Les propriétés fonctionnelles spécifiques des matériaux hybrides organique-inorganique dépendent de leur structure à l’échelle microscopique ainsi que de la nature de l’interface entre leurs composantes organique et inorganique. L’une des voies principales pour synthétiser ces matériaux, consiste à incorporer des blocs inorganiques à l’intérieur d’un polymère. En pratique les applications des matériaux hybrides sont souvent limitées par leur comportement mécanique. En effet, l’augmentation de la concentration de la composante inorganique, à priori souhaitable pour améliorer les propriétés fonctionnelles du matériau, entraine généralement une dégradation des propriétés mécaniques en limitant l’étendue de la polymérisation de la phase organique. La fabrication de matériaux hybrides offrant une combinaison optimale des propriétés mécaniques et fonctionnelles est un problème important auquel nous apportons quelques éléments de réponses dans cette thèse. Pour cela nous démontrons et étudions une nouvelle approche pour la synthèse de matériaux hybrides photosensibles pHEMA-TiO₂ (pHEMA=poly-(2-hydroxyéthyl)méthacrylate) dans lesquels des nanoparticules inorganiques sont dispersées dans un polymère. Le procédé que nous proposons est basé sur l’utilisation de hautes pressions (HP)pour provoquer la polymérisation de la phase organique en l’absence de tout initiateur chimique. Nous avons d’abord observé la polymérisation spontanée du HEMA sous pression statique. La réaction se produit dans un domaine de pression limitée 0.1-1.6 GPa, en dessous du seuil de transition vitreuse, et est très peu efficace puisque le taux de conversion des monomères n’excède pas 28 % après 41 jours. La réaction peut cependant être considérablement accélérée lorsque l’échantillon sous pression est irradié dans le domaine UV. Nous avons montré que cela résultait de l’excitation à un photon de l’état triplet HEMA (T1) rendue possible par la modification de la structure électronique du HEMA sous HP. Cette méthode ne pouvant être utilisée pour la synthèse de matériaux photosensibles dans le domaine UV, nous avons développé une approche originale basée un cycle de compression-décompression. Lors de la phase de compression (> 6.5 GPa) des biradicaux (HEMA)₂ sont formés à partir de monomères excités HEMA (T1). À cette pression les contraintes stériques empêchent la formation de plus longs oligomères. La polymérisation ne se produit que dans une seconde étape lorsque l’échantillon, décompressé entre 0.1 et 2 GPa, est en phase liquide. Le taux de conversion des monomères dépasse alors 90 % en moins de 5 min. Les mesures de chromatographie d’exclusion stérique montrent la formation de longues chaines polymère (45000g/mol) et soulignent l’absence des dimères (HEMA)₂ ayant servis d’initiateurs de polymérisation. Cette seconde méthode de polymérisation s’est révélée extrêmement efficace pour synthétiser des hybrides pHEMA-TiO₂. Par rapport aux hybrides obtenus par voie classique à pression atmosphérique en utilisant des initiateurs de polymérisation thermique ou photonique, l’approche HP mise au point dans cette thèse permet de multiplier par un facteur trois la concentration de nanoparticules sans détériorer l’état de polymérisation de matériau. La sensibilité photonique des hybrides est ainsi augmentée sans dégradation des propriétés mécaniques. L’étude des propriétés photochromiques des hybrides montre que le rendement quantique de séparation des charges photo-induites et la capacité de stockage des électrons atteignent respectivement 15 % et 50% / The specific functional properties of the organic-inorganic hybrid materials depend on their microstructure and the nature of the interface between their organic and inorganic components. The production of hybrid materials with an optimum combination of mechanical and functional properties is a major problem in hybrid materials science. In this thesis we adress this issue by studing and proposing a new approach for synthesizing of photosensitive pHEMA-TiO₂ hybrid materials in wich inorganic nanoparticles are dispersed in a polymer. The method that we propose is based on the high pressure (HP) induced polymerization of the organic phase in the absence of a chemical initiator. We first observed the spontaneous polymerization of HEMA under static pressure. The polimerization process takes place in pressure range below the glass transition point (0.1-1.6 GPa) and after 41 days monomer conversion yield (CY) does not exceed 28%. The reaction may be significantly accelerated when the pressurized sample is irradiated in the UV range. We then developed an original approach based on compression-decompression cycle. During the compression step (>6.5 GPa) the biradicals formed from the excited monomers HEMA (T1) lead to the formation of small oligomers. The polimerization occurs in the second step when the sample decompressed at pressures between 0.1 and 2 GPa. The CY of 90% in less than 5 min is achieved. The new HP approach allows multiply by a factor of 3 the contration of nanoparticles in hybrids without damaging of their polimerization state. These hybrids exhibit a quantum efficiency of photoinduced charge separation of 15% and an electron storage capacity of 50%.

Les nanoparticules de métaux nobles possèdent des propriétés optiques étonnantes. Sous l’effet de la lumière, elles sont capables de résonner pour générer des plasmons de surface localisés. Ces plasmons absorbent ou diffusent la lumière aux longueurs d’ondes de ces résonnances et sont fortement dépendants de la forme, de la taille et de l’environnement des nanoparticules. Dans ce manuscrit, elles sont impliquées dans la conception de matériaux furtifs à des fins militaires.Des nanoparticules d’argent de formes contrôlées ont été associées à un polymère pour élaborer de nouveaux matériaux hybrides déposables par voie liquide sous la forme de couches minces.Un absorbeur quasi-parfait (98,8%) sur une gamme étroite de longueur d’onde a été obtenu en maintenant une très bonne dispersion des nanoparticules dans la couche, alors qu’un absorbeur large bande efficace (~90%) sur toute la gamme spectrale du visible a été réalisé en provoquant l’agrégation des nanoparticules. Une étude qualitative par microscopie et spectroscopie sur la densité et l’organisation des nanoparticules au sein de la couche mince a mis en évidence la présence de couplages plasmoniques de natures et d’intensités différentes en fonction de l’espacement entre les cubes. Il a été montré que les propriétés optiques mesurées étaient indépendantes de la nature du substrat utilisé, mais aussi indépendantes de l’angle de la lumière incidente sur une large gamme angulaire. Enfin, des systèmes multicouches déposés par voie liquide ont été explorés afin d’étendre l’absorption des couches jusqu’au proche infrarouge par l’ajout de matériaux tel que le l’oxyde de tungstène. / Nanoparticles of noble metals have unexpected optical properties. Under the effect of light, they are able to resonate, generating localized surface plasmon resonances that are used in many applications. These plasmons absorb and scatter the light at the wavelengths of these resonances and are highly dependent on the shape, the size and the environment of the nanoparticles. In this thesis, they are applied for the design of stealth materials for military purposes. For this, controlled shapes of silver nanoparticles were blended within a polymer to develop new hybrid materials that are solution-processed as thin layers. A quasi-perfect absorber (98,8%) in a precise range of wavelengths has been obtained by maintaining well-dispersed nanoparticles in the layer, while an effective broadband absorber (~90%) over the entire visible range has been achieved by triggering the aggregation of the nanoparticles. Microscopy and spectroscopy qualitative studies performed on the density and organization of the nanoparticles within the thin layers revealed the presence of plasmonic couplings of different natures and intensities as a function of the spacing between the cubes. It has been shown that the optical properties measured are independent of the nature of the substrates used and independent of the angle of the incident light on a wide angular range. Finally, solution-processing of multilayers systems was explored to extend the absorption of the layers to the near infrared by the addition of other materials such as tungsten oxide.

O presente projeto teve como objetivo selecionar componentes orgânicos para obtenção de compósitos híbridos pela técnica sol-gel utilizando como precursor tetraetilortossilicato (TEOS) visando avaliar o efeito do agente orgânico na evolução do sol para gel e nas propriedades finais dos suportes para imobilizar a lipase microbiana de Burkholderia cepacia. Foram testados três compostos orgânicos ?-ciclodextrina (?CD), carboximetilcelulose (CMC) e hidroxietilcelulose (HEC) e os resultados obtidos foram comparados com o comportamento já estabelecido para o polivinilálcool (PVA), tanto em termos morfológicos como atividade catalítica em meio aquoso (hidrólise de triacilgliceróis) e meio orgânico (síntese de éster de cadeia curta e longa). A motivação do estudo está diretamente relacionada com a elevada afinidade do suporte híbrido SiO2-PVA pelo glicerol, sendo uma das limitações do uso deste suporte para imobilizar lipases com finalidade de aplicação em reações de transesterificação conduzidas em fluxo contínuo. As características morfológicas e estruturais dos suportes resultantes foram determinadas empregando técnicas convencionais, indicando similaridade das propriedades estruturais, fornecendo suportes com áreas superficiais entre 361,6 a 529,7 m2 g-1 e morfologia amorfa. A diferença marcante entre os suportes foi verificada quanto a capacidade de adsorção do subproduto da reação de transesterificação, sendo verificado que a substituição do polivinilálcool por ?-ciclodextrina reduziu em até 50% a habilidade do suporte hibrido em absorver glicerol. Os componentes derivados de celulose apresentaram resultados similares aos obtidos com o polivinilálcool. Em termos de afinidade pelo glicerol os resultados obtidos permitiram a classificação dos suportes híbridos na seguinte ordem crescente: SiO2-CMC > SiO2-PVA > SiO2-HEC > SiO2- ?CD. Quanto a afinidade dos suportes para imobilização da lipase de B. cepacia, os valores de atividade hidrolítica dos derivados imobilizados, nas condições adotadas, revelaram que todos os suportes tiveram o mesmo tipo de interação com a enzima resultando em valores de recuperação de atividade na faixa de 56 - 63%, valores próximos aos normalmente obtidos pela matriz de SiO2-PVA (68%). Os parâmetros cinéticos (Km e Vmax) determinados indicaram que a lipase imobilizada nos diferentes tipos de suporte, apresentou afinidade semelhante pelo substrato azeite de oliva. Os valores determinados de Km e Vmax da lipase de B. cepacia na forma livre (Km = 410 mM e Vmax =12391 Ug-1) mostraram que independente do suporte, a imobilização reduziu aproximadamente 60% da afinidade da enzima pelo substrato. Em meio orgânico, tanto as reações de esterificação como de transesterificação mediadas pelos derivados imobilizados apresentaram desempenho similar com atividade de esterificação da ordem de 118 ?M.g-1min-1 e rendimentos de formação de ésteres etílicos da ordem de 98,30%. De uma forma geral, os resultados obtidos foram promissores e permitiram selecionar o composto orgânico ?CD para substituir com vantagens o polivinilálcool no preparo de matrizes hibridas para imobilização da enzima lipase. O menor poder hidrofílico desta matriz em relação às outras matrizes testadas pode ser creditado a estrutura cíclica da ?CD que reduziu a capacidade do suporte SiO2-?CD em adsorver glicerol, principal subproduto da reação de transesterificação. Testes em processos conduzidos em fluxo contínuo são sugeridos para comprovação da eficiência dessa matriz. / The objective of this work was to select organic compounds for preparing hybrid composites by the sol-gel technique using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as precursor aiming at evaluating the effect of the organic agent in the transformation of the sol into gel and in the final properties of the matrices for immobilizing lipase from Burkholderia cepacia. Three organic components ?-cyclodextrin (?CD), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) were tested. The organic component polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used as control taking into consideration its morphological properties and the catalytic activity of the immobilized derivative in aqueous medium (triacylglycerols hydrolysis) and organic medium (synthesis of short and long chain esters). The motivation of this work was directly related with the high affinity of the matrix polysiloxane-polyvinyl alcohol (SiO2- PVA) by the glycerol, limiting the use of the immobilized derivative in the transesterification reactions running on a continuous flow. The morphological and structure properties of the resulting matrices was determined using conventional techniques, showing similar structure properties, with surface area values between 361.6 and 529.7 m2g-1 and amorphous morphology. The main difference among the matrices were observed regarding their ability to adsorb glycerol, the main byproduct of the transesterification reaction. It was verify that the replacement of the polyvinyl alcohol by ?-cyclodextrin reduced in about 50% the hybrid composite capacity to adsorb glycerol. On the other hand, the cellulose components showed similar results as the polyvinyl alcohol. Considering as an evaluated parameter the glycerol affinity, the achieved results allowed classifying the hybrid composites as follows: SiO2- CMC > SiO2-PVA > SiO2-HEC > SiO2-?CD. The performance of the hybrid composites for immobilizing lipase from B. cepacia, through the hydrolytic activity reveal that all the matrices show the same interaction with the lipase, resulting in activity recovered values between 56-63%, which is close to the value attained by SiO2-PVA matrix (68%). The kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) values determined for free lipase (Km = 410 and Vmax = 12391 Ug-1), showed that independely of the immobilization support the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate was reduced by 60%. In organic medium, all the immobilized derivatives showed similar behavior on both esterification and transesterification reactions attaining esterification activity of 118 ?M.g-1min-1 and ethyl ester yields of 98.30%. Overall, the results were promising and allowed selecting the organic component ?CD to replace, with advantages, the use of PVA for preparing hybrid composites. The lower hydrophilic capacity of this matrix compared with the others matrices can be explained by the cyclic structure of the ?CD that reduced the capacity of the SiO2-?CD matrix in the glycerol adsorption, the main byproduct of the transesterification reaction. Assays carried out in packed bed reactor running on a continuous basis are propose to confirm the efficiency of this matrix.

Nesse estudo procurou-se avaliar o impacto do aditivo dióxido de titânio, mistura anatase-rutila, no comportamento fotocrômico de nanocompósitos baseados em materiais híbridos do tipo silicatos orgânicos (Ormosis) contendo ácido fosfotúngstico, \'H IND.3\'PW IND.12\'O IND.40\'. O material híbrido foi obtido via processo sol-gel tendo sido caracterizado quanto à sua morfologia por Microscopia óptica e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), que mostrou que os filmes em geral são pouco rugosos e homogêneos. Estudos de Espectroscopia Vibracional (Espectroscopia de Absorção na Região do Infravermelho e Raman) confirmaram a integridade do heteropoliânion fosfotungstato e a formação de uma rede tridimensional de silicatos, assim como, permitiram identificar a abertura do anel oxirano para formar um poli(óxido de etileno) ramificado, caracterizando a formação de um material híbrido classe II. A Espectroscopia de absorção na região do Ultra-violeta visível (UV-vis) ou espectroscopia eletrônica, além de confirmar a integridade química da espécie fosfotungstato, permitiu acompanhar a formação de heteropoliazuis mono- e duplamente reduzidos de maneira quantitativa. A cristalinidade dos materiais foi avaliada por Difração de raios-x (DRX) e mostrando que o sólido resultante é amorfo. Os estudos espectroscópicos permitiram inferir que a interação entre os polioxometalatos e as nanopartículas de \'TI\'O IND.2\' deve ser fraca, entretanto, estudos posteriores são necessários para confirmar isto. A adição de nanopartículas leva a um material mais sensível à radiação UV, entretanto, não há uma correlação linear entre massa de nanopartículas adicionada e variação de absorbância devido à irradiação. / In this study we evaluated the impact of the additive titanium dioxide, anatase-rutile mixture, Photochromic behavior of nanocomposite materials based on hybrid organic-type silicates (Ormosia) containing phosphotungstic acid, \'H IND.3\'PW IND.12\'O IND.40\'. The hybrid material was obtained via sol-gel process has been characterized for their morphology by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which showed that the films are often little rough and smooth. Studies of Vibrational Spectroscopy (Absorption Spectroscopy in the infrared and Raman) confirmed the integrity of phosphotungstic acid and the formation of a three-dimensional network of silicates, as well as the opening of the oxirane ring to form a poly (ethylene oxide) branched characterizing the formation of a hybrid class II material. The absorption spectroscopy in the region of Ultra-violet visible (UV-vis) to confirm the chemical integrity of phosphotungstate species, allowed us to track the formation of mono-and doubly heteropolyblues reduced quantitatively. The crystallinity of the materials was evaluated by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and showed us that the resulting solid is amorphous. The spectroscopic studies allowed us to infer that the interaction between polyoxometalates and \'TI\'O IND.2\' nanoparticles should be weak, however, further studies are needed to confirm this. The addition of nanoparticles leads to a material more sensitive to UV radiation, however, there is not a linear correlation between mass of nanoparticles added and absorbance variation due to irradiation.

Os materiais híbridos orgânico-inorgânicos constituem uma classe especial compostos, obtidos pela combinação adequada entre duas ou mais fases (orgânica e inorgânica), que têm recebido muita atenção nos últimos anos. Quando combinados em escala molecular, os nanocompósitos formados promovem o sinergismo entre as propriedades destas fases podendo produzir materiais com características e propriedades únicas e inusitadas que não são encontradas nas partes individuais. As particularidades dos novos materiais podem resultar em aplicações como melhoria de propriedades mecânicas, da estabilidade térmica, permeabilidade de gases, retardadores de chama, polímeros eletrólitos, dentre outras. As siliconas aniônicas são materiais poliméricos utilizados como agentes dispersantes, espumantes, emulsificantes e complexantes promovendo a compatibilidade entre a silicona e outros polímeros, permitindo a formulação de géis estáveis e limpos com aplicações principalmente na indústria de cosméticos. Hidróxidos Duplos Lamelares (HDL) são materiais cuja estrutura lamelar é constituída de camadas de um hidróxido duplo carregadas positivamente, com ânions hidratados no domínio interlamelar. A esfoliação de HDL é um processo que permite a separação em escala nanométrica das contrapartes inorgânica (do hidróxido duplo) do ânion interlamelar (que pode ser orgânico ou não). O foco do presente trabalho é a preparação e a caracterização de materiais híbridos orgânico-inorgânicos através da utilização de siliconas aniônicas funcionalizadas com os grupos fosfato, sulfato, ftalato e succinato como matriz orgânica e as lamelas esfoliadas de um HDL do sistema Zn-Al como aditivo inorgânico. Novos compósitos foram preparados, em blocos e na forma de filmes, a partir da interação entre as siliconas aniônicas e diferentes cargas do HDL esfoliado utilizado como aditivo. Os compósitos apresentaram modificações em suas características como aumento da estabilidade térmica, resistência mecânica e maleabilidade comparada às siliconas puras. Tais características podem ser aproveitadas para aplicações até então inexploradas por estes materiais. / Hybrid composites are a class of materials obtained by the appropriate combination of two or more phases (organic and inorganic), which have nowadays received a lot of attention. When these composites are combined at the molecular scale, the resulting nanocomposites resulting promote the synergism among the properties of the lonely phases and can then produce materials with unique and unusual characteristics and properties not found in individual species. The particularities of the new materials can result in applications such as the improvement of mechanical properties, thermal stability, permeability of gases, flame retarder, polymeric electrolytes, etc. Anionic silicones are polymeric materials used as dispersant, foaming, emulsifiant and complexant agents capable of promoting compatibility among the silicone and the other polymers, thus allowing the formulation of stable and clean gels for applications mainly in the cosmetic industry. Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are lamellar materials constituted of positively charged layers of a double hydroxide, with hydrated anions in the interlayer domain. The exfoliation of LDH is a process that allows to separate the inorganic sheets (of the double hydroxide) from the interlayer anion (which can be organic or not) at nanometric scale. The present work focus on the preparation and the characterization of organic-inorganic hybrid materials by using anionic silicones functionalized with the phosphate, sulfate, ftalato and succinate groups (organic matrix) and the layer of the exfoliated LDH of the Zn-Al system as the inorganic additive. New composites in block and films forms were prepared, starting from the interaction between the anionic silicones and different loads of LDH exfoliated as additive. The composites presented modifications in their characteristics such as the increase of thermal stability, mechanical resistance and malleability compared to pure silicones. Such characteristics can be used for applications in unexplored areas of these materials.

Materiais bioativos têm a capacidade de interagir com tecidos naturais, provocando reações que favorecem o desenvolvimento de processos como fixação e biodegradação do material implantado, além de regeneração de tecidos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho está relacionado ao desenvolvimento de novos biomateriais, os quais foram obtidos a partir de combinações de fases orgânicas e inorgânicas em escala nanométrica, resultando em propriedades aprimoradas, como bioatividade, hidrofilicidade, resistência mecânica e biodegradabilidade. Foram sintetizadas e caracterizadas membranas autossuportadas constituídas por blendas biopoliméricas reforçadas com fosfato de cálcio. Essas blendas foram preparadas a partir da mistura, nas proporções 2,5:2,5 e 3,5:1,5 % (p/v), entre colágeno hidrolisado e polissacarídeos, como quitosana e -carragenana devido as suas notáveis propriedades e a sua semelhança com constituintes da matriz extracelular óssea nativa. A incorporação da fase inorgânica composta por fosfato de cálcio na matriz orgânica se deu por meio de três metodologias diferentes: (1) Precipitação in locu nos interstícios da matriz biopolimérica; (2) Adição das nanopartículas previamente sintetizadas; (3) Adição de hidroxiapatita bovina na matriz biopolimérica. A partir dos resultados obtidos por meio da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho (FTIR) e difração de raios X (DRX), observou-se que as membranas híbridas formados a partir da metodologia (1), resultaram em deposição homogênea e continua de HAp por toda a matriz biopolimérica. Como consequência, o módulo de Young desses materiais híbridos foi o maior em relação aos valores obtidos para as suas respectivas matrizes biopoliméricas na ausência do mineral, como indicado pelo aumento do módulo de Young até 130% para membranas compostas por quitosana e até 115% para as membranas contendo -carragenana. Verificou-se que a redução da concentração de polissacarídeo na composição das blendas, afeta significativamente o módulo de Young e a taxa de degradação das membranas híbridas em solução salina tamponada de fosfato (PBS, do inglês phosphate buffered saline) a 37°C. Além disso, foi observado que as membranas compostas por quitosana apresentam menor taxa de degradação quando comparadas as membranas híbridas compostos por -carragenana. A incorporação da fase mineral resultou em aumento da hidrofilicidade e energia livre de superfície. A exposição das membranas híbridas ao fluido corporal simulado (SBF, do inglês Simulated body fluid) resultou na deposição de uma camada de fosfato de cálcio sobre a superfície das amostras. A resposta biológica dessas membranas foi avaliada por cultura de osteoblastos, indicando que os materiais contendo quitosana não são tóxicos. No entanto, o mesmo não foi observado para amostras contendo -carragenana, pois essas membranas, devido a elevada taxa de degradação, apresentam baixa estabilidade e integridade no meio de cultura celular. Nanopartículas de prata (NpAg), com tamanho variando de 3-9 nm, foram sintetizadas e incorporadas nas membranas híbridas obtidas pela metodologia 1. Após essa adição, observou-se uma ação antibacteriana contra as bactérias Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Esses resultados indicam que as membranas híbridas obtidas neste trabalho podem, potencialmente, ser usadas como membranas de regeneração tecidual guiada temporária em defeitos ósseos / Bioactive materials present the ability to interact with natural tissues, causing reactions that favor the development of processes such as implant and biodegradation of implanted material, as well as tissue regeneration Thus, the objective of this study is to the develop new biomaterials combining organic and inorganic phases at the nanoscale resulting in improved properties such as bioactivity, hydrophilicity, mechanical strength and biodegradation. Herein, hybrid self-supported membranes formed by polymer blends and reinforced with calcium phosphate were synthesized and characterized. These blends were prepared from the combination, in the proportions 2,5 : 2.5 and 3,5 : 1,5 wt%, between hydrolyzed collagen and polysaccharides, such as chitosan and -carrageenan due to its remarkable properties and its similarity to the constituents of the native extracellular matrix. The incorporation of the inorganic phase consisting of calcium phosphate in the organic matrix was performed using three different methodologies: (1) Precipitation in locus in the interstices of the polymer matrix; (2) Addition of previously synthesized nanoparticles; (3) Addition of bovine hydroxyapatite in polymeric matrix. From the results obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared vibration spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), it was observed that the hybrid systems formed from the methodology (1) resulted in a homogeneous and continuous deposition of HAp throughout the biopolymer matrix. As a consequence, the Young\'s modulus of these hybrid materials was the higher in relation to the values obtained for the biopolymer matrices in the absence of the mineral, as indicated by the increase of the Young\'s modulus up to 130% for membranes composed by chitosan and up to 115% for the membranes containing -carrageenan. It was noted that the reduction of the polysaccharide concentration in the blends composition significantly affects the Young\'s modulus and the rate of degradation of the hybrid systems in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at 37 °C. In addition, it was observed that membranes composed of chitosan have a lower degradation rate compared to hybrid membranes composed of -carrageenan. The incorporation of the mineral phase resulted in increased hydrophilicity and surface free energy. Exposure of hybrid membranes to simulated body fluid (SBF) resulted in the deposition of a layer of calcium phosphate under the surface of the samples. The biological response of these membranes was assessed by culturing osteoblasts, indicating that chitosan-containing systems are non-toxic. However, the same was not observed for samples containing carrageenan, because these membranes, due to the high degradation rate, present low stability and integrity in the cell culture medium. Silver nanoparticles (NpAg), ranging in size from 3-9 nm, were synthesized and incorporated into the hybrid membranes obtained by methodology 1. After this addition, an antibacterial action against the bacteria Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was observed. These results indicate that the hybrid membranes obtained in this study can potentially be used as membranes for temporary guided tissue regeneration in bone defects.

Neste trabalho, materiais fotocrômicos foram preparados pela imobilização de um heteropolioxometalato do tipo Keggin, fosfotungstato [PW12O40]3- (HPW) em uma matriz híbrida do tipo Ormosil (do inglês Organically Modified Silicates). Estudou-se o impacto da adição dos cátions divalentes Zn2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ e Ba2+ sobre as propriedades dos filmes de Ormosil-Fosfotungstato. Os materiais foram preparados pelo método sol-gel e depositados na forma de filmes em diferentes substratos pela técnica de dip-coating. A formação da rede híbrida de organosilicato e a presença do [PW12O40]3- com sua estrutura de Keggin intacta nos materiais foram comprovadas pelas técnicas de espectroscopia vibracional (FTIR e Raman). Os difratogramas de raios-X das amostras de xerogéis demonstram que os materiais apresentam caráter semicristalino, sendo que um pico na região de 2θ<10° sugere a formação de unidades discretas de octasilsesquioxanos e/ou lamelas de silicato. Estudos de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão revelaram que a adição dos cátions durante a síntese induz a precipitação de nano-aglomerados constituídos de HPW e dos cátions dopantes. A análise do XANES na borda K do Zn sugere que os cátions dopantes Zn2+ estão associados aos heteropoliânions em aglomerados do sal [Zn(OH2)6]x/2Hx-3PW12O40. A imobilização destes aglomerados na rede de organosilicato durante a deposição dos filmes acarreta na preparação de filmes com maior quantidade incorporada de fosfotungstato, como demonstrado pela análise de XRF. A formação dos aglomerados é favorecida pela presença dos cátions maiores, sendo que a adição do Ba2+, que possui maior raio iônico dentre os cátions aqui estudados, permite a incorporação de quase sete vezes mais fosfotungstatp no filme de Ormosil. Essa maior incorporação dea espécie fotoativa nos filmes híbridos se reflete no aumento resposta fotocrômica dos filmes dopados de 35% (amostra dopada com Mg2+) até 685% (amostra dopada com Ba2+). Assim, a adição dos cátions, sobretudo daqueles com maior raio iônico, durante a síntese sol-gel do nanocompósito Ormosil-fosfotungstato representa uma estratégia simples e bastante reprodutível para a preparação de filmes com propriedades fotocrômicas aprimoradas. A elevada resposta fotocrômica dos filmes dopados os torna bons candidatos a serem aplicados como dosímetros colorimétricos da radiação UV. / In this study photohromic materials wer prepared by the entrapment of the Keggin heteropoyoxometalate phosphoungstate [PW12O40]3 (HPW) in a Ormosil (Organically Modified Silicates) hybrid matrix. We evaluated the impact of the addition of the divalent cations Zn2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ on the properties of Ormosil-phosphotungstate films. The materials were prepared by sol-gel route and deposited as thin films on different substrates by dip coating method. The formation of the hybrid organosilicate network and the presence of the Keggin heteropolianion [PW12O40]3- were confirmed by FTIR and Raman vibrational spectroscopies. The x-ray diffractograms of the xerogels samples indicated that the materials present semi-crystalline behavior. A broad diffraction peak in the 2θ<10° region pointsto the possible formation octasilsesquioxane discrete units and/or silicate lamellae. Transmission electron microscopy studies revealed that the cations addition during the sol-gel synthesis induces the precipitation of nano-agglomerates composed of HPW and the doping cations. Zn K-edge XANES analysis suggests that the Zn2+ doping cations are associated to the heteropolianions forming [Zn(OH2)6]x/2Hx-3PW12O40 salt agglomerates. The entrapment of these agglomerates in the organosilicate network during dip-coating deposition results in the preparation of films with enhanced incorporation of phosphotungstate as demonstrated by XRF analysis. Ba2+ doping enhances in almost seven times the amount of incorporated phosphotungstate. This behavior is explained by the fact that as the solubility of polyoxometalate salts greatly decreases with the increase counter cation size, the formation of the agglomerates is favored in the presence of the larger cations (Sr2+ and Ba2+). The enhanced incorporation of the photoactive specie reflects on the phtochromic response of the doped hybrud films, wich increases in the range of 35% (Mg2+ doped sample) to 685% (Ba2+ doped sample). Therefore, the addition of the cations during sol-gel synthesis of the Ormosil-phosphotungstate nanocomposite represents a simple and reproducible strategy for the preparation of films with enhanced photochromic properties. These highly photochromic hybrid films are promising candidates for the design of practical UV-sensing devices and dosimeters.

La capacité à incorporer le diclofenac de sodium (DFS) ou des composés à base de platine comme le cisplatine (CisPt), le sel de Zeise ou le tétrachlorure de platine IV (PtCl₄) au sein des matrices hybrides basées sur les chaînes polyéther de caractère hydrophilique (PEO) ou hydrophobique (PPO) et utilisant comme points de réticulation des nodules de type siloxane a été étudiée. Ces composés d’intérêt académique possèdent des applications dans le traitement du cancer (cipslatine) ou en catalyse (sel de Zeise). Dans les matrices avec DFS la diminution de la température de fusion de l'hybride PEO1900 semi- cristallin et la réduction des valeurs de Tg associés aux mesures Raman confirment l'existence d'interactions entre le DFS et les chaînes PEO de la matrice hybride. La coexistence dans l’hybride de phase amorphe et cristalline a été clairement démontrée par la libération bimodale du médicament pour PEO1900 matrice.Les quantités optimales pour avoir une matrice homogène incorporant le CisPt sont 5.4 % m/m avec PEO1900 et 1.8% m/m avec PPO2000. Les mesures EXAFS et Raman convergent vers une préservation de la structure locale du CisPt dans les matrices. Les mesures de SAXS montrent que l’intensité du pic de corrélation entre nœuds de réticulation de type siloxane est affectée par l’incorporation du CisPt dans la matrice en diminuant d’intensité sans changer de position. Ce résultat est interprété par le remplissage de l’espace entre les nœuds par le CisPt. Les profils de libération des matrices PEO1900 montrent que la libération est indépendante de la concentration en CisPt et que le gonflement de la matrice est le mécanisme dominant permettant d’expliquer la cinétique de libération.Pour les hybrides incorporant PtCl₄, il a été montré la coexistence de deux entités de Pt, une espèce Pt(II) et une espèce Pt(IV). L’espèce Pt(II) est identifiée comme (PtCl₄)²⁻ alors que l’espèce Pt(IV) est PtCl₄ dissout dans la matrice. Le rapport entre espèces Pt(II) et Pt(IV) change avec la matrice : L’espèce Pt(II) est dominante pour les matrices à base de PEO alors que les proportions Pt(II) et Pt(IV) sont quasi équivalentes pour les matrices à base de PPO. Il est proposé que l’espèce (PtCl₄)²⁻ interagisse avec les groupements urée localisés en bout de chaînes ainsi qu’avec les chaînes polymériques par les groupements éther. Ces interactions sont favorisées par le caractère anionique de l’espèce Pt(II). L’espèce neutre PtCl₄ interagit avec la matrice de la même façon que le CisPt, ie en remplissant l’espace libre laissé par les chaînes polymériques. Lors des tests de libération, l’espèce neutre est facilement libérée en solution aqueuse, l’espèce anionique Pt(II) restant emprisonnée.Tout comme PtCl₄, le sel de Zeise se montre soluble dans les matrices hybrides et permet l'obtention d'échantillons homogènes et transparents. L’EXAFS et la spectroscopie Raman montrent que si les liaisons Pt-Cl des échantillons hybrides sont identiques à celles caractérisant le sel de Zeise, les vibrations Pt-C₂H₄ ne sont mises en évidence dans les échantillons qu’après une période de vieillissement. Pour la matrice hybride PEO1900 avec sel de Zeise, la formation de platine métallique au cours du processus de libération a été mise en évidence.L’analyse structurale des matrices incorporant différentes molécules de platine et la corrélation des résultats obtenus avec les tests de libération montrent que l’interaction faible avec la matrice des molécules neutres comme le CisPt est responsable d’une libération contrôlée par les propriétés de la matrice vis-à-vis du gonflement. L’incorporation d’espèces de Pt anioniques, comme (PtCl₄)²⁻ ou le sel de Zeise, conduit à des échantillons pour lesquelles les quantités d’espèces Pt libérées sont notablement plus faibles comparativement au CisPt. Les fortes interactions de la matrice avec les espèces anioniques sont responsables des difficultés rencontrées pour les libérer en solution. / The capacity of hydrophilic (POE) or hydrophobic (POP) siloxane-polyether hybrid matrixes to incorporate platinum based compounds like platinum (IV) tetrachloride (PtCl₄), cisplatin (CisPt), Zeise salt and sodium diclofenac (SDF) was studied. These compounds present academic interest and are applied in cancer disease treatment (CisPt) or catalysis (Zeise salt).The decrease in melting temperature of the semi-crystalline POE1900 hybrid and the decrease of the Tg values together with the Raman results confirm the interactions between SDF and the POE chains of the hybrid matrix. The coexistence of a crystalline and amorphous hybrid phase was clearly evinced by the bimodal drug release pattern achieved for the POE1900 matrix. Optimum amounts for the preparation of homogeneous matrix with CisPt are 5.4% m/m and with PEO1900 1.8% m/m with PPO2000. The local structure of CisPt inside the matrices is preserved. SAXS measurements show that the intensity of the correlation peak between siloxane crosslinks is affected by the CisPt incorporation in the matrix. The observed decrease in intensity without shift in position is interpreted as resulting from the filling of the space between the SiO2 nodes by CisPt. The release profiles of PEO1900 matrices show that the release is independent of the CisPt concentration and that the swelling of the matrix is the dominant process for explaining the release mechanism.For hybrids incorporating (PtCl₄), it has been shown the existence of two Pt entities, a Pt(II) species and a Pt (IV) ones. The Pt(II) species is identified as(PtCl₄)²⁻ whereas the Pt(IV) species is (PtCl₄) dissolved in the matrix. The ratio of Pt(II) and Pt(IV) species is dependent on the matrix nature: The Pt(II) species is dominant for the PEO-based matrices whereas Pt(II) and Pt(IV) proportions are almost equal for matrices based on PPO. It is proposed that the (PtCl₄)²⁻ species interact with the urea groups located at the ends of the polymeric chain and with the by ether groups of the polymer chains. These interactions are facilitated by the anionic nature of the species Pt(II). The neutral species PtCl₄ interact with the matrix in the same way that the CisPt, ie by filling the empty space between the polymer chains. During release essays, the neutral PtCl₄ species is easily released in aqueous solution, the anionic Pt (II) species remaining embedded inside the matrix. As PtCl₄, the Zeise salt is soluble in matrixes giving rise to homogeneous and transparent samples. Raman spectroscopy and EXAFS show that if the Pt-Cl bonds of the hybrid are identical to those found in the Zeise salt,Pt-C₂H₄ vibrations are only identified in the samples after a ageing period. For PEO1900 hybrid matrix loaded with Zeise salt, the formation of metallic platinum was observed during the release essays.The correlation of the structural results gained on the matrices incorporating different platinum molecules with the results of the release assays evidences that the weak interaction of neutral molecules with the matrix is responsible to the fact that the release of CisPt is mainly controlled by the swelling properties of the matrix. The incorporation of anionic Pt species, as (PtCl₄)²⁻ or Zeise salt, gives rise to samples for which the amount of released Pt species are significantly lower than the one obtained for hybrids loaded with CisPt. The strong interactions between the matrix and the anionic species are responsible for the fact that the anionic species is not easily released in solution.

Micro-mechanical Raman spectroscopy is an excellent tool for direct stress measurements in the structure. The presence of mechanical stress changes the Raman frequency of each Raman modes compared to the Raman frequencies in absence of stress. This difference in Raman frequency is linearly related to stress induced and can be calibrated to stress by uniaxial or biaxial tension/compression experiments. This relationship is not generally linear for non-linear behavior of the materials which limits its use to experimentally study flow stress and plastic deformation behavior of the material. In this work strontium titanate ceramic particles dispersed inside epoxy resin matrix were used to measure stress in epoxy resin matrix with non-linear material behavior around it. The stress concentration factor between stress induced inside ceramic particles and epoxy resin matrix was obtained by non-linear constitutive finite element model. The results of finite element model were used for training a machine learning model to predict stress in epoxy resin matrix based on stress inside ceramic particles. By measuring stress inside ceramic particles using micro-mechanical Raman spectroscopy, the stress inside epoxy matrix was obtained by pre-determined stress concentration factor.

Submitted by Ricardo Magno Lopes da Silva (ricardo.magnolopes@gmail.com) on 2019-01-23T12:18:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Ricardo Magno Lopes da Silva.pdf: 5243589 bytes, checksum: 569fbcb2d89d81df48d323d3c812340b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Lucilene Cordeiro da Silva Messias null (lubiblio@bauru.unesp.br) on 2019-01-24T12:27:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_rml_me_bauru.pdf: 5243589 bytes, checksum: 569fbcb2d89d81df48d323d3c812340b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-01-24T12:27:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_rml_me_bauru.pdf: 5243589 bytes, checksum: 569fbcb2d89d81df48d323d3c812340b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-12-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A técnica de autoenrolamento de nanomembrana foi utilizada neste trabalho para a fabricação de capacitores ultracompactos (UCCap), permitindo a caracterização de filmes finos de materiais orgânicos e híbridos. O método é conhecido como roll-up, e consiste na formação de uma nanomembrana tensionada, elaborada a fim de produzir estruturas autosustentadas, que promovem o enrolamento do sistema ao serem libertadas de um substrato, determinando uma arquitetura em 3D. Neste trabalho, a tecnologia de nanomembranas foi utilizada com o objetivo de determinar as propriedades elétricas e dielétricas, sob diferentes temperaturas, de camadas de moléculas semicondutoras (CoPc, CuPc e F16CuPc) e de camadas de estruturas híbridas metal-orgânicas (HKUST-1). A caracterização desses materiais em nanoescala foi possível por meio de sua incorporação em UCCap. Os dispositivos foram caracterizados por medidas de espectroscopia de impedância e corrente elétrica. Em filmes finos das ftalocianinas (= 5 nm) na temperatura ambiente (≈ 296 K), foram encontrados valores de 2,1 ± 0,5 para a constante dielétrica da CoPc (kCoPc), 3,1 ± 0,6 para a CuPc (kCuPc) e 1,2 ± 0,6 para F16CuPc (kF16CuPc). As propriedades elétricas / dielétricas dos filmes das ftalocianinas foram analisadas sob diferentes temperaturas e filmes de CoPc foram explorados na presença de campos magnéticos aplicados com valores de magnitude entre - 500 e + 500 mT. As camadas de HKUST-1 incorporadas ao UCCap possibilitaram a determinação do valor de 3,2 ± 1,6 para sua constante dielétrica (kHKUST-1) à ≈ 296 K. Os valores encontrados para os materiais estudados como camada dielétrica em capacitor no estado-sólido são condizentes com valores encontrados na literatura, determinados nas mesmas condições de temperatura a partir de outros métodos de caracterização. O alto valor de incerteza do cálculo se deve ao pequeno espaço amostral utilizado até então. Foi constatado que a estratégia relatada consiste em uma metodologia adequada para determinação de algumas propriedades de filmes finos orgânicos e híbridos, com potencial para aplicação no estudo de outros materiais em escalas nanométricas. / The rolled-up nanomembrane-based technique was used in this work to the manufacture of ultracompact capacitors (UCCap), allowing the characterization of thin films of organic and hybrid materials. The method, known as roll-up, consists in the formation of a strained nanomembrane, elaborated in order to produce self-supported structures that promote the winding of the system when released from a substrate, determining a 3D architecture. In this work, the nanomembrane technology was used to determine the electrical and dielectric properties, for different conditions of temperatures, in layers of semiconductor molecules (CoPc, CuPc and F16CuPc) and layers of hybrid metal-organic structures (HKUST-1). The characterization of these materials at nanoscale was possible by their incorporation into UCCap. Current-voltage and impedance spectroscopy measurements were used to characterize the devices. For thin films of the phthalocyanines (= 5 nm) at room temperature (≈ 296 K), values of 2,1 ± 0,5 were found for CoPc dielectric constant (kCoPc), 3,1 ± 0,6 for CuPc (kCoPc) and 1,2 ± 0,6 for F16CuPc (kF16CoPc). The electrical / dielectric properties of the phthalocyanine films were analyzed under different temperatures and CoPc films were screened in the presence of applied magnetic fields with magnitude values between - 500 and + 500 mT. The HKUST-1 layers incorporated into the UCCap allowed the determination of a value of 3,2 ± 1,6 for its dielectric constant (kHKUST-1) at ≈ 296 K. The values found for the materials studied as dielectric layer of a solid-state capacitor are consistent with values found in literature, determined in the same temperature conditions yet by other characterization methods. The high uncertainty value of the calculation is due to the small number of samples explored until then. It was verified that the reported strategy consists an adequate methodology for determination of some properties of organic and hybrid thin films, with potential for application in the study of other materials in nanometric scales. / 88882.143501/2017-01