Background: Providing mental health care to socially marginalized groups is a challenge. There is limited evidence on what form of mental health-care generic (i.e. not targeting a specific social group) and group-specific services provide to socially marginalized groups in Europe. Aim: To describe the characteristics of services providing mental health care for people with mental disorders from socially marginalized groups in European capitals. Methods: In two highly deprived areas in different European capital cities, services providing some form of mental health care for six marginalized groups, i.e. homeless, street sex workers, asylum seekers/refugees, irregular migrants, travelling communities and long-term unemployed, were identified and contacted. Data were obtained on service characteristics, staff and programmes. Results: In 8 capital cities, 516 out of 575 identified services were assessed (90%); 297 services were generic (18–79 per city) and 219 group-specific (13–50). All cities had group-specific services for the homeless, street sex workers and asylum seekers/refugees. Generic services provided more health-care programmes. Group-specific services provided more outreach programmes and social care. There was a substantial overlap in the programmes provided by the two types of services. Conclusions: In deprived areas of European capitals, a considerable number of services provide mental health care to socially marginalized groups. Access to these services often remains difficult. Group-specific services have been widely established, but their role overlaps with that of generic services. More research and conceptual clarity on the function of group-specific services are required.

Magister Public Health - MPH / Background: Waste picking is not a new phenomenon in South Africa and is becoming increasingly prevalent, with rising numbers of waste pickers operating on landfills and on the streets. Although waste pickers are recognised as making an important contribution to waste management systems in South Africa, they remain at the lowest level of the waste collection and disposal hierarchy. Operating on the fringes of the formal economy with low and generally erratic income, they have limited access to safe and nutritious food. Many waste pickers are therefore prone to micronutrient malnutrition and macronutrient malnutrition. Food insecurity is a constant threat. Few studies have been conducted on this vulnerable group of people, with relatively little known about their eating habits and the impact thereof on their health. The aim of this study was to assess the dietary intake, food (in)security and nutritional status of waste pickers in South Africa, with a specific focus on landfill waste pickers. Study population and design: This constitutes a secondary study which builds on an earlier (primary) study conducted among 409 landfill waste pickers on nine landfill sites in four provinces in South Africa. Data was obtained from a cross-sectional quantitative survey conducted during the primary study which assessed the food (in)security, anthropometric status and dietary intake of waste pickers. In this study, group discussions were also conducted with waste pickers to gain more insight into activities and conditions on the landfill sites.

The purpose of this study is to compare the coping strategies between homeless women with dependent children and homeless women without dependent children. Of the 192 homeless women in this study, 64 were mothers who have their dependent children living with them and 132 were women who did not have dependent children living with them. The women were recruited from homeless shelters in Georgia, in the Metro-Atlanta area and several surrounding counties: Bartow, Clark, and Cobb. MANOVA analysis was used to test the differences between both groups using their scores on the Coping Strategies Inventory scales (problem solving skills, problem reframing, and ability to access social networks). Univariate analysis was used to look at each dependent variable. There was no statistical difference in coping strategies between both groups. The conclusions from this study suggest continued research regarding the benefit of coping strategies among homeless populations.

The diploma thesis is focused on the problem of homelessness, social work with homeless people, the ethics of care and its usefulness within social work with the homeless. Every particular topic has been described and evaluated from the point of view of various authors, both Czech and foreign. The main part of this diploma thesis is the interconnection of the ethics of care in social work, specifically in social work with the homeless. The ethics of care is then applied into social services which are provided to the homeless. The ethics of care has been also talked about in the context of the organisations which provide help for the homeless. The substantial part of the diploma thesis is a question whether or not the ethics of care in social work with the homeless can be used under the conditions we have in the Czech Republic. Not only the state of social work in the Czech Republic, but also Czech legislation and work of the organisations providing help for the homeless are very important matters to think of. Evaluation is based on the use of all the resources and the aim is to interconnect all the parts of this diploma thesis.

Bakgrund: Hemlöshet är ett växande problem i Sverige och idag lever cirka 34 000 personer som hemlösa. Det finns olika faktorer som bidrar till att en person lever i hemlöshet där ett sämre hälsotillstånd med fysiska hälsoproblem är vanligt förekommande. Hemlösa personer lever i närhet till smittsamma sjukdomar med en lägre hygienstandard. Detta leder till att hälsan påverkas negativt och att hemlösa har ett större behov av sjukvård. Sjuksköterskor har erfarenheter av att det är en utmaning att vårda personer som lever i hemlöshet på grund av att de anser att det är svårt att inte ha en dömande inställning grundat i förutfattade meningar. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa hemlösa personers erfarenheter av vårdande och sjukvården. Metod: En litteraturöversikt har gjorts där elva vetenskapliga artiklar valdes. Tio artiklar visade sig vara baserad på forskning av kvalitativ design och en artikel använde sig av både kvalitativ och kvantitativ datainsamling. Resultat: Hemlösa personer hade erfarenheter av att de fick ett annorlunda bemötande jämfört med andra patienter när de sökte sjukvård. De hade erfarenheter av att bli åsidosatta och vara lägre prioriterade än andra patienter i sjukvården. Majoriteten av de hemlösa personerna väntar med att söka sjukvård tills smärtan är outhärdlig på grund av att sjukvårdpersonalen bemöter dem på ett respektlöst sätt. Det fanns också hemlösa personer som hade positiva erfarenheter av vårdande där sjukvårdspersonalen visade engagemang och var vänliga och hjälpsamma mot dem. Diskussion: I detta avsnitt kommer en metoddiskussion att presenteras som utvärderar styrkor och svagheter samt en resultatdiskussion som kommer att diskuteras med Joyce Travelbees omvårdnadsteori samt nytillkomna artiklar. Nyckelord: Hemlösa personer, erfarenheter, vårdande, sjukvårdspersonal.

Ce mémoire porte sur les processus de catégorisation et les modes de prise en charge des populations sans logement par l’État français à deux époques que sont la fin du XIXème siècle et la fin du XXème siècle (1880-1910 et 1980-2008). Au cours de ces deux périodes charnières, les transformations socio-économiques brouillent les dispositifs traditionnels de prise en charge de populations sans logement et conduisent progressivement l’État à une redéfinition de ces populations sur le plan administratif ainsi qu’à un resserrement sur le plan juridique. L’analyse met en évidence la résistance des discours juridiques et politiques face aux transformations sociales avant d’étudier l’émergence de nouvelles catégories et de nouveaux dispositifs pour appréhender et contrôler ces populations. Les sources utilisées (juridico-politiques et médicales) permettent de nuancer l’analyse dominante proposée jusqu’alors par Castel, qui néglige les sources médicales dans son étude des bouleversements sociaux et de la prise en charge des populations marginalisées aux deux époques. Enfin, le travail de catégorisation des populations marginalisées de la part de l’État s’oppose à une résistance de la part des populations elles-mêmes qui débordent les catégories et les dispositifs mis en œuvre pour les appréhender.

Esta dissertação se situa no campo de estudos Trabalho e Educação. Teve como objetivo analisar a concepção e prática de acolhimento da Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental Porto Alegre (EPA) à população em situação de rua, expressa no Núcleo de Trabalho Educativo (NTE). Foi realizado um estudo de caso sobre a EPA, como escola de Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) que prioriza o atendimento à população em situação de rua; neste sentido, procurou-se caracterizar o público potencial da EJA e a população em situação de rua como parte deste público. Procurou-se definir o acolhimento a partir de como se expressa no Projeto Político Pedagógico (PPP) da escola e na prática diária, além de nas demais políticas. Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre a história da escola e para isto buscou-se informações em trabalhos de conclusão, dissertações e teses feitas sobre a escola, além de publicações, como sites e redes sociais, que pudessem fornecer informações sobre a história da escola e seu contexto. Também foi realizada uma pesquisa documental que buscou diversas produções, tais como PPP da escola, regimentos, jornais da escola, reportagens, planos anuais, relatórios, legislações e outros que se referem à EPA. Dentro deste processo de análise o NTE foi, também, priorizado já que a pesquisa começa na escola, mas tem seu foco neste espaço; sendo analisada a sua história, o seu lugar na escola e no PPP Paralelamente à pesquisa bibliográfica e documental foi realizada uma observação participante, onde o pesquisador, professor – hoje na direção desta escola, participou de reuniões do NTE, acompanhou o trabalho das oficinas, manteve um contato permanente com estudantes e professores do NTE durante seu período de trabalho e em outros espaços reservados especialmente para isso. Foram realizadas entrevistas reflexivas com estudantes e professores buscando conhecer sua experiência escolar e de trabalho e, também, por que retornam à escola, matriculando-se na EPA, e além disso, por que buscam o trabalho educativo e que impacto ele tem para suas vidas e projetos. A pesquisa faz uma caraterização da população em situação de rua e dos/as estudantes da EPA, e discorre sobre o significado do acolhimento em diversas áreas como a saúde, a assistência social e a educação, trazendo, então, a experiência da EPA e do NTE. Procurou-se conhecer as experiências escolares dos/as estudantes, as perspectivas de vida, a importância desta escola, e do Núcleo de Trabalho de Trabalho Educativo como espaço de acolhimento, como este pode ajudá-los a construir seus sonhos. A discussão do trabalho como princípio educativo, do não trabalho e do trabalho precário permeiam todos os passos da pesquisa. / This dissertation is in the field of studies Labor and Education. The purpose of this study was to analyze the design and practice of embracement at Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental (Municipal School of Primary Education) Porto Alegre – EPA for the homeless population, expressed in the Núcleo de Trabalho Educativo (Center for Educational Work) – NTE. A case study was carried out at EPA, as a school for Educação de Jovens e Adultos – EJA (Youth and Adult Education), which prioritized attendance to the population in homeless situation, I tried to characterize the potential target of the EJA and the population in homeless situation of as part of this potential target. I sought to define the embracement from what is expressed in the Political and Pedagogical Project; in the daily practice and other policies. A bibliographical research was done on the story of the school and due to this I sought information on dissertations and papers, as well as publications such as sites, social networks that could provide information about the school's story and context. A documentary research was also carried out that looked for several productions, such as Projetos Político Pedagógicos – PPP (Political and Pedagogical Project, School Rules, school newspapers, news, annual plans, annual reports, legislation and any fonts that refer to EPA. Within this process, the NTE was also prioritized, since the research begins in the school, but has its focus in this space, being analyzed its story, its place in the school and in the Political and Pedagogical Project Parallel to the bibliographical and documental research, a participant observation was made, where I, as researcher, teacher, nowadays the principal of this school, participated in meetings of the NTE, followed the work of the workshops, maintaining a permanent contact with students and teachers of the NTE during their work time and in times specially reserved for this purpose. Reflective interviews were conducted with students and teachers seeking to know their school and work experience and why do they return to school through the EPA; why are they looking for educational work and what impact has it on their lives and plans. The research is a characterization of the homeless population and EPA students, it discusses the meaning of the embracement in several areas such as health, care and see how it is approached in the area of education, bringing the experience of EPA and NTE. I sought to know the students' school experiences, the importance of EPA, and NTE as embracement space, life perspectives and how can NTE help them to build their dreams. The discussion of work as an educational principle, workless and precarious work permeates all steps of this research.

A presente dissertação se refere a interação com moradores de rua em busca da presença da potência criadora, segundo o conceito nietzschiano de Grande Saúde. Para tal empresa, nos valemos dos recursos de pensamento da cartografia, nos termos de Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari, e da intuição, nos termos de Henri Bergson. O objetivo foi compreender os processos, forças e potências que compõem o existir na rua. O plano de inscrição e encontro com essas existências foi o jornal Boca de Rua, único periódico do mundo feito totalmente por moradores de rua. Durante todo trabalho utilizamos excertos de edições do jornal Boca de Rua, além disso, foi parte constituinte desta pesquisa a criação conjunta com moradores de rua de produção audiovisual, o vídeo Ir Vir Permanecer. Para constituir um plano de perspectiva desde o qual contatássemos as existências da rua, consideramos a noção de processos de subjetivação em Guattari e Rolnik, assim como, para construir o plano de consistência da pesquisa, valemo-nos do conceito de vida nua no trabalho de Giorgio Agamben. Da escola cínica retomamos o conceito de parresía para ajudar-nos a compreender a emissão de discursos e a colocação de si a partir da rua em sua potência política, tal como é operacionalizada pelo jornal Boca de Rua. Ao final do trabalho chegamos, de maneira experienciada, ao conceito de Grande Saúde em Nietzsche, sua constitutiva Vontade de Potência, e ao problema da afecção em Spinoza como fiadores de encontro com essas vidas. Concluímos apontando para processos que prescindem da moral e se afastam da constituição de sujeitos pela ordem da falta ou da exclusão social e ensejam perspectivas outras que possam não só compreender, mas agenciar novos modos de encontrar (com) a vida, seja sob algum teto seja à céu aberto. / This dissertation refers to the interaction with the homeless searching for the presence of creative power, according to the Nietzschean concept of Great Health. To achieve this, we make use of the thinking resources of cartography in terms of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, and intuition under Henri Bergson. The enrollment plan and encounter with these existences was Boca de Rua (Mouth of the Street) journal, the only newspaper in the world made entirely by homeless people. Throughout our research we used editions excerpts from Boca de Rua journal as it was a constituent part of this work the joint creation with homeless people of the video Ir Vir Permanecer (Go Come Stay). To provide a perspective plan from which we could contact street existences we considered the notion of subjective processes in Guattari and Rolnik, as well as to build the consistency plane of this research we make use of the concept of bare life in the work Giorgio Agamben. In the Cynic school we retake the concept of parresia to help us to understand the emission of speeches and the placement of itself from the street in its political power, as operationalized by Boca de Rua journal. At the end of the work we reached in an experienced manner to the study of the concept of Great Health in Nietzsche, its constitutive Will to Power and the problem of affection in Spinoza as guarantors of the meeting with these lives. We conclude pointing toward processes which ignore the moral and depart from the constitution of subjects in lack or social exclusion orders and give rise to other perspectives that can not only understand, but tout new ways of meeting (with) life: either under a roof or under an outspread sky.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo trabalhar com narrativas de moradores de rua que revelam os modos como a rua é por eles pensada e vivida. Ela é resultado de uma pesquisa etnográfica que realizei na cidade de Fortaleza, capital do estado do Ceará, entre o final do ano de 2015 e meados de 2016. A partir dos relatos de quatro pessoas – Roberto, Josué, Julia e Paulista –, que ao longo do trabalho de campo tornaram-se as interlocutoras-chaves da pesquisa, busco discutir como algumas categorias nativas são definidas por essas pessoas. Estas categorias são as de morador de rua, sistema da rua e se virar. Partindo da noção de que movimento e conhecimento são simultaneamente coproduzidos nos processos de habitar a rua, busco aqui discutir as micropolíticas dessas categorias, apontando para as formas como são operacionalizadas como um saber prático nos trajetos dessas pessoas na cidade. / This dissertation aims to discuss narratives of homeless people that reveal the ways how the they think and live the life on the streets. This work is the result of an ethnography in the city of Fortaleza/CE, made beetween 2015 and 2016. From the reports of four people (Roberto, Josué, Julia e Paulista) who throughout the fieldwork have become key interlocutors of the research, I seek to discuss how some categories are defined by these people. This categories are the next: morador de rua, sistema da rua and se virar. Starting from the notion that movement and knowledge are simultaneously coproduced in the processes of inhabiting the streets, I try here to discuss the micropolitics of these categories, pointing to the ways they are operationalized as a practical knowledge in the paths of these people in the city.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar as representações sociais sobre população de rua existentes no jornal Boca de Rua, veículo de comunicação comunitária produzido por moradores de rua da cidade de Porto Alegre desde o ano 2000. Para que fosse possível uma compreensão mais ampla das representações construídas pelos integrantes do projeto comunicacional, foram analisadas as matérias principais de oito edições do jornal, publicadas entre 2000 e 2009, bem como as representações sociais elaboradas nos discursos individuais de quatro integrantes entrevistados. Como referencial teórico, adotou-se a teoria das representações sociais, proposta pelo psicólogo social Serge Moscovici. A reflexão sobre a situação dos moradores de rua foi baseada principalmente nas ideias de exclusão, conforme pensada por Bader Sawaia, dessemelhança, proposta por Marcel Bursztyn e Cristovam Buarque, redundância, de acordo com Zygmunt Bauman, e estigma, concebida por Erving Goffman. A análise dos jornais selecionados foi realizada a partir da análise de conteúdo seguida por Laurence Bardin, de modo que os trechos dos textos foram enquadrados em três grandes categorias previamente determinadas: pontos de vista e relacionamentos, vida nas ruas e meios de comunicação. Às representações percebidas nos textos foram somadas as idéias sobre população de rua identificadas nas entrevistas. Através deste estudo, pôde-se perceber que, ao encontrarem espaço para participação na produção de um veículo de comunicação, os moradores de rua buscam apresentar suas opiniões e reivindicações, tornando clara a noção de que a vida nas ruas consiste em dificuldades de sobrevivência física, devido à fome, ao frio e às doenças, e também em dificuldades de relacionamento com o restante da população. Ao mesmo tempo em que apontam seus problemas, procuram se afirmar como seres humanos e cidadãos com capacidade de organização e convivência com os outros grupos sociais. É notável, ainda, que os meios de comunicação em geral são pouco tematizados nas reflexões encontradas nas matérias e nas falas dos integrantes. Salienta-se, por fim, que as representações dos moradores de rua como pessoas sem oportunidade de trabalho e como usuários de drogas recebem significativo espaço na análise, estando presentes em mais de uma das categorias utilizadas. / This work aims to identify the homeless population social representations at Boca de Rua newspaper, a communitarian communication vehicle written by homeless people from Porto Alegre since 2000. For allowing a wider understanding of the representations constructed by the communicational project participants, we analyzed eight newspaper editions main subjects, published between the years 2000 and 2009, as well as the social representations elaborated by four interviewed participants on their individual speeches. The social representation theory proposed by the social psychologist Serge Moscovici was adopted as theoretical referential. The reflection about homeless population situation was based mainly on the ideas of exclusion, as thought by Bader Sawaia, unsimilarity, proposed by Marcel Bursztyn and Cristovam Buarque, redundancy, accordingly Zygmunt Bauman, and stigma, conceived by Erving Goffman. The selected newspapers analyses was accomplished based on the content analyses followed by Laurence Bardin, classifying the texts extracts in three large categories previously determined: viewpoints and relationships, life in the streets and communication media. The representations perceived in the texts were added to the homeless population ideas identified in the interviews. Throughout this study, it was possible to comprehend that the homeless population, when being able of participating of a communication vehicle production, attempt to present their opinions and solicitations. It clarifies the notion that life in the streets consists of physical survival difficulties, due to hunger, cold and diseases, and also due to relationship difficulties with the rest of the population. Simultaneously they point their problems, they aim to affirm themselves as human beings and citizens with skills of organization and acquaintance with other social groups. It is notable, moreover, that general communication media is infrequently mentioned in the reflections found in the analyzed newspapers subjects and participants speeches. Finally, it is pointed out that the homeless population representations as people without job opportunities and as drug users have a significant space in the analyses, being present in more than one of the utilized categories.