Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-03-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:17:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 segura_df_me_araiq.pdf: 1112989 bytes, checksum: 57dcb9d71e40b067b4378bde80885bbe (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho fibras ópticas de PMMA foram preparadas a partir de amostras de PMMA disponíveis comercialmente. As amostras foram termoprensadas a uma temperatura de 230 ºC na forma de bastões homogêneos e livre de bolhas. Desses bastões foi possível obter preformas cilíndricas com diâmetro de aproximadamente 10 mm. Para a obtenção de fibras foi utilizado o método de puxamento de preforma em uma torre de puxamento de características industriais. O puxamento das fibras foi conseguido em temperaturas próximas a 200 ºC possibilitando a confecção de fibras de diâmetro entre 200 µm a 1000 µm, essas fibras possuem uma atenuação entre 23 dB/m e 13 dB/m respectivamente. Esses valores são superiores ao encontrado para uma fibra comercial que é de 4 dB/m. Numa segunda parte do trabalho um novo material híbrido orgânico inorgânico foi preparado, constituído de PMMA e nanopartículas inorgânicas luminescentes de vanadato de ítrio dopado com európio (YVO4:Eu). Para isso foi empregado dois métodos diferentes: a moagem conjunta do PMMA com as nanopartículas com a posterior termoprensagem dessa mistura e a suspensão em solvente, que consistia em solubilizar o PMMA em um solvente contendo uma suspensão das nanopartículas com a sua posterior secagem. Ambos os métodos produziram materiais transparentes e homogêneos. As propriedades espectroscópicas sugerem que a identidade das nanopartículas tenha sido preservada nos compósitos finais. Alguns ensaios de puxamento de fibras a partir dos compósitos foram realizados / In this work PMMA optical fibers were prepared from samples of commercially available PMMA. The samples were processed at 230 ºC to make rods homogeneous and without bubbles. With these rods was possible to obtain cylindrical preforms with a diameter of approximately 10 mm. The drawing of the fibers was achieved at temperatures around 200 ° C enabling the manufacture of fibers with diameters of 200 μm to 1000 μm these fibers have an attenuation between 23 dB/m and 13 dB/m respectively. These values are higher than found for a commercial fiber that is 4 dB/m. In a second part of the work a new organic inorganic hybrid material was prepared, consisting of PMMA and inorganic luminescent nanoparticles of yttrium vanadate doped with europium (YVO4:Eu). For this he was employed two different methods: the joint milling of PMMA nanoparticles with subsequent thermopressing the mixture and suspended in solvent, which was to solubilize the PMMA in a solvent containing a suspension of nanoparticles with subsequent drying. Both methods produced transparent and homogeneous materials. The spectroscopic properties suggest that the identity of nanoparticles has been preserved in the final composite. Some tests of pulling fiber from the composite were performed

Orientador: Sidney José Lima Ribeiro / Banca: Karim Dahmouche / Banca: Bluma Guenther Soares / Resumo: Neste trabalho fibras ópticas de PMMA foram preparadas a partir de amostras de PMMA disponíveis comercialmente. As amostras foram termoprensadas a uma temperatura de 230 ºC na forma de bastões homogêneos e livre de bolhas. Desses bastões foi possível obter preformas cilíndricas com diâmetro de aproximadamente 10 mm. Para a obtenção de fibras foi utilizado o método de puxamento de preforma em uma torre de puxamento de características industriais. O puxamento das fibras foi conseguido em temperaturas próximas a 200 ºC possibilitando a confecção de fibras de diâmetro entre 200 µm a 1000 µm, essas fibras possuem uma atenuação entre 23 dB/m e 13 dB/m respectivamente. Esses valores são superiores ao encontrado para uma fibra comercial que é de 4 dB/m. Numa segunda parte do trabalho um novo material híbrido orgânico inorgânico foi preparado, constituído de PMMA e nanopartículas inorgânicas luminescentes de vanadato de ítrio dopado com európio (YVO4:Eu). Para isso foi empregado dois métodos diferentes: a moagem conjunta do PMMA com as nanopartículas com a posterior termoprensagem dessa mistura e a suspensão em solvente, que consistia em solubilizar o PMMA em um solvente contendo uma suspensão das nanopartículas com a sua posterior secagem. Ambos os métodos produziram materiais transparentes e homogêneos. As propriedades espectroscópicas sugerem que a identidade das nanopartículas tenha sido preservada nos compósitos finais. Alguns ensaios de puxamento de fibras a partir dos compósitos foram realizados / Abstract: In this work PMMA optical fibers were prepared from samples of commercially available PMMA. The samples were processed at 230 ºC to make rods homogeneous and without bubbles. With these rods was possible to obtain cylindrical preforms with a diameter of approximately 10 mm. The drawing of the fibers was achieved at temperatures around 200 ° C enabling the manufacture of fibers with diameters of 200 μm to 1000 μm these fibers have an attenuation between 23 dB/m and 13 dB/m respectively. These values are higher than found for a commercial fiber that is 4 dB/m. In a second part of the work a new organic inorganic hybrid material was prepared, consisting of PMMA and inorganic luminescent nanoparticles of yttrium vanadate doped with europium (YVO4:Eu). For this he was employed two different methods: the joint milling of PMMA nanoparticles with subsequent thermopressing the mixture and suspended in solvent, which was to solubilize the PMMA in a solvent containing a suspension of nanoparticles with subsequent drying. Both methods produced transparent and homogeneous materials. The spectroscopic properties suggest that the identity of nanoparticles has been preserved in the final composite. Some tests of pulling fiber from the composite were performed / Mestre

Os materiais híbridos orgânico-inorgânicos constituem uma classe especial compostos, obtidos pela combinação adequada entre duas ou mais fases (orgânica e inorgânica), que têm recebido muita atenção nos últimos anos. Quando combinados em escala molecular, os nanocompósitos formados promovem o sinergismo entre as propriedades destas fases podendo produzir materiais com características e propriedades únicas e inusitadas que não são encontradas nas partes individuais. As particularidades dos novos materiais podem resultar em aplicações como melhoria de propriedades mecânicas, da estabilidade térmica, permeabilidade de gases, retardadores de chama, polímeros eletrólitos, dentre outras. As siliconas aniônicas são materiais poliméricos utilizados como agentes dispersantes, espumantes, emulsificantes e complexantes promovendo a compatibilidade entre a silicona e outros polímeros, permitindo a formulação de géis estáveis e limpos com aplicações principalmente na indústria de cosméticos. Hidróxidos Duplos Lamelares (HDL) são materiais cuja estrutura lamelar é constituída de camadas de um hidróxido duplo carregadas positivamente, com ânions hidratados no domínio interlamelar. A esfoliação de HDL é um processo que permite a separação em escala nanométrica das contrapartes inorgânica (do hidróxido duplo) do ânion interlamelar (que pode ser orgânico ou não). O foco do presente trabalho é a preparação e a caracterização de materiais híbridos orgânico-inorgânicos através da utilização de siliconas aniônicas funcionalizadas com os grupos fosfato, sulfato, ftalato e succinato como matriz orgânica e as lamelas esfoliadas de um HDL do sistema Zn-Al como aditivo inorgânico. Novos compósitos foram preparados, em blocos e na forma de filmes, a partir da interação entre as siliconas aniônicas e diferentes cargas do HDL esfoliado utilizado como aditivo. Os compósitos apresentaram modificações em suas características como aumento da estabilidade térmica, resistência mecânica e maleabilidade comparada às siliconas puras. Tais características podem ser aproveitadas para aplicações até então inexploradas por estes materiais. / Hybrid composites are a class of materials obtained by the appropriate combination of two or more phases (organic and inorganic), which have nowadays received a lot of attention. When these composites are combined at the molecular scale, the resulting nanocomposites resulting promote the synergism among the properties of the lonely phases and can then produce materials with unique and unusual characteristics and properties not found in individual species. The particularities of the new materials can result in applications such as the improvement of mechanical properties, thermal stability, permeability of gases, flame retarder, polymeric electrolytes, etc. Anionic silicones are polymeric materials used as dispersant, foaming, emulsifiant and complexant agents capable of promoting compatibility among the silicone and the other polymers, thus allowing the formulation of stable and clean gels for applications mainly in the cosmetic industry. Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are lamellar materials constituted of positively charged layers of a double hydroxide, with hydrated anions in the interlayer domain. The exfoliation of LDH is a process that allows to separate the inorganic sheets (of the double hydroxide) from the interlayer anion (which can be organic or not) at nanometric scale. The present work focus on the preparation and the characterization of organic-inorganic hybrid materials by using anionic silicones functionalized with the phosphate, sulfate, ftalato and succinate groups (organic matrix) and the layer of the exfoliated LDH of the Zn-Al system as the inorganic additive. New composites in block and films forms were prepared, starting from the interaction between the anionic silicones and different loads of LDH exfoliated as additive. The composites presented modifications in their characteristics such as the increase of thermal stability, mechanical resistance and malleability compared to pure silicones. Such characteristics can be used for applications in unexplored areas of these materials.

Dans les expériences modélisant la photosynthèse, une bonne dispersion des molécules de chlorophylle est requise. Afin d'obtenir cette bonne dispersion, une solution consiste à les ancrer à un hôte. Dans cette étude, des nouveaux matériaux hybrides sont synthétisés en utilisant des hydrotalcites et un dérivé de la chlorophylle : la chlorophylline. La chlorophylline est incorporée et dispersée dans les hydrotalcites par co-précipitation ou pendant la reconstruction des hydrotalcites. Dans cette thèse est également discuté l'effet d'une irradiation par micro-onde. Dans tous les cas sont obtenus des matériaux stables, où les molécules de chlorophylline sont isolées et liées aux hydrotaltices par des liaisons avec les groupes hydroxy OH. Dans ce travail, de nouveaux matériaux sont synthétisés en utilisant les hydrotalcites et la chlorophylle a. Dans ce cas là, il est mis en valeur que la stabilisation de la chlorophylle a peut dépendre du support, à la fois par la nature et le rapport des métaux constituants les hydrotalcites. Ces matériaux hybrides obtenus (chlorophylle a/hydrotalcites) sont également stables. Ces matériaux ont été testés par lixiviation à l'acétone. Dans tous les cas, les composés lixiviés sont de la chlorophylle a, montrant ainsi que la nature et la composition des molécules sont préservées même après trente jours, bien qu'il soit à noter que dans le cas des hydrotalcites Ni/Al une faible fraction de la chlorophylle est décomposée en phéophytine. Finalement, bien que les hydrotalcites soient des composés relativement simples, ils s'avèrent tout à fait adaptés pour empêcher la dégradation des molécules de chlorophylle. / In experiments modeling photosynthesis, well dispersed chlorophyll molecules are required. A solution could be to anchor them on some host. In this work, new hybrid materials are synthesized using hydrotalcite and a chlorophyll derivative : chlorophyllin. Chlorophyllin is incorporated and dispersed in hydrotalcite through simultaneous precipitation or during hydrotalcite reconstruction. The effect of microwave irradiation on the crystallization step is discussed. In all cases stable materials are obtained, chlorophyllin molecules are isolated and bonded through hydrotalcite OH groups. Also new hybrid materials are synthesized using hydrotalcites and chlorophyll a. The effect of the support composition on chlorophyll a stabilization is discussed. The stability of the adsorbed chlorophyll a is affected by the support nature and the metal ratio of the hydrotalcite. The obtained hybrid compounds (chlorophyll a on hydrotalcite) are stable. Those hybrids were tested in lixiviation with acetone. In all cases, the lixiviated compound was chlorophyll a showing that the composition and nature of the molecule was preserved even after thirty days, although Ni/Al hydrotalcites decomposed a small fraction of the chlorophyll to pheophytin. Hydrotalcites being basic compounds turn out to be an adequate material to avoid degradation of chlorophyll molecules.

Des films du type polyoxométallates-porphyrines ont été synthetisés et sont basés sur des interactions du types covalentes ou électrostatiques. Les films polyoxométallates–porphyrines sont obtenus par électro-oxydation de l’octaéthylporphyrine de zinc (ZnOEP) ou la 5,15-ditolylporphyrine (H2T2P) en présence de différents types of polyoxométallates (POMs) portant deux groupes pyridyles pendants (py-POM-py) Trois type de systèmes py-POM-py ont été utilises : i) un Lindqvist polyoxovanadate fonctionalisé via deux groupes tris-alkoxo , ii) un derive organosilyl fonctionalisé du type Keggin ou Dawson, et iii) des briques du type Dawson [P2W15V3O62]9− fonctionalisée avec des groupements organiques bis-pyridine de géométrie variée via un greffage diolamide). Tous ces films ont été testé pour la génération de photocourant et la photocatalyse de la réduction de métaux (Ag et Pt). Des films électrostatiques POM-porphyrin ont été également préparés par incorporation de polyanion du type Preyssler [NaP5W30O110]14- sur les films de porphyrine polycationic (poly-ZnOEP) électropolymérisés avec des espaceurs viologènes ou bis-viologènes. [NaP5W30O110]14- agit comme relais d’électron entre une porphyrine excitée ZnOEP* et le viologène (ou le bis-viologène) retardant la recombinaison de charge ce qui permet une augmentation du photocourant. Enfin, des nanoparticules POM@NPs (Pt, Au, Ag) ont été introduites en surface de copolymère polycationique à base de bis-porphyrine par métathèse afin d’augmenter l’efficacité de la génération de photocourant. La résonance de plasmon de surface localisée qui se produit à la surface des nanoparticules d'argent a sensiblement améliorée l'excitation électronique de porphyrine. / Polyoxometalates-porphyrin hybrid films were synthesized based on covalent or electrostatic interactions. Copolymeric polyoxometalate–porphyrin films were obtained by the electro-oxidation of zinc octaethylporphyrin (ZnOEP) or 5,15-ditolyl porphyrin (H2T2P) in the presence of a different type of polyoxometalates (POMs) bearing two pyridyl groups (py-POM-py). Three type of py-POM-py have been used: i) a tris-alkoxo functionalized Lindqvist polyoxovanadate, ii) an organosilyl functionalized Keggin-type [PW11Si2O40C26H16N2]3- and Dawson-type [P2W17Si2O62C26H16N2]6-, and iii) a bis-pyridine-substituted organo-polyoxometallic bricks using [P2W15V3O62]9− diolamide-grafting method with various geometries of the pendant group. All are applied for photocurrent generation and photocatalytical recovery of metals (Ag and Pt). Electrostatic POM-porphyrin films were also prepared by incorporated Preyssler type polyanion [NaP5W30O110]14- onto the electropolymerized polycationic porphyrin (poly-ZnOEP) with viologen or bis-viologen as spacers. [NaP5W30O110]14- as an efficient electron shuttle between the excited ZnOEP and viologen (or bis-viologen) which effectively retarded the fast charge pair recombination and enhanced the photocurrent magnitude. Later, we introduced nanoparticles POM@MNPs to a bis-porphyrin copolymer through metathesis reaction to further improve the efficiency of the photocurrent generation in which the localized surface plasmon resonance that occurs at the surface of silver nanoparticles has substantially enhanced the electronic excitation of surface-anchored porphyrin.

Les récents développements dans le domaine du photovoltaïque ont permis l'apparition de cellules utilisant des technologies nouvelles. Parmi elles on trouve les cellules photovoltaïques hybrides, cependant les méthodes de fabrication utilisées actuellement présentent des défauts. Cette thèse a pour but de proposer deux nouvelles approches pour la préparation de cellules photovoltaïques hybrides sous forme d'hétérojonctions en volume d'un oxopolymère de titane et d'un polythiophène. Dans un premier temps la formation de mésostructures vermiculaires dans des couches minces de TiO2 par autoassemblage par évaporation a été étudiée, l'oxopolymère amorphe obtenu a ensuite été cristallisé en conditions douces. Ces résultats ont ensuite été utilisés afin de préparer des matériaux hybrides à partir d'homopolymères de thiophène portant des substituants hexyl et acide, ainsi qu'à partir de copolymères. Des matériaux hybrides ne présentant pas de macroségrégation ont été obtenus pour un polymère portant des fonctions acides et pour les copolymères. Dans un second temps l'électrochimie du ferrocène et du cuivre ont été étudiés dans des films de TiO2 mésostructuré et mésoporeux, puis deux dérivés thiophène : le mot et l'edot ont été électropolymérisés dans ces structures. Des cellules photovoltaïques ont été préparées en utilisant ces matériaux hybrides et caractérisées par des mesures de la courbe I/E ainsi que par l'étude du rendement quantique externe, des facteurs de forme et des rendements ont été calculés. En conclusion, deux nouvelles approches de synthèse de matériaux hybrides ont été proposées et menées à bien les propriétés photovoltaïques et ces matériaux ont été mesurées. / Recent advances in the field of photovoltaics have led to the emergence of new solar cell technologies. Among them can be found the hybrid solar cells, unfortunately the way such cells are built is still a source of problems. The aim of this phd is to develop two new approaches in the synthesis of hybrid materials as bulk heterojunctions. In first place the titanium dioxide component vas prepared by sol-gel process and its mesostructure was studied, low temperature crystallization was also investigated. Those results were used in order to prepare hybrid materials from preformed polymers. The behavior of polythiophènes with hexyl and carboxylic acid functions were used as well as copolymers bearing both functions. Hybrids without macrosegregations phenomena were obtained using acid bearing homopolymers as well as copolymers. The second approach was about investigating the electrochemical behavior of ferrocene and copper ions inside the mesoporosity, this first study was followed by a study of the electropolymerization of mot and edot inside the porosity in order to prepare hybrid materials. The obtained hybrids were studied in solar cells by measuring the I/V curve as well as the external quantum efficiency, fill factors and efficiencies were also obtained. To conclude, both approaches leaded to hybrid materials with measurable photovoltaic properties.

Dix molécules organiques modèles simulant les fonctions chimiques des superplastifiants utilisés dans la formulation des bétons ont été intercalées dans les hydrates cimentiers lamellaires conduisant à la formation de phases AFm hybrides. Les interfaces entre les deux sous-réseaux organiques et inorganiques de ces composés hybrides ont été étudiées afin de caractériser les interactions entre hydrates cimentiers et adjuvants organiques lors de la prise du béton. Les affinités de ces molécules vis-à-vis du feuillet minéral ont pu être comparées et il en ressort les deux séries suivantes : -PO32- > -SO3- > -CO2- pour les parties hydrophiles et C7-R > Φ-R > C5-R > C2-R pour les parties hydrophobes. L’interface organique-inorganique i.e. le mode d’accrochage et l’orientation de la molécule organique au sein de l’espace interlamellaire ont principalement été caractérisés par DRX sur poudre et spectroscopie infrarouge. Différents modes de connexion ont pu être identifiés par intercalation et par greffage. Les molécules organiques examinées sont ainsi orientées soit perpendiculairement, soit parallèlement aux feuillets associés à différents mode d’accroche. Différents taux d’hydratation de ces hydrants hybrides ont ensuite été identifiés et un travail de résolution structurale sur la phase insérant l’anion C6H5SO3- a permis de préciser l’organisation structurale de l’espace interlamellaire. Finalement, une étude sur l’intercalation de quelques superplastifiants commerciaux a mis en évidence un phénomène d’exfoliation de ces hydrates lamellaires. L’étude préalablement réalisée sur des molécules modèles permet alors de mieux comprendre les interactions se produisant au sein du milieu complexe que constitue un béton frais. / Ten organic molecules models simulating the chemical functions of superplasticizers used in concretes formulation were intercalated into lamellar cement hydrates to synthesize hybrid AFm phases. The interfaces between the organic and inorganic networks of these hybrid compounds have been studied to characterize the interactions between cementitious hydrates and organic additives in concrete. The affinities of these molecules toward the mineral layers have been compared and display the following tendencies : -PO32- > -SO3- > -CO2- for the hydrophilic parts and C7-R > Φ-R > C5-R > C2-R for the hydrophobic parts. The organic-inorganic interface (connection mode and orientation of the organic molecule) of the hybrid AFm phases was characterized by powder WRD and infrared spectroscopy. Organic molecules are oriented either perpendicular or parallel to the sheets resulting from different connection modes mainly intercalation and also grafting. The various hydration levels of these hybrids hydrates were then determined, and a structural resolution was attempted on AFm inserting C6H5SO3- anion allowing a description of its interlayer structure. Finally, a study on the intercalation of some commercial superplasticizers highlighted the exfoliation phenomenon for these lamellar hydrates.The present study on model molecules leads to a better understanding of the interactions occuring in complex fresh concrete environment.

Dans cette thèse, le développement de nouveaux matériaux organiques-inorganiques pour deux enjeux technologiques majeurs est présenté : (1) le développement de phosphores sans métal pour l'éclairage ; (2) l'évaluation du potentiel de matériaux hybrides contenant des lanthanides comme concentrateurs solaires luminescents. En outre, un autre objectif, de nature fondamentale, est de comprendre l'effet de modifications légères dans le fragment organique de matériaux hybrides (changements de régioisomère, utilisation des thiourées à la place des urées) et de les mettre en forme (des poudres vers les films) pour moduler leurs nanostructures et photoluminescence. Ce manuscrit est divisé en 4 parties : (I) une introduction bibliographique décrivant les concepts de base de cette thèse : les mécanismes de luminescence et les réactions sol-gel sont d'abord décrits. La photoluminescence des sels de lanthanides est introduite. Finalement, les organosilices contenant des sels de lanthanides sont étudiées. (II) La synthèse, les caractérisations et les applications potentielles de différents silsesquioxanes pontés provenant de différents isomères (n,n'-diuréido-2,2'-bipyridine) et contenant des sels de lanthanides ou en l'absence complète de métal, sont décrits. Les propriétés des matériaux provenant des différents isomères sont comparées afin de mieux comprendre la coordination des ions lanthanides. (III) Cette partie s'intéresse à la mise en forme des précurseurs utilisés précédemment pour obtenir les matériaux correspondants sous forme de films minces. Les propriétés de ces dépôts sont comparées à celles des poudres précédentes. (IV) La substitution systématique des groupements urées par des thiourées dans des silsesquioxanes pontés bien connus a été réalisé : (1) Les propriétés structurales de matériaux synthétisés sous différentes conditions et à base de groupements thiourées sont étudiées ; (2) Les propriétés de photoluminescence des matériaux des isomères n,n'-dithiouréido-2,2'-bypiridine sont présentées. / In this thesis, the development of new organic-inorganic materials for two technological challenges is presented : (1) developing metal-free phosphors for solid state lighting ; (2) investigating the potential of lanthanide-containing materials as luminescent solar concentrators. Moreover, a fundamental objective is to understand the effect of minor modifications in the organic fragment of the hybrid materials (changing the regioisomer, using urea or thiourea crosslinks) and of the processing (from powders to films) to modulate their nanostructure and pholuminescence. This manuscript is divided in four parts : (I) a bibliographic introduction describing the basic concepts of this thesis : the luminescence mechanisms and the sol-gel reactions are first described. The photoluminescence of lanthanide salts is introduced ; finally, the organosilicas containing lanthanide salts are studied. (II) The synthesis, characterisations and potential applications of different bulk pristine and lanthanide-containing bridged silsesquioxanes derived from different n,n'-diureido-2,2'-bipyridine isomers are described. The properties of the material derived from the different isomers are compared to get insights into the coordination of the lanthanide ions. (III) The third part deals with the processing of the former sols to obtain the corresponding materials as thin films ; the properties of these coatings and of the formerly obtained powders are compared. (IV) The systematic substitution of urea by thiourea groups in the composition of well-known urea cross-linked bridged silsesquioxanes is performed. This fourth part is divided in two parts : (1) the structural features of simple thiourea-based materials synthesised under different conditions are investigated ; (2), the photoluminescence properties of n,n'-dithioureido-2,2'-bypiridine isomers are studied.

Nesse estudo procurou-se avaliar o impacto do aditivo dióxido de titânio, mistura anatase-rutila, no comportamento fotocrômico de nanocompósitos baseados em materiais híbridos do tipo silicatos orgânicos (Ormosis) contendo ácido fosfotúngstico, \'H IND.3\'PW IND.12\'O IND.40\'. O material híbrido foi obtido via processo sol-gel tendo sido caracterizado quanto à sua morfologia por Microscopia óptica e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), que mostrou que os filmes em geral são pouco rugosos e homogêneos. Estudos de Espectroscopia Vibracional (Espectroscopia de Absorção na Região do Infravermelho e Raman) confirmaram a integridade do heteropoliânion fosfotungstato e a formação de uma rede tridimensional de silicatos, assim como, permitiram identificar a abertura do anel oxirano para formar um poli(óxido de etileno) ramificado, caracterizando a formação de um material híbrido classe II. A Espectroscopia de absorção na região do Ultra-violeta visível (UV-vis) ou espectroscopia eletrônica, além de confirmar a integridade química da espécie fosfotungstato, permitiu acompanhar a formação de heteropoliazuis mono- e duplamente reduzidos de maneira quantitativa. A cristalinidade dos materiais foi avaliada por Difração de raios-x (DRX) e mostrando que o sólido resultante é amorfo. Os estudos espectroscópicos permitiram inferir que a interação entre os polioxometalatos e as nanopartículas de \'TI\'O IND.2\' deve ser fraca, entretanto, estudos posteriores são necessários para confirmar isto. A adição de nanopartículas leva a um material mais sensível à radiação UV, entretanto, não há uma correlação linear entre massa de nanopartículas adicionada e variação de absorbância devido à irradiação. / In this study we evaluated the impact of the additive titanium dioxide, anatase-rutile mixture, Photochromic behavior of nanocomposite materials based on hybrid organic-type silicates (Ormosia) containing phosphotungstic acid, \'H IND.3\'PW IND.12\'O IND.40\'. The hybrid material was obtained via sol-gel process has been characterized for their morphology by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which showed that the films are often little rough and smooth. Studies of Vibrational Spectroscopy (Absorption Spectroscopy in the infrared and Raman) confirmed the integrity of phosphotungstic acid and the formation of a three-dimensional network of silicates, as well as the opening of the oxirane ring to form a poly (ethylene oxide) branched characterizing the formation of a hybrid class II material. The absorption spectroscopy in the region of Ultra-violet visible (UV-vis) to confirm the chemical integrity of phosphotungstate species, allowed us to track the formation of mono-and doubly heteropolyblues reduced quantitatively. The crystallinity of the materials was evaluated by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and showed us that the resulting solid is amorphous. The spectroscopic studies allowed us to infer that the interaction between polyoxometalates and \'TI\'O IND.2\' nanoparticles should be weak, however, further studies are needed to confirm this. The addition of nanoparticles leads to a material more sensitive to UV radiation, however, there is not a linear correlation between mass of nanoparticles added and absorbance variation due to irradiation.

Les polyoxométallates (POMs) peuvent être considérés comme des oxydes moléculaires de métaux de transition. Ils forment une famille de clusters moléculaires inorganiques dont les propriétés et les applications sont diverses et nombreuses. Ils sont notamment utilisés dans des domaines aussi divers que la catalyse, la biologie, ou encore la médecine. Les nanomatériaux de carbone sont une nouvelle classe de matériaux connus pour leur surface spécifique élevée et leur conductivité électrique accrue. Ce mémoire de thèse porte sur la synthèse et l’étude de différents systèmes moléculaires électro-catalytiques à base de POMs et de matériaux de carbone comprenant les nanotubes de carbone et le graphène, pour l’oxydation de l’eau ou la réduction des oxydes d’azote. La première partie de ce mémoire est consacrée à la synthèse, la caractérisation physico-chimique (spectroscopies infrarouge et UV-visible, analyse thermogravimétrique) et l’étude électrochimique (voltammétrie cyclique, coulométrie, microbalance couplé à l’électrochimie) d’un certain nombre de complexes poly-tungstiques prenant en sandwich des métaux de transition tels que le cobalt et/ou le manganèse. Deux d’entre eux, choisis pour l’étude de leurs propriétés électro-catalytiques, montrent une bonne activité électro-catalytique pour la réduction des oxydes d’azote et l’oxydation de l’eau. La seconde partie de ce mémoire est consacrée à l’optimisation des propriétés électrochimiques des POMs. Pour cela, les POMs sont immobilisés sur des matériaux de carbone structurés (graphène ou nanotubes de carbone simple paroi), et les matériaux hybrides obtenus sont caractérisés par différentes techniques analytiques : spectrométrie de photoélectrons X, spectroscopie infrarouge, voltammétrie cyclique et coulométrie. / Polyoxometalates (POMs) may be considered as molecular oxides containing transition metals. They form a family of inorganic molecular clusters with a variety of properties and a myriad of applications. They are used in different fields such as catalysis, biology or medicine. Carbon nanomaterials are a new class of materials known for their high surface area and enhanced electrical conductivity. This thesis focuses on the synthesis and study of different electro-catalytic molecular systems based on polyoxometalates and carbon materials (such as carbon nanotubes and graphene) for water oxidation or nitrogen oxides reduction. The first part of this thesis is devoted to the synthesis, physicochemical characterisation (infrared and UV-Vis spectroscopies, TGA) and the electrochemical study (cyclic voltammetry, coulometry, electrochemistry coupled with microbalance) of several poly-tungstic complexes sandwiching transition metals such as cobalt and/or manganese. Two of them, selected for the study of their electro-catalytic properties, show good electro-catalytic activity for nitrogen oxides reduction and water oxidation. The second part of this thesis is devoted to the optimisation of the electrochemical properties of POMs. For this, POMs are immobilised on structured carbon materials (graphene or single wall carbon nanotubes), and the composite materials obtained are characterised by different analytical techniques: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and coulometry.