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The paper presents how the concept of fictional culture environment can be defined on the basis of a Swedish real and fictional cultural heritage. Three studies consisting of "mapping”, “categorization", "detailed study" and "comparison" defines and delimits the concept and presents a graphical comparison model. The study focuses on places taken from the stories of Astrid Lindgren. Their authenticity and historical use is analyzed and discussed. The line between reality and fiction has become more difficult to discern. The paper presents a new concept and a benchmark that can contribute to a clearer definition of our fictional cultural heritage. / Uppsatsen presenterar hur begreppet fiktiv kulturmiljö kan definieras med utgångspunkt från ett svenskt verkligt och fiktivt kulturarv. Tre delstudier bestående av ” kartläggning, kategorisering”, ”närstudie” och ”komparation” definierar och avgränsar begreppet samt presenterar en grafisk jämförelsemodell. Studien fokuserar på platser hämtade från sagor av Astrid Lindgren.  Platsernas autenticitet och historiebruk analyseras och diskuteras. Gränsen mellan verklighet och fiktion har blivit svårare att urskilja. Uppsatsen presenterar ett nytt begrepp och en jämförelsemodell som kan bidra till en tydligare definition av vårt fiktiva kulturarv.

The aim of this thesis is to see how dark skinned people separate in two movies from the early 19th century. I am also going to analyze the movies from analysis questions that can be founded under the chapter called Analys. The movies I have been watching to analyze are The Birth of a Nation from year 1915 and Tarzan the Ape man from year 1932. The first movie from year 1915 is a reflection from 1860 but booth movies are reflections about the relationships between white westerner and black people from Africa in the beginning of the 1900th century. What the movies gave me as a receiver is that black people in the USA and South Africa shouldn’t be active in politics or even get the power to rule at all and it is very clear to see during the movies. According to the movies black people aren’t capable to rule in USA or in their own country in the continent Africa. The movies also show that black people should work with the cleaning and to please white people. I am going to use social representation theory in this thesis. The method that is used here is to watch the movies, write what they are about and then compare them in nine analyzing questions that is presented in the thesis.

Hur historia brukas är i min mening idag ett viktigt fält att undersöka. Vi lever i en allt mer sammankopplad värld med internet och sociala medier. Källkritik har genom detta blivit ett brinnande ämne. Dels beror det på spridandet av falska nyheter, men även att skolans nya läroplaner understryker vikten av att undervisa elever i att ha ett kritiskt tänkande mot källor. Här kommer även historiebruket in. Syftet och frågeställningarna med studien är att undersöka bruket av historia i relation till den svenska drottningen Kristina (1626-1689), en starkt omtalad monark ur den svenska historien som regerade över Sverige 1644-1654. Materialet som används i studien är allt från film, teater, pjäs, minnesmärken, nyhetsartiklar, läromedel och biografier. Utifrån detta material och den teoretiska grunden som är skapad av den tyske historikern Jörn Rüsen, sedermera omarbetad av den svenska historikern Anders Dybelius, undersöks det hur Kristina har använts främst från starten av 1900-talet till 2017 med hjälp av kategorierna utbildningskultur, populärkultur och minneskultur. Genom analys av materialet så ser man en tydlig utveckling med bruket kring Kristinas minne och som symbolgestalt, uppdrag ändras och nya ges beroende på vilken riktning samhället tar. Under 1900-talet och även innan det, så beskrivs hon oftast kortfattat i läroböckerna. Det är få resta minnesmärken efter henne i Sverige, där Rom och den katolska kyrkan har uppemot lika mycket. Under det tidigare 1900-talet försökte många hitta en mer biologisk förklaring till hennes sociala beteende och ovilja att gifta sig. När man anländer till 2000-talet har det ändrats. Med intåg av jämlikhet och jämställdhet i det moderna samhället började Kristina ses i ett annat ljus. Olika delgrupper har börjat symbolisera henne som en person vars liv drabbades hårt av att hon behandlades och uppfostrades till en man. En kvinna som kämpade mot dåtidens patriarkat och en kvinna som ville hitta och gå sin egen väg i livet.

OF PROPER CONDUCT: PRIVATE TUTORS IN STOCKHOLM AND ITS ENVIRONS 1793–1795 This paper studies private tutors in Stockholm and its environs 1793-1795 by examining work advertisements written by said tutors. It is in part a continuation of a previous study of the education market in Stockholm 1798. It utilizes Yvonne Hirdman ’s gender theory and Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of symbolic capital to analyze differences in what male and female tutors offered to teach, how they portrayed themselves and if any social groups could be ascertained. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used, where the quantitative method is partly influenced by the verb oriented-method from the Gender and Work (GaW) project and the qualitative method is influenced by hermeneutics. The study shows that most of the tutors were men, and of those men a majority were students, priests, educated men and officials. The female tutors did not use titles overall, but the subjects they offered to teach suggests most were in the mid- to upper mid layer of society. The French salon culture was dominating among the nobles at the end of the 18th century. This study argues that the salon culture was the cultural capital by which the tutors measured themselves. Because of their academic merits, men tended to use institutionalized cultural capital while women used only partly embodied cultural capital through their knowledge of the French language. Where men tended to use formal merits, women used a wider array of strategies. There were however a number of men who used strategies of weakness when faced with financial difficulties. Women taught mainly needlework and French, where female tutors offering to teach how to sew of clothes showed a shift from male professional tailors to female seamstresses. It is argued that Hirdman’s principle of segregation between men and women both affected the subjects the tutors were able to offer as well as the subjects they did offer.

Tuberculosis was at the start of the 20th century one of the greatest diseases that afflicted the population in Sweden, as well as the rest of Europe. The industrial revolution had created a ripe breeding ground for the disease to spread as people moved from the countryside to the city. Most ended up living in poor, cramped, and unsanitary conditions. At the same time, Sweden was entering an era of social reform under a socialist government. The old and dirty was to be replaced with a new and clean modern society – a “people’s home” for every citizen. This essay explores how this new mentality, that highly valued cleanliness and health of both mind and body, affected those that were ill with tuberculosis and living at a sanatorium in southern Sweden. The source material used is a patients’ magazine from Fur sanatorium, that was published between 1932 and 1944. After selecting articles and poems published by patients and doctors in these magazines, a close reading allowed conclusions to be drawn regarding what the patients thought and felt about the ongoing social changes. Based on these results, it is apparent that the new, hyper-hygienic social norms put further pressure on the patients to conform in any way they could. They did not have a healthy body, so it was important that they had a heathy mind instead.

This essay is a study of the dental health and cranial pathologies of five individuals buried in Domkyrkoplan cemetery, Uppsala, in the 17th and 18th century. Domkyrkoplan was the only cemetery in Uppsala city during the 200-year time period. The cemetery was placed in the immediate surroundings of Uppsala cathedral. The 17th century is a breaking point between the late medieval society and the early modern era in Sweden as well as in Europe, and this was a period of change for the inhabitants of Uppsala city. The purpose of this paper is to provide a deeper insight into the inhabitants’ health and life, as well as an overview of the town’s development over the course of the time period. The theoretical framework used in this essay is microarchaeology, and the results from the analysis apply only to the analyzed individuals. Although no attempt will be made to draw conclusions about the entire population of Uppsala during the early modern times, the results will be placed in a historical context. The historical context provided in this essay is the result of a literary analysis with three major focal points: demography and city planning, Uppsala cathedral and the cemetery, diet and health. The results of the osteological analysis have shown that the five individuals all suffered from malnutrition and/or iron deficiency at some point during their childhood. The individuals are believed to have belonged to the middle class in the early modern society, however, they seem to have lived through some sort of hardship which caused the malnutrition. The literary analysis concludes that Uppsala was subjected to a starvation catastrophe during the last years of the 17th century, as well as the plague shortly thereafter, in 1710. The osteological material analyzed in this essay is part of an ongoing archaeological investigation, which means that the dating and results used or concluded in this essay is preliminary and may differ from the final archaeological report, which will be released in 2021.

This study analyses visible artefacts depicted on Athenian white-ground funerary lekythoi from between 475 to 425 BCE, to investigate what the iconographic information of the artefacts can tell us about the funerary activity and how the information relates to the written sources from antiquity. The purpose of this study is to gain a more in-depth view of the Athenian funerary activities, of which we currently have limited knowledge of. The activates surrounding an Athenian funeral is a complex matter consisting of several stages of preparation and visits to the grave. However, when we are looking at the funerary images, it is difficult to determine what stage of the burial culture we are observing, which is what this study sets out to answer. The study uses a theoretical framework in viewing the vase images as a “scene of an idea” rather than a “scene from reality” where expressions of ideas and notion are what is on display on the white-ground lekythos. The study has analysed the visible artefacts from 252 Athenian white-ground lekythoi and thematically grouped them, then with an iconographical method analysed the meaning and representation of the visible artefacts and how they relate to the written sources.  The study has resulted three main conclusions. Firstly, a possible identification of a funerary activity when observing the number and detailed work of the artefacts illustrated by the painter. Secondly, the importance of maintaining a good relationship between the living and the dead. Thirdly, the contemporary events involving the Athenian administrative changes implanted by Solon and how it could have affected the way the Athenians illustrated their funerary scenes.

Private funerary stelae are a vital bundle of material in Egyptological research that may reveal plenty of information in terms of e.g. social structures, religious practices and linguistics. This study examines one stela in particular (NM18) from Museum Gustavianum, Uppsala, that has not yet undergone a full analysis, nor been put into its proper context of the late Middle Kingdom. The present study aims to provide for such a contextualization by identifying and discussing certain features on the stela, such as iconography and orthographic elements. By thoroughly analyzing these elements and putting them in relation to analogous stelae, one may find as to what extent there are unique, conventional and/or modified features on NM18. The study shows that NM18 may be considered a significant object for research that involves late Middle Kingdom stelae. A qualitative approach is applied in order to thoroughly analyze the textual and iconographical content of the stela. / Privata gravstelar utgör ett essentiellt källmaterial inom egyptologisk forskning som kan avslöja stora mängder information gällande exempelvis sociala strukturer, religiös praxis och lingvistik. I denna studie undersöks en specifik stele (NM18) från Museum Gustavianum, Uppsala, som ännu inte genomgått en full analys eller blivit placerad i sin rätta kontext i det sena Mellersta Riket. Med studien ämnas att bidra med en sådan kontextualisering genom att identifiera och diskutera specifika drag på stelen, såsom ikonografi och ortografiska element. Med en grundlig analys av dessa element och genom att sätta dem i relation till jämförbara stelar, kan man utröna i vilken mån det finns unika, konventionella och/eller modifierade drag på NM18. Studien visar att NM18 kan anses vara ett betydelsefullt objekt i studier som involverar sena Mellersta Riket stelar. Ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt används för att ingående analysera det textuella och ikonografiska innehållet på stelen.

In the beginning of the 19th century Malmö was a sleepy, small town with less than 5 000 inhabitants. The town was surrounded by strong fortifications and a moat. In the government´s opinion there was no need for a strong fortress in the south of Sweden anymore and the cost of maintenance was too high. Malmö was allowed to demolish the fortifications at its own expense. This opened up for the expansion of the town. A new town plan was produced with two new squares, promenades and a new canal around the former Old Town. As a part of the agreement between the government and Malmö the Rörsjö-marshes were drained allowing the town to expand beyond its former limits. The population rose rapidly especially during the latter part of the century. In 1850 there were around 13 000 inhabitants in the Malmö. Thirty years later more than 38 000 and in 1900 there were 60 587 people living in Malmö. There were two more factors which contributed two this growth: the building and expansion of the harbour and the building of the railways in the 1860s. Söderport, Österport, Norra Vallgatan and Bastion Älvsborg remind us today of times gone by.The essay is based on documents and maps in archives and on presentations by scholars of the 20th century. / <p>På grund av coronapandemin hölls presentationen över nätet.</p>