Targeting even more realistic cases, the entire numerical approach is finally successfully adapted to the simulation of the noise from a supersonic jet configuration including a flame trench. In the future, it may be extended to configurations with clustered reactive jets, water injection devices or even at full scale.

L’injection directe à haute pression du carburant dans les moteurs à combustion interne permet une atomisation compacte et efficace. Dans ce contexte, la simulation numérique de l’injection est devenue un outil fondamental pour la conception industrielle. Cependant,l’écoulement du carburant liquide dans une chambre occupée initialement par l’air est un écoulement diphasique très complexe ; elle implique une très large gamme d’échelles. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’apporter de nouveaux éléments de modélisation et de simulation afin d’envisager une simulation prédictive de ce type d’écoulement avec un coût de calcul abordable dans un contexte industriel. En effet, au vu du coût de calcul prohibitif de la simulation directe de l’ensemble des échelles spatiales et temporelles, nous devons concevoir une gamme de modèles d’ordre réduit prédictifs. En outre, des méthodes numériques robustes, précises et adaptées au calcul de haute performance sont primordiales pour des simulations complexes.Cette thèse est dédiée au développement d’un modèle d’ordre réduit Eulérien capable de capter tant la polydispersiond’un brouillard de goutte dans la zone dispersée,que la dynamique de l’interface dans le régime de phases séparées. En s’appuyant sur une extension des méthodes de moments d’ordre élevé à des moments fractionnaires qui représentent des quantités géométriques de l’interface, et sur l’utilisation de variables géométrique sen sous-échelle dans la zone où l’interface gaz-liquide ne peut plus être complètement résolue, nous proposons une approche unifiée où un ensemble de variables géométriques sont transportées et valides dans les deux régimes d’écoulement [...]. / Direct fuel injection systems are widely used in combustionengines to better atomize and mix the fuel withthe air. The design of new and efficient injectors needsto be assisted with predictive simulations. The fuel injectionprocess involves different two-phase flow regimesthat imply a large range of scales. In the context of thisPhD, two areas of the flow are formally distinguished:the dense liquid core called separated phases and thepolydisperse spray obtained after the atomization. Themain challenge consists in simulating the combinationof these regimes with an acceptable computational cost.Direct Numerical Simulations, where all the scales needto be solved, lead to a high computational cost for industrialapplications. Therefore, modeling is necessaryto develop a reduced order model that can describe allregimes of the flow. This also requires major breakthroughin terms of numerical methods and High PerformanceComputing (HPC).This PhD investigates Eulerian reduced order models todescribe the polydispersion in the disperse phase andthe gas-liquid interface in the separated phases. First,we rely on the moment method to model the polydispersionin the downstream region of the flow. Then,we propose a new description of the interface by usinggeometrical variables. These variables can provide complementaryinformation on the interface geometry withrespect to a two-fluid model to simulate the primary atomization.The major contribution of this work consistsin using a unified set of variables to describe the tworegions: disperse and separated phases. In the case ofspherical droplets, we show that this new geometricalapproach can degenerate to a moment model similar toEulerian Multi-Size Model (EMSM). However, the newmodel involves fractional moments, which require somespecific treatments. This model has the same capacityto describe the polydispersion as the previous Eulerianmoment models: the EMSM and the multi-fluid model.But, it also enables a geometrical description of the interface...].

Slovene national theatre in the centre of Ljubljana as a part of existing city block. The composition of buildings creates new urban areas as a continuation of the urban axis of Josip Plečnik. The basic principle was to resolve the issues of entry into building, the definition and organization of space inner block, the creation and cultivation of new and existing urban areas. Unifying element of the whole composition is solution to the facade, which paraphrases the high order, typical for the surrounding buildings and significant not only for cultural buildings. As a contrast to massive and heavy mass of facade stand glass facade which makes lighter impression. White facade adds significance to the composition.

<p>In many practical multi-channel active sound control (ASC) applications, such as active noise control (ANC), various constraints need to be satisfied, such as the robust stability constraint, noise amplification constraint, controller output power constraints, etc. One way to enforce these constraints is to add a regularization term to the Wiener filter formulation, which, by tuning only a single parameter, can over-satisfy many constraints and degrade the ANC performance. Another approach for non-adaptive ANC filter design that can produce better ANC performance is to directly solve the constrained optimization problem formulated based on the <em>H</em>₂/<em>H</em>_inf control framework. However, such a formulation does not result in a convex optimization problem and its practicality can be limited by the significant computation time required in the solving process. In this dissertation, the traditional <em>H</em>₂/<em>H</em>_inf formulation is convexified and a global minimum is guaranteed. It is then further reformulated into a cone programming formulation and simplified by exploiting the problem structure in its dual form to obtain a more numerically efficient and stable formulation. A warmstarting strategy is also proposed to further reduce the required iterations. Results show that, compared with the traditional methods, the proposed method is more reliable and the computation time can be reduced from the order of days to seconds. When the acoustic feedback path is not strong enough to cause instability, then only constraints that prevent noise amplification outside the desired noise control band are needed. A singular vector filtering method is proposed to maintain satisfactory noise control performance in the desired noise reduction bands while mitigating noise amplification.</p> <p><br></p> <p>The proposed convex conic formulation can be used for a wide range of ASC applications. For example, the improvement in numerical efficiency and stability makes it possible to apply the proposed method to adaptive ANC filter design. Results also show that compared with the conventional constrained adaptive ANC method (leaky FxLMS), the proposed method can achieve a faster convergence rate and better steady-state noise control performance. The proposed conic method can also be used to design the room equalization filter for sound field reproduction and the hear-through filter design for earphones.</p> <p><br></p> <p>Besides efficient filter design methods, efficient filter implementation methods are also developed to reduce real-time computations in implementing designed control filters. A polyphase-structure-based filter design and implementation method is developed for ANC systems that can reduce the computation load for high sampling rate real-time filter implementation but does not introduce an additional time delay. Results show that, compared with various traditional low sampling rate implementations, the proposed method can significantly improve the noise control performance. Compared with the non-polyphase high-sampling rate method, the real-time computations that increase with the sampling rate are improved from quadratically to linearly. Another efficient filter implementation method is to use the infinite impulse response (IIR) filter structure instead of the finite impulse response (FIR) filter structure. A stable IIR filter design approach that does not need the computation and relocation of poles is improved to be applicable in the ANC applications. The result demonstrated that the proposed method can achieve better fitting accuracy and noise control performance in high-order applications.</p>

No description available.

[pt] A comunicação por fibras ópticas utiliza diversos modelos herdados dos sistemas de telecomunicações tradicionais. Recentemente, a necessidade de maior controle sobre o fluxo de dados tem atraído muita atenção para as vantagens da comunicação óptica adaptativa. Num sistema de comunicação adaptativo, o fluxo de dados pode ser alterado em função de variações na qualidade do canal ou simplesmente pela necessidade de racionalizar a utilização dos recursos disponíveis. A interoperação entre redes pressiona pela necessidade de uma rede elástica e a expectativa é que este tipo de rede permita o controle sobre vários níveis da estrutura de comunicação. Nesta tese, a análise deste tema se concentra na camada física da rede óptica, em que a elasticidade pode ser obtida através de diferentes técnicas de modulação e multiplexação. A camada física de uma rede óptica adaptativa deve responder a variações e restrições do meio de transmissão. O consumo de energia, por exemplo, é um requisito cada vez mais presente nos projetos das redes de comunicação e a relevância deste requisito tende a aumentar na medida em que as redes ópticas aumentam sua capilaridade. O principal objetivo desta tese é analisar uma solução de comunicação óptica adaptativa que atenda aos requisitos básicos de uma rede elástica. O sistema de comunicação em análise é baseado em modulações realizadas no espaço de sinais de quatro dimensões, também conhecidas como modulações 4D. A perspectiva adotada privilegia a polarização da portadora óptica. A vantagem em adotar esta perspectiva, reside no fato de que ela permite a construção de modulações multidimensionais utilizando os fibrados de Hopf. Conforme será observado, o uso dos fibrados de Hopf em conjunto com o conceito matemático denominado vértice embutido de politopos, potencializa as soluções de engenharia para o problema da comunicação óptica adaptativa. / [en] Fiber-optic communications use several models inherited from traditional telecommunications systems. Recently, the need to improve the control over the data flow has attracted attention to the advantages of adaptive optical communication. In adaptive systems, the data flow can be altered due to changes in the channel quality or simply to rationalize the use of available resources. Interoperation between networks further presses on the need for an elastic network and the expectation is that this type of network will allow control over various levels of the communication structure. In this thesis, the analysis of this theme focuses on the physical layer of the optical network, where elasticity can be obtained through different modulation and multiplexing techniques. The physical layer of an adaptive optical network must respond to variations and restrictions of the transmission medium. Energy consumption, for example, is a requirement that is increasingly present in communication network projects and the relevance of this requirement tends to increase as optical networks expands in capillarity. The main objective of this thesis is to analyze an adaptive optical communication solution that meets the basic requirements of an elastic network. The communication system under analysis is based on the four-dimensional signal space modulations, also known as 4D modulations. The perspective adopted favors the polarization of the optical carrier. The advantage in adopting this perspective resides in the fact that it allows the construction of multidimensional modulations using Hopf bundles. As will be observed, the use of Hopf bundles in conjunction with the mathematical concept called embedded vertex polytopes, improves the engineering solutions to the problem of adaptive optical communication.

[EN] Nature is nonlinear. The linear description of physical phenomena is useful for explain observations with the simplest mathematical models, but they are only accurate for a limited range of input values. In the case of intense acoustics waves, linear models obviate a wide range of physical phenomena that are necessary for accurately describe such high-amplitude waves, indispensable for explain other exotic acoustic waves and mandatory for developing new applied techniques based on nonlinear processes. In this Thesis we study the interactions between nonlinearity and other basic wave phenomena such as non-classical attenuation, anisotropic dispersion and periodicity, and diffraction in specific configurations. First, we present intense strain waves in a chain of cations coupled by realistic interatomic potentials. Here, the nonlinear ionic interactions and lattice dispersion lead to the formation of supersonic kinks. These intrinsically-nonlinear localized dislocations travel long distances without changing its properties and explain the formation of dark traces in mica crystals. Then, we analyze nonlinear wave processes in a system composed of multilayered acoustic media. The rich nonlinear dynamics of this system is characterized by its strong dispersion. Here, harmonic generation processes and the relation with its band structure are presented, showing that the nonlinear processes can be enhanced, strongly minimized or simply modified by tuning the layer parameters. In this way, we show how the dynamics of intense monochromatic waves and acoustic solitons can be controlled by artificial layered materials. In a second part, we include diffraction and analyze four types of singular beams. First, we study nonlinear beams in two dimensional sonic crystals. In this system, the inclusion of anisotropic dispersion is tuned for obtain simultaneous self-collimation for fundamental and second harmonic beams. The conditions for optimal second harmonic generation are presented. Secondly, we present limited diffraction beam generation using equispaced axisymmetric diffraction gratings. The obtained beams are truncated version of zero-th order Bessel beams. Third, the grating spacing can be modified to achieve focusing, where the generated nonlinear beams presents high gain, around 30 dB, with a focal width which is between the diffraction limit and the sub-wavelength regime, but with its characteristic high amplitude side lobes strongly reduced. Finally, we observe that waves diffracted by spiral-shaped gratings generate high-order Bessel beams, conforming nonlinear acoustic vortex. The conditions to obtain arbitrary-order Bessel beams by these passive elements are presented. Finally, the interplay of nonlinearity and attenuation in biological media is studied in the context of medical ultrasound. First, a numerical method is developed. The method solves the constitutive relations for nonlinear acoustics and the frequency power law attenuation of biological media is modeled as a sum of relaxation processes. A new technique for reducing numerical dispersion based on artificial relaxation is included. Second, this method is used to study the harmonic balance as a function of the power law, showing the role of weak dispersion and its impact on the efficiency of the harmonic generation in soft-tissues. Finally, the study concerns the nonlinear behavior of acoustic radiation forces in frequency power law attenuation media. We present how the interplay between nonlinearity and the specific frequency power law of biological media can modify the value for acoustic radiation forces. The relation of the nonlinear acoustic radiation force with thermal effects are also discussed. The broad range of nonlinear processes analyzed in this Thesis contributes to understanding the behavior of intense acoustic waves traveling trough complex media, while its implications for enhancing existent applied acoustics techniques are presented. / [ES] La Naturaleza es no lineal. La descripción lineal de los fenómenos físicos es de gran utilidad para explicar nuestras observaciones con modelos matemáticos simples, pero éstos sólo son precisos en un limitado rango de validez. En el caso de onda acústica de alta intensidad, los modelos lineales obvian un amplio rango de fenómenos físicos que son necesarios para describir con precisión las ondas de gran amplitud, pero además son necesarios para explicar otros procesos más exóticos e indispensables para desarrollar nuevas aplicaciones basadas en propagación no lineal. En esta Tesis, estudiamos las interacciones entre no linealidad y otros procesos complejos como atenuación no-clásica, dispersión anisotrópica y periodicidad, y difracción en configuraciones específicas. En primer lugar, presentamos ondas de deformación en una cadena de cationes acoplados por potenciales realísticas. Aquí, las interacciones no lineales entre iones, producen la conformación de kinks supersónicos. Estas dislocaciones localizadas intrínsecamente no lineales viajan por la red largas distancias sin variar sus propiedades, y pueden explicar la formación de trazas en minerales como la mica. Aumentando la escala del problema, estudiamos los procesos acústicos no lineales en medios multicapa. La rica dinámica de estos medios está caracterizada por la fuerte dispersión debido a la periodicidad del sistema. Aquí, estudiamos los procesos de generación de harmónicos, mostrando como modificando la estructura podemos potenciar, minimizar, o simplemente modificar artificialmente la transferencia de energía entre las componentes espectrales, y de esta manera controlar la dinámica de las ondas y solitones en el interior de la estructura. En la segunda parte, incluimos difracción y analizamos cuatro tipos de haces singulares. En primer lugar, analizamos haces ultrasónicos no lineales en cristales de sonido bidimensionales. En este sistema, las propiedades de anisotropía del medio son ajustadas para obtener la auto-colimación simultánea del primer y segundo harmónico. Así, se obtiene la propagación no difractiva para las dos componentes. En segundo lugar, presentamos haces de difracción limitada empleando rejillas de difracción axisimétricas. Por último, demostramos la generación de haces de Bessel de orden superior mediante estructuras en espiral. En la última parte, estudiamos la competición entre no linealidad y la atenuación y dispersión observable en medios biológicos en el contexto de las aplicaciones de biomédicas de los ultrasonidos. En primer lugar desarrollamos un nuevo método computacional para la dependencia frecuencial en forma de ley de potencia de la absorción característica de los tejidos. Este método en dominio temporal es usado posteriormente para revisar los procesos básicos no lineales prestando especial interés en el paper de la dispersión del tejido. Por último, la resolución de las ecuaciones constitutivas nos permite abordar la descripción no lineal de la fuerza de radiación acústica producida en tejidos biológicos, y las implicaciones existentes con la deposición de energía y transferencia de momento para ondas ultrasónicas de alta intensidad. El amplio abanico de procesos no lineales analizados en esta tesis contribuye a una mejor comprensión de la dinámica de las ondas acústicas de alta intensidad en medios complejos, donde las implicaciones existentes en cuanto a la mejora de sus aplicaciones prácticas son puestas de manifiesto. / [CA] La Naturalesa és no lineal. La descripció lineal dels fenòmens físics és de gran utilitat per a explicar les nostres observacions amb models matemàtics simples, però aquests sol són precisos en un limitat rang de validesa. En el cas d'ona acústica d'alta intensitat, els models lineals obvien un ampli rang de fenòmens físics que són necessaris per a descriure amb precisió les ones de gran amplitud, però a més són necessaris per a explicar altres processos més exòtics i indispensables per a desenvolupar noves aplicacions basades en propagació no lineal. En aquesta Tesi, estudiem les interaccions entre no-linealitat i altres processos complexos com atenuació no-clàssica, dispersió anisotròpica i periodicitat, i difracció en configuracions específiques. En primer lloc, presentem ones de deformació en una cadena de cations acoblats per potencials realistes. Ací, les interaccions no lineals entre ions, produeixen la conformació de kinks supersònics. Aquestes dislocacions localitzades intrínsecament no lineals viatgen per la xarxa llargues distàncies sense variar les seues propietats, i poden explicar la formació de traces en minerals com la mica. Augmentant l'escala del problema, estudiem els processos acústics no lineals en mitjans multicapa. La rica dinàmica d'aquests mitjans es caracteritza per la forta dispersió a causa de la periodicitat del sistema. Ací, estudiem els processos de generació d'harmònics, mostrant com modificant l'estructura podem potenciar, minimitzar, o simplement modificar artificialment la transferència d'energia entre les components espectrals, i d'aquesta manera controlar la dinàmica de les ones i solitons a l'interior de l'estructura. En la segona part, incloem difracció i analitzem quatre tipus de feixos singulars. En primer lloc, analitzem feixos ultrasònics no lineals en cristalls de so bidimensionals. En aquest sistema, les propietats d'anisotropia del medi són ajustades per a obtenir l'acte-col·limació simultània del primer i segon harmònic. Així, s'obté la propagació no difractiva per a les dues components. En segon lloc, presentem feixos de difracció limitada emprant reixetes de difracció axisimètriques. Per últim, vam demostrar la generació de feixos de Bessel d'ordre superior mitjançant estructures en espiral. En l'última part, estudiem la competició entre no linealitat i l'atenuació i dispersió observable en medis biològics en el context de les aplicacions biomèdiques dels ultrasons. En primer lloc desenvolupem un nou mètode computacional per a la dependència freqüencial en forma de llei de potència de l'absorció característica dels teixits biològics. Aquest mètode en domini temporal és usat posteriorment per a revisar els processos bàsics no lineals prestant especial interés en el paper de la dispersió del teixit. Per últim, la resolució de les equacions constitutives ens permet abordar la descripció no lineal de la força de radiació acústica produïda en teixits biològics, i les implicacions existents amb la deposició d'energia i transferència de moment per a ones ultrasòniques d'alta intensitat. L'ampli ventall de processos no lineals analitzats en aquesta tesi contribueix a una millor comprensió de la dinàmica de les ones acústiques d'alta intensitat en medis complexos, on les implicacions existents quant a la millora de les seues aplicacions practiques són posades de manifest. / Jiménez González, N. (2015). Nonlinear Acoustic Waves in Complex Media [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/53237 / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales

This thesis details the development, verification and validation of an unsteady unstructured high order (≥ 3) h/p Discontinuous Galerkin - Fourier solver for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on static and rotating meshes in two and three dimensions. This general purpose solver is used to provide insight into cross-flow (wind or tidal) turbine physical phenomena. Simulation of this type of turbine for renewable energy generation needs to account for the rotational motion of the blades with respect to the fixed environment. This rotational motion implies azimuthal changes in blade aero/hydro-dynamics that result in complex flow phenomena such as stalled flows, vortex shedding and blade-vortex interactions. Simulation of these flow features necessitates the use of a high order code exhibiting low numerical errors. This thesis presents the development of such a high order solver, which has been conceived and implemented from scratch by the author during his doctoral work. To account for the relative mesh motion, the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are written in arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian form and a non-conformal Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) formulation (i.e. Symmetric Interior Penalty Galerkin) is used for spatial discretisation. The DG method, together with a novel sliding mesh technique, allows direct linking of rotating and static meshes through the numerical fluxes. This technique shows spectral accuracy and no degradation of temporal convergence rates if rotational motion is applied to a region of the mesh. In addition, analytical mappings are introduced to account for curved external boundaries representing circular shapes and NACA foils. To simulate 3D flows, the 2D DG solver is parallelised and extended using Fourier series. This extension allows for laminar and turbulent regimes to be simulated through Direct Numerical Simulation and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) type approaches. Two LES methodologies are proposed. Various 2D and 3D cases are presented for laminar and turbulent regimes. Among others, solutions for: Stokes flows, the Taylor vortex problem, flows around square and circular cylinders, flows around static and rotating NACA foils and flows through rotating cross-flow turbines, are presented.

Imager des objets non-périodiques à une échelle nanométrique et à une échelle femto seconde est un vrai challenge à notre époque. Les techniques d’imagerie « sans lentille » sont des moyens puissants pour répondre à ce besoin. En utilisant des sources ultrarapide (~fs) et cohérente (ex. laser à électron libre ou harmoniques d’ordres élevés), ces techniques nous permettent de reconstruire des objets à partir de leur figure de diffraction, remplaçant les optiques conventionnelles du système d’imagerie par un algorithme informatique. Dans ce travail de thèse, je présent des expériences d’imageries en utilisant un rayonnement extrême-UV (15~40 nm) produit par la génération d’harmoniques d’ordre élevé d’un laser infrarouge puissant. Ce manuscrit est constitué d’une introduction, un chapitre de background théorique, trois chapitres de travail de thèse et une conclusion générale avec perspectives. La première partie du travail de thèse porte sur les développements et caractérisations de la ligne de lumière avec l’objectif de générer maximum de photons harmoniques cohérents avec un front d’onde plat. La deuxième partie est consacrée aux expériences et analyses de trois techniques d’imageries « sans lentille » : Imagerie par diffraction cohérente (CDI), Holographie par la transformée de Fourier (FTH) et Holographie avec références étendues (HERALDO). Ces derniers nous permettent de reconstruire des objets avec une résolution spatiale de 78 nm dans le cas de CDI et de 112 nm dans le cas de HERALDO, tous les deux avec une résolution temporaire de 20 fs. La troisième partie est une première application physique de l’imagerie sur la ligne harmonique. Il s’agit des études statiques et dynamiques de nano-domaines magnétique avec une résolution spatiale sub-100 nm à l’échelle femto seconde. Perspective des techniques d’imagerie 3D et développement potentiel de la ligne d’harmoniques sont présentés à la fin. / Ultrafast imaging of isolated objects with nanometric spatial resolution is a great challenge in our time. The lensless imaging techniques have shown great potential to answer this challenge. In lensless imaging, one can reconstruct sample images from their diffraction patterns with computational algorithms, which replace the conventional lens systems. Using ultrafast and coherent light sources, such as free electron laser and high order harmonics, one can investigate dynamic phenomena at the femtosecond time scale. In this thesis work, I present the lenless imaging experiments using XUV radiation provided by a laser driven high order harmonic beamline. The manuscript is composed of an introduction, a chapter of theoretical background, three chapters of main research work and a general conclusion with perspectives. The first part of this work concerns the development of the harmonic beamline to optimize the illumination condition for lensless imaging. The second part concentrates on the imaging techniques: the Coherent Diffraction Imaging (CDI), the Fourier Transform Holography (FTH) and the Holography using extended references (HERALDO). The reconstructions have achieved 78 nm spatial resolution in case of CDI and 112 nm resolution in case of HERALDO, both in single-shot regime corresponding to a temporal resolution of 20 fs. The third part presents the first physical application on the harmonic beamline using the lensless imaging. Samples with magnetic nano-domains have been studied with sub-100 nm spatial resolution, which paves the way for ultrafast magnetic dynamic studies. At the end, single-shot 3D imaging and further beamline development have been discussed.