Compostos lamelares do tipo da hidrotalcita ou hidróxidos duplos lamelares (HDL), são materiais que possuem notáveis propriedades estruturais, químicas, eletrônicas, iônicas, ópticas e magnéticas. Em função dessas propriedades, os HDL apresentam uma diversidade de aplicações tais como adsorventes e catalisadores. Este trabalho tem por objetivo utilizar polímeros e macromoléculas na preparação e caracterização de HDL, visando melhorar as propriedades texturais dos HDL de MgAl-CO3 preparados em meio contendo polímeros orgânicos ou a intercalação direta de dendrímeros tipo PAMAM de gerações -0,5 e +0,5 em HDL do sistema Zn/Al. Os HDL de MgAl-CO3 foram preparados pela adaptação do método de coprecipitação a pH decrescente, com a presença de polímeros solubilizados no meio, como molde. Os materiais foram caracterizados por difração de Raios X, análise termogravimétrica, espectroscopia no infravermelho e medidas de área superficial por BET. Baseando-se nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que propriedades texturais dos HDL preparados são modificadas, quando na presença de alguns polímeros. Na maioria dos casos, os valores calculados de área superficial específica foram mais elevados, em comparação com aquele obtido para o HDL preparado em meio reacional sem polímero. Isto pode ser explicado pela diminuição do tamanho de partículas e aumento no diâmetro médio de poros dos materiais preparados, provocada pela presença de polímeros no meio reacional. Os HDL intercalados com dendrímeros PAMAM G-0,5 e PAMAM G+0,5 foram preparados por duas rotas diferentes: coprecipitação a pH constante e troca iônica em fase dupla. Os materiais obtidos foram caracterizados por meio de difração de Raios X, análise de termogravimétrica associada à espectrometria de massas e espectroscopia no infravermelho. Utilizando os dois procedimentos de preparação, a intercalação de PAMAM G-0,5 deu origem a HDL com os mesmos espaçamentos basais, concordando com a intercalação dos ânions do dendrímero em um arranjo perpendicular à lamela do HDL, enquanto que para a intercalação do PAMAM G+0,5, espaçamentos basais muito menores do que o tamanho da molécula foram obtidos. A diferença entre a distância interlamelar observada e a esperada pode ser explicada por um arranjo peculiar das moléculas desse dendrímero em uma forma elipsoidal, devido às interações intramoleculares. Espectros no infravermelho confirmam a presença dos dendrímeros nos materiais Zn2Al-PAMAM G-0,5 e Zn2Al-PAMAM G+0,5. Finalmente, a presença destes dendrímeros foi confirmada por análise térmica associada com espectrometria de massas. Os estudos de Raios X com variação de temperatura in situ e as análises termogravimétricas revelaram que o material obtido pela intercalação do PAMAM G+0,5 é termicamente menos estável do que aquele intercalado com PAMAM G-0,5, concordando com a diferença de estabilidade entre os dendrímeros livres. / Hydrotalcite-like lamellar compounds or layered double hydroxides (LDH) are materials that present notable structural, chemical, electronic, ionic, optical and magnetic properties. Depending on these properties, the LDH present a great variety of applications such as adsorbents and catalysts. The aim of this work is to prepare and to characterize MgAl-CO3-LDH prepared in aqueous media containing organic polymer to improve textural properties, and to prepare HDL by intercalation of dendrimer (PAMAM) of generations -0.5 and +0.5 in ZnAl-HDL. MgAl-CO3-HDL samples were prepared by an adaptation of the coprecipitation method at decreasing pH, with the presence of polymers in the aqueous media as template. The materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, termogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy and BET isotherms. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the textural properties of the prepared LDH were modified. The calculated values of specific surface area were higher in most of the cases compared with those obtained by the LDH prepared without polymer due to a decrease of the particle size and an increase in the average pore diameter of the prepared materials due to the presence of polymers. HDL with intercalated (PAMAM) dendrimers G-0.5 and G+0.5 were prepared by two different methods: coprecipitation at constant pH, and ionic exchange in double phase. The obtained materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis associated with mass spectrometry, and infrared spectroscopy. X-ray powder diffraction patterns exhibit the characteristic profiles of the lamellar materials with basal spacing depending on the nature of the dendrimer. For both preparation methods, the intercalation of PAMAM G-0.5 gives rise to LDH with basal spacing in agreement with the dendrimer molecules perpendicular to the layer of the host structure, while for PAMAM G+0.5 a basal spacing smaller than the molecule size was obtained. The difference between the obtained and the expected value is explained by an accommodation of the dendrimer molecule in an ellipsoidal shape, due to the intra-molecular interactions. Infrared spectra confirm the presence of dendrimers in the Zn2Al-PAMAM G-0.5 and Zn2Al-PAMAM G+0.5 materials. Finally, thermal analyses associated with mass spectrometry confirm the presence of these dendrimers. Powder X-ray diffraction with in situ temperature variation reveals that the material obtained by the PAMAM G+0.5 intercalation is thermally less stable than that prepared by PAMAM G-0.5 intercalation, in agreement with the difference in the thermal stability of the free dendrimers.

Esta tese versa sobre a caracterização espectroscópica de materiais híbridos orgânico-inorgânicos de polianilina (PANI), um polímero condutor, e hexaniobato, um óxido semicondutor. Os materiais híbridos foram preparados por diferentes rotas, empregando-se nanopartículas de hexaniobato esfoliado (nanofolhas ou nanoscrolls), e PANI previamente preparada (rotas ex-situ), ou através da polimerização da anilina na presença do hexaniobato (rotas in-situ). As principais técnicas de caracterização utilizadas foram as espectroscopias Raman ressonante (RR) e de ressonância paramagnética eletrônica (EPR), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM) e análise termogravimétrica acoplada a espectrometria de massas (TGA-MS). No entanto, outras técnicas como espectroscopias eletrônica no UV-VIS-NIR e vibracional no infravermelho, e difratometria de raios X foram muito importantes para complementar a caracterização e suportar os resultados. Observou-se que a PANI pode ser adsorvida sobre os nanoscrolls de hexaniobato através de diferentes rotas de preparação, como por montagem de filmes layer-by-layer, mistura das dispersões dos componentes, ou polimerização in-situ da anilina na presença das nanopartículas de hexaniobato. De acordo com os dados espectroscópicos, estas morfologias favorecem maiores graus de dopagem (protonação) do polímero em relação à polianilina pura (ou prístina), associados a fortes interações entre a polianilina e o hexaniobato, que apresenta alta acidez superficial. Os dados espectroscópicos revelaram que a deslocalização eletrônica dos pólarons e as populações relativas dos pólarons e bipólarons da polianilina são afetadas na presença do hexaniobato, indicando que a interação entre os componentes também pode induzir mudanças conformacionais das cadeias poliméricas. Através da espectroscopia RR empregando diferentes radiações excitantes, foi possível identificar os segmentos cromofóricos formados durante a oligo/polimerização da anilina em meios de diferentes pHs, distintos do empregado na síntese convencional da polianilina (ácido clorídrico 1 mol L-1). O produto majoritário é constituído de unidades 1,4-benzoquinona-monoimina acopladas a unidades aminofenil, compondo estruturas complexas denominadas \"adutos de anilina\". Além destas estruturas, a espectroscopia RR possibilitou a identificação de segmentos tipo-fenazina e segmentos polarônicos da PANI como produtos minoritários. Quando a reação é realizada na presença de hexaniobato, ainda há formação majoritária de adutos de anilina, mas há formação de maiores quantidades de segmentos polarônicos da polianilina. Estes resultados foram associados à alta acidez superficial do hexaniobato, mostrando novamente a importância do componente inorgânico para a estrutura dos materiais híbridos. Os estudos das propriedades eletrocrômicas dos filmes híbridos layer-by-layer apresentaram acentuada variação de coloração em diferentes regiões do espectro visível e eficiência eletrocrômica superior às dos filmes constituídos por hexaniobato ou PANI, indicando a características promissoras para utilização desses filmes híbridos em dispositivos eletrocrômicos. A melhoria das propriedades térmicas dos materiais híbridos foi comprovada pelos dados de TGA-MS e espectroscopia Raman, que mostraram claramente que a PANI na presença do hexaniobato permanece dopada após tratamento térmico (150 °C por 90 min), enquanto que polímero prístino sofre desdopagem. Estas características são consideradas importantes para o desenvolvimento de dispositivos que envolvam processamento térmico dos materiais. / This thesis presents spectroscopic characterization of organic-inorganic hybrid materials of polyaniline (PANI), a conducting polymer, and hexaniobate, a semiconducting metal oxide. The hybrid materials were prepared by different routes, which used nanoparticles of exfoliated hexaniobate (nanosheets or nanoscrolls), and PANI previously prepared (ex-situ routes), or by aniline polymerization in the presence of hexaniobate (in-situ routes). The main characterization techniques were resonance Raman (RR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mass spectrometry coupled-thermogravimetric analysis (TGA-MS). However, other techniques such as electronic UV-VIS-NIR and vibrational infrared spectroscopies, and X-ray diffractometry were also employed to support the characterization and results. Scanning electron microscopy showed that PANI is adsorbed on the hexaniobate nanoscrolls in the hybrid materials prepared by different routes, such as layer-by-layer assembly, mixture of dispersions of the components, or in-situ polymerization of aniline in the presence of the hexaniobate nanoparticles. According to spectroscopic data, such morphologies promote higher doping degrees (protonation) of the polymer comparing with pure PANI (pristine PANI), associated to strong interactions between PANI and hexaniobate, which presents high acidic surfaces. The spectroscopic data also revealed that the electronic delocalization of the polaronic segments, and the relative populations of polarons and bipolarons are affected in the presence of hexaniobate, indicating that the interactions between the components may also induce conformational changes on the polymeric chains. By RR spectroscopy using different exciting radiations, it was possible to identify the chromophoric segments produced during aniline oligo/polymerization in media of different pHs than that used in conventional procedures for preparation of PANI (hydrochloric acid, 1 mol L-1). It was shown that the major product is 1,4-benzoquinone-monoimine moieties coupled to aminophenyl moieties, resulting in complex structures named aniline adducts. Moreover, RR spectroscopy was very useful for the identification of phenazine-type segments and polaron segments as minor reaction products. When aniline-APS reactions are performed in the presence of hexaniobate, \"aniline adducts\" are also the major products, but RR spectra showed that there is higher formation of polaron segments of PANI. Such results were associated to the high acidic surface of hexaniobate, showing once again the important role of the inorganic component to determine the structure of the hybrid materials. The investigation on the electrochromic properties of the layer-by-layer hybrid films showed intense color variation at different regions of the visible spectrum, and higher electrochromic efficiencies comparing with the films composed but only hexaniobate or PANI, indicating the promising features for development of electrochromic devices. The improvement of thermal properties of the hybrid materials was verified by TGA-MS data and Raman spectra, which clearly showed that PANI in the presence of hexaniobate remains in the doped form after thermal treatment (150 °C for 90 min), while the pristine polymer undergoes a dedoping process. These features are considered important for the development of devices which depend on the thermal processing of the materials.

Os avanços na engenharia de materiais têm aumentado a busca por materiais com atividade antimicrobiana para aplicação em áreas da saúde. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa desenvolveu materiais para revestir bráquetes metálicos utilizados no tratamento ortodôntico. As sínteses de hidroxiuretanos (HU) foram realizadas empregando-se bis(ciclocarbonatos) derivados de epóxidos com segmentos siloxânicos por reação de aminólise. Dois ciclocarbonatos (CC) foram sintetizados, a partir da reação de cicloadição de CO2 ao anel epóxi do 1,3-bis(3-glicidiloxipropil)tetrametildisiloxano e do polidimetilsiloxano diglicidil éter catalisada pelo brometo de hexadeciltrimetilamônio. Os CCs obtidos foram denominados de CCMDMS e CCPDMS. Para aumentar o tamanho dos HUs e, consequentemente proporcionar um ganho nas propriedades mecânicas, realizou-se um processo de extensão pela reação da 3-(aminometil)-3,5,5-trimetilcicloexilamina com os CCs (CC-HUMDMS e CC-HUPDMS). O processo de finalização dos HUs foi realizado através da reação do CC-HUMDS com a 3-trietoxisililpropilamina e, o CC-HUPDMS com a 3-trietoxisililpropilamina e N-aminoetil-3-trimetoxisililpropilamina. Os HUs sintetizados foram chamados de HUMDMS, HUPDMS e HUPDMS2. Para elevar o caráter antibiofilme do HUMDMS, HUPDMS e HUPDMS2 foram incorporadas nanopartículas a suas estruturas por dois métodos. O primeiro, método coloidal, consistiu na redução dos cátions Ag+ em etanol misturados com os HUs, sendo os produtos denominados de HUMDMSCol, HUPDMSCol e HUPDMS2Col. O segundo, método fotoassistido, baseou-se na adição de nanopartículas de óxido de zinco (nanoZnO), nesta etapa, os HUs foram chamados de HUMDMSZnO, HUPDMSZnO e HUPDMS2ZnO, seguido pela imersão em solução aquosa de nitrato de prata e, posterior, redução com luz ultravioleta, os materiais obtidos foram chamados de HUMDMSIrr, HUPDMSIrr e HUPDMS2Irr. Os materiais foram caracterizados quanto à sua estrutura química, para tanto, utilizou-se técnicas espectroscópicas de infravermelho com reflexão total atenuada, ressonânciamagnética nuclear e fotoelétrons excitados por raios-X. A morfologia foi analisada por microscopia de transmissão eletrônica e difração de raios-X, avaliou-se a estabilidade térmica por análise termogravimétrica e a energia superficial por medidas de ângulo de contato. As técnicas de espectroscopia no ultravioleta e visível e espectrometria de emissão atômica com plasma acoplado indutivamente foram utilizadas para observar a banda plasmônica das nanopartículas e a sorção/dessorção de cátions, respectivamente. As nanoAg apresentaram absorção plasmônica em 415 e 440 nm para os métodos coloidal e fotoassistido, respectivamente. O valor de pH satisfatório para sorção de Ag+ foi observado entre 7 e 8, com a seguinte ordem de sorção HUPDMS2 > HUMDMS > HUPDMS. As isotermas de sorção mostraram que o modelo de Sips justifica satisfatoriamente o processo de sorção dos cátions Ag+ pelos HUs. Os materiais foram termicamente estáveis para temperaturas inferiores a 200 °C. A resistência abrasiva dos HUs foi avaliada com base em ensaios de fricção utilizando-se escova e creme dental. Os filmes de HUPDMS apresentaram maior fragilidade, mesmo com aumento da resistência devido adição de nanoZnO. Todos os filmes apresentaram energia superficial inferior a 25 mN/m, indicando assim, resistência à formação de biofilme. A atividade antibiofilme dos materiais híbridos foi testada para as bactérias Escherichia coli, Enterococos feacalis e Estreptococos mutans, bem como, para o fungo Candida albicans. O processo de dessorção dos cátions Ag+ nos filmes com nanoAg potencializou a eficácia contra a formação de biofilme. / Advances in material engineering have increased the search for materials with antimicrobial activity for application in health areas. In this context, the present research developed materials to coat metallic brackets used in orthodontic treatment. The synthesis of hydroxyurethanes (HU) was carried out using bis(cyclocarbonates) derived from epoxides with siloxane segments by aminolysis reaction. Two cyclocarbonates (CC) were synthesized by cycloaddition reaction of CO2 to the epoxy ring of 1,3-bis(3-glycidyloxypropyl) tetramethyldisiloxane and the polydimethylsiloxane diglycidyl ether catalyzed by hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide. The obtained CCs were called CCMDMS and CCPDMS. To increase the size of the HUs and consequently provide a gain in the mechanical properties, a process of extension was carried out by the reaction of 3-(aminomethyl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexylamine with the CCs (CC-HUMDMS and CC-HUPDMS). The HU-termination process was performed by reacting CC-HUMDS with 3-triethoxysilylpropylamine and CC-HUPDMS with 3-triethoxysilylpropylamine and N-aminoethyl-3-trimethoxysilylpropylamine. The HUs synthesized were called HUMDMS, HUPDMS and HUPDMS2. To raise the antibiofilm character of the HUMDMS, HUPDMS and HUPDMS2 nanoparticles were incorporated into their structures by two methods. The first, colloidal method consisted in the reduction of the Ag+ cations in ethanol mixed with the HUs, the products being called HUMDMSCol, HUPDMSCol and HUPDMS2Col. The second, photo-assisted method was based on the addition of nanoparticles of zinc oxide (nanoZnO), at this stage the HUs were called HUMDMSZnO, HUPDMSZnO and HUPDMS2ZnO, followed by immersion in aqueous solution of silver nitrate and subsequent reduction by ultraviolet light, the obtained materials were called HUMDMSIrr, HUPDMSIrr and HUPDMS2Irr. The materials were characterized in terms of their chemical structure, using infrared spectroscopy techniques with attenuated total reflection, nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray excited photoelectrons, the morphology was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, the thermal stability was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis and the surface energy by contact angle measurements. Ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy techniques and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry were used to observe the plasmon band of nanoparticles and cation sorption/desorption, respectively. The nanoAg presented plasmid absorption at 415 and 440 nm for the colloidal and photoassayed methods, respectively. The pH value satisfactory for Ag+ sorption was observed between 7 and 8, with the following sorption order HUPDMS2 > HUMDMS > HUPDMS. The sorption isotherms showed that the Sips model satisfactorily justifies the sorption process of the Ag+ cations by HUs. The materials were thermally stable at temperatures below 200 °C. The abrasive strength of the HUs were evaluated based on friction tests using brush and toothpaste. The films of HUPDMS presented greater fragility, even with increased resistance due to the addition of nanoZnO. All films presented surface energy lower than 25 mN/m, thus indicating resistance to biofilm formation. The antibiofilm activity of the hybrid materials was tested for Escherichia coli, Enterococos feacalis and Streptococcus mutans strains, as well as for Candida albicans fungus. The desorption process of Ag+ cations in films with nanoAg enhanced the antibiofilm efficacy.

O uso e estudo de materiais híbridos para desenvolver novos materiais com qualidades superiores para aplicações em fotônica, sensores e áreas afins é um desafio para o químico. Neste contexto deve-se especular sobre as propriedades de associação de materiais orgânicos e inorgânicos para alcançar novas e melhores propriedades. Neste estudo, os óxidos metálicos (óxidos de cério em particular), uma classe especial entre nanopartículas inorgânicas, foram selecionados para explorar as suas aplicações com uma classe, também especial de compostos orgânicos, sendo no nosso estudo as Naftaleno Diimidas. Óxido de cério é um semicondutor, com uma “bandgap” larga, conhecido por sua capacidade catalítica e por sua simples manipulação para preparar filmes finos e nanopartículas. Derivados de Naftaleno Diimidas são conhecidos por sua superior atividade eletroquímica comparáveis aos dos Paraquat (metilviologênio), mas com amplitude maior de aplicações fotoquímicas. Foram sintetizadas Naftaleno Diimidas carregados positivamente e negativamente com propriedades surfactantes. Após a caracterização detalhada das Naftaleno Diimidas, incluindo auto-associação e interação com moléculas de surfactantes, a interação com nanopartículas de óxido de cério foram determinadas. As Naftaleno Diimidas interagiram de forma especial com nanopartículas de óxido de cério conferindo ausência de atividade hidrolítica e um comportamento fotocrômico singular. Propõe-se que o corante orgânico se adsorve nas ranhuras das nanopartículas e, além disso forma dímeros estáveis que têm importância para as novas fotoatividades observadas. / The use and study of hybrid materials is a challenge for the chemist to develop materials having new and superior qualities for applications in photonics, sensors and related areas. In this context one has to speculate on the properties of the organic and inorganic partners to achieve better and new properties. In this study the metal oxides (in particular Cerium Oxides), a special class among inorganic nanoparticles were selected to exploit their applications with an also special class of organic compounds the Naphthalene Diimides. Cerium Oxide is a wide bandgap semiconductor well known for its catalytic capabilities and for its simple manipulation to prepare thin films and nanoparticles. Naphthalene Diimides derivatives are known for their superior lectrochemical activities comparable to those of Paraquat (Methyl Viologen) but with larger amplitude of photochemical applications. Positively and negatively charged, surfactant like, Naphthalene Diimides, were synthesized. After detailed characterization of the Naphthalene Diimides including selfassociation and interaction with surfactant molecules, the interaction with Cerium Oxide nanoparticles was determined. Naphthalene Diimides interacted in a special manner with Cerium Oxide nanoparticles rendering hydrolytic inertness and novel photochromic behavior. The organic dye is proposed to adsorb in the crevices of the particles and furthermore forming stable dimers that accounts for the new photoactivities observed

Le domaine des matériaux hybrides organiques-inorganiques prend beaucoup plus d'importance de jour en jour. Ce projet de thèse traite les avantages de ce genre de matériaux et synthétise des matériaux utilisés dans deux domaines, le premier celui de l'énergie et le second dans l'environnement.Des matériaux π-conjugués à base de poly(3-hexylthiophène) (P3HT) et de silice sont synthétisés et caractérisés. Il a été montré que l'auto-assemblage lors du procédé sol-gel favorise la polymérisation régiorégulière des motifs thiophènes au sein du matériau.D'un autre coté, des matériaux hybrides organisés (mésoporeux et lamellaires) fonctionnalisés par des groupements amines ou acides ont été préparés et caractérisés. Par des modifications chimiques simples, il a été possible de rendre ces matériaux utilisables comme résines échangeuses d’ions pour la dépollution de l'eau. Les résultats montrent que les matériaux lamellaires sodiques s'avèrent les plus efficaces. Ces mêmes matériaux sont testés au niveau de la catalyse chimique et de l'époxydation qui a ouvert plusieurs perspectives sur le sujet. / The field of organic-inorganic hybrid materials takes much more importance day by day. This thesis project addresses the benefits of such materials and summarizes the materials used in two areas, energy and environment.Π-conjugated materials based on poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and silica were synthesized and characterized. We showed that the organization obtained thanks to self-assembly of the alkylenes chains and during the sol-gel process promote a regioregular polymerization of thiophenes units.On the other hand, organized (mesoporous and lamellar) hybrid materials functionalized with amines or carboxylic acids groups were synthesized and characterized. By chemichal modifications zwitterionic materials were and used for ions extractions from water. The results show that the layered materials containig sodium ions are the most effective for the cations extraction. These same materials were tested as catalysts for epoxidation which opened several perspectives on the subject.

Ces travaux de thèse se positionnent au cœur des problématiques du patrimoine et notamment de la conservation préventive des œuvres d'art. Pour apporter aux musées une solution à faible coût capable de répondre aux exigences fixées dans le cadre de la protection du patrimoine culturel, nous avons développé de nouveaux vitrages polymères permettant de protéger les œuvres sans en altérer leur perception par le public. Ces matériaux pourront, à terme, tenter de remplacer les vitrages de type poly(méthacrylate de méthyle) (PMMA), très largement utilisés, mais dont le principal inconvénient est sa grande sensibilité à la rayure et aux solvants de nettoyage.Ces matériaux ont été synthétisés en combinant, en différentes proportions, deux polymères, le PMMA et le polycarbonate de CR39® (PCR39®) dans une architecture de réseaux interpénétrés de polymères (RIP). Cette association a permis d'obtenir des nouveaux matériaux transparents (T%>95%) dont la résistance à la rayure et aux solvants est considérablement améliorée comparativement à celle du PMMA. Leurs vieillissements lors de leur exposition à la lumière (UV) artificielle ou naturelle ont été étudiés. Afin d'améliorer leurs propriétés d'anti-rayure, nous avons réticulé sélectivement la phase PMMA avec des nanoparticules de silice fonctionnalisées, ce qui conduit à la réalisation d'un nouveau RIP hybride. Enfin, dans l'optique d'obtenir un matériau intelligent, nous avons étudié la possibilité d'intégrer au sein même de ces vitrages, un capteur de rayonnements UV afin de pouvoir alerter de leur présence. Le PCR39® ayant les propriétés en adéquation avec le développement d'un tel capteur, nous avons ensuite cherché à augmenter la sensibilité du matériau. Pour cela, des composés fluorescents, organique, d'une part et inorganiques d'autre part (nanoparticules d'oxyde de gadolinium dopées soit au terbium soit à l'europium) ont été intégrés au sein des RIP. / This work position itself on a primary issue of heritage and more precisely on the preventive conservation of artworks. To provide a low cost solution to museums, capable of meeting the requirements set for the cultural heritage protection, we have developed new polymer glazing to protect works without altering their perception by the public. These materials will eventually be able to replace poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) glazing, which are widely used but have high sensitivity to scratching and cleaning solvents as mains drawbacks.These materials were synthesized by combining, with various proportions, two polymers, PMMA and polycarbonate of CR39® (PCR39®), into an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) architecture. This association generated new transparent materials (T% > 95%) of which resistance toward scratching and solvents is considerably improved compared to PMMA's one. Their ageing have been studied when exposed to artificial or natural light (UV). To improve their scratch resistance, we selectively crosslinked the PMMA phase with functionalized silica nanoparticles, leading to the formation of a new hybrid IPN. Finally, in order to obtain a smart material, we studied the possibility of integrating within these glazing, a UV sensor to warn of their presence. The PCR39® having properties consistent with the development of such a sensor, we tried to increase the sensitivity of the material. For that purpose, first an organic fluorescent compounds, and secondly an inorganic one (gadolinium oxide nanoparticles doped with terbium or europium) were incorporated in the IPN.

<p>U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji je ispitan uticaj montmorilonita i<br />termoplastičnih segmentiranih poliuretana na kinetiku reakcija<br />umrežavanja, strukturu i svojstva funkcionalnih hibridnih<br />materijala na osnovu epoksidnih smola. Pripremljene su dve<br />serije uzoraka hibridnih materijala: prva na osnovu epoksidne<br />smole sa različitim sadržajem organski modifikovanog<br />montmorilonita (0, 1, 3, 5 i 10 mas.%) umrežene sa<br />umreživačem Jeffamine D-230; druga serija je sintetisana na<br />osnovu epoksidne smole, sa različitim sadržajem (10, 15 i 20<br />mas.%) termoplastičnog poliuretanskog elastomera sa<br />različitim sadržajem tvrdih segmenata (20, 25 i 30 mas.%)<br />sintetisanih na osnovu alifatičnog polikarbonatnog diola i<br />heksametilendiizocijanata i produživača lanca butandiola, kao<br />i katalizatora dibutiltin dilaurata; kao i bez dodatog elastomera<br />umrežene sa diaminom Jeffamine D-2000. Umrežavanje<br />reaktivnih sistema sa projektovanim sirovinskim sastavom je<br />praćeno diferencijalnom skenirajućom kalorimetrijom (DSC).<br />Modeli izokonverzije primenjeni su da se ustanovi da li<br />dodatak punila utiče na reakciju umrežavanja hibridnih<br />materijala. Sintetisani materijali su analizirani dinamičkomehaničkom<br />analizom (DMA), mikroskopijom atomskih sila<br />(AFM), kao i TG-DSC i TG-MS metodama i određena su<br />mehanička svojstva (zatezna čvrstoća, prekidno izduženje i<br />tvrdoća po &Scaron;oru A). Epoksidni materijal sa 10 mas.% organski<br />modifikovanog montmorilonita ima značajno niže vrednosti<br />energija aktivacije za definisane stepene reagovanja, čime je<br />potvrđen katalitički efekat gline sa slojevitom strukturom kada<br />je prisutna u reakcionoj sme&scaron;i u dovoljnoj količini. Uticaj<br />otežane difuzije pri kraju reakcije je izraženiji u prisustvu<br />montmorilonita, čime je pokazano da njegovo prisustvo utiče<br />na ceo mehanizam umrežavanja. Utvrđeno je da na vrednosti<br />G&#39;, pored udela montmorilonita, utiče i stepen dispergovanja<br />čestica unutar polimerne matrice. Zaključeno je da dodatak<br />punila do 3 mas. % utiče povoljno na ispitana mehanička<br />svojstva, dok pri sadržaju od 5 i 10 mas. % dolazi do<br />aglomeracije čestica punila, &scaron;to negativno utiče na ispitana<br />svojstva, osim tvrdoće, koja se povećava linearno sa dodatkom<br />punila montmorilonita. Na osnovu rezultata TG analize<br />zaključeno je da je sa porastom udela montmorilonita u<br />epoksidnoj matrici termička stabilnost uzoraka ispitivanih u<br />atmosferi vazduha neznatno pobolj&scaron;ana, dok u inertnoj<br />atmosferi nema uticaja na termičku stabilnost, niti na<br />mehanizam raspada hibridnih materijala na osnovu epoksidnih<br />smola sa različitim udelima montmorilonita. Kod sistema kod<br />kojih je dodavan termoplastični poliuretanski elastomer,<br />zaključeno je da pri većem sadržaju segmentiranih poliuretana<br />u epoksidnoj matrici (10 i 15 mas.%) proces umrežavanja<br />započinje na nižim temperaturama i maksimalna brzina se<br />ostvaruje na nižim temperaturama, a najveća vrednost<br />promena ukupne entalpije reakcije umrežavanja je određena za<br />hibridni materijal sa poliuretanom koji u svojoj strukturi ima<br />30 mas.% tvrdih segmenata. Zatezna čvrstoća hibridnih<br />materijala raste sa porastom udela tvrdih segmenata u strukturi<br />poliuretana, kao i sa porastom masenog udela poliuretanskog<br />elastomera u epoksidnoj matrici. Dodatkom termoplastičnih<br />segmentiranih poliuretana značajno je povećano prekidno<br />izduženje epoksidnih smola. Sa porastom udela tvrdih<br />segmenata kod poliuretana dodatih u istom masenom procentu<br />u epoksidnu matricu, tvrdoća raste. Ustanovljeno je da na<br />konačna svojstva hibridnih materijala utiče izbor polaznih<br />komponenti, način ume&scaron;avanja punila u matricu i uslovi pri<br />kojima se vr&scaron;i umrežavanje. Zaključeno je da je dobro<br />poznavanje kinetičkih parametara reakcije umrežavanja važno<br />za pravilan odabir optimalnih uslova za proizvodnju i preradu<br />hibridnih materijala u industrijskim uslovima.</p> / <p>In this thesis the influence of clay fillers and thermoplastic<br />segmented polyurethanes on the curing kinetics, structure and<br />properties of functional hybrid materials based on epoxy resins<br />was assessed. Two sets of hybrid material samples were<br />prepared. First type of samples was based on epoxy resin with<br />a different content of organically modified montmorillonite (0,<br />1, 3, 5 and 10 wt. %) and crosslinking with hardener Jeffamine<br />D-230. Second type of samples was based on epoxy resin,<br />having different content (10, 15 and 20 wt. %) of thermoplastic<br />segmented polyurethane with different content of hard<br />segments (20, 25 and 30 wt. %) based on aliphatic<br />polycarbonate macrodiols and hexamethylene diisocyanate,<br />with chain extender 1,4-butanediol and the catalyst, dibutyltin<br />dilaurate, and also a sample without added elastomeric<br />polyurethane and crosslinking with hardener Jeffamine D-<br />2000. The curing of the hybrid materials based on epoxy resins<br />systems were investigated by non-isothermal differential<br />scanning calorimetry (DSC). The kinetic study by<br />isoconversion models has been carried out using data from<br />DSC. The synthesized materials were analyzed by dynamicmechanical<br />analysis (DMA), atomic force microscopy (AFM)<br />as well as TG-DSC and TG-MS methods and mechanical<br />properties (tensile strength, elongation and hardness at Shore<br />A) were determined. Epoxy based hybrid material with 10 wt.<br />% of the organically modified montmorillonite has<br />significantly lower activation energy values for the defined<br />reaction rates, thereby confirming the catalytic effect of the<br />clay with the layered structure when present in the reaction<br />mixture in sufficient quantity. The diffusion effects at the end<br />of the reaction are more pronounced in the presence of<br />montmorillonite, which indicates that its presence affects the<br />entire curing mechanism. It was found that G&#39;, along with<br />montmorillonite content, is affected by the degree of particle<br />dispersion inside the polymer matrix. It was concluded that the<br />addition of montmorillonite up to 3 wt. % improves<br />investigated mechanical properties, while the samples with 5<br />and 10 wt. % of montmorillonite resulted in agglomeration of<br />the filler particles, which negatively influenced the<br />investigated properties, except for the hardness which<br />increases linearly with the addition of montmorillonite. TG<br />analysis shows that the increase of montmorillonite content in<br />the epoxy matrix slightly improves the thermal stability in the<br />air, while in the inert atmosphere there is no influence on the<br />thermal stability nor on the mechanism of the decomposition<br />of epoxy based hybrid materials. In the system with a<br />thermoplastic polyurethane filler, it was concluded that hybrid<br />materials with a higher content of segmented polyurethane (10<br />and 15 wt. %), curing process starts at lower temperatures and<br />the maximum speed is achieved at lower temperatures and the<br />highest value of changes in total enthalpy of the crosslinking<br />reaction is determined for the epoxy hybrid material with<br />polyurethanes containing 30 wt. % of hard segments. Tensile<br />strength of hybrid materials increases with the increase of hard<br />segments content in the polyurethane elastomer as well as with<br />the increase of polyurethane content in the epoxy matrix. The<br />addition of thermoplastic segmented polyurethanes<br />significantly increased the elongation at break of prepared<br />epoxy resins hybrid materials. The increase of the hard<br />segments content in polyurethane, in the same ratio, improves<br />hardness of epoxy based hybrid material. It was concluded that<br />the final properties of hybrid materials are influenced by the<br />selection of initial compounds, methods of processing and the<br />curing conditions. It was concluded, as well that knowing the<br />kinetic parameters of curing reaction is important for the<br />proper selection of optimal parameters for production and<br />processing of hybrid materials in industrial conditions.</p>

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Synthese und Charakterisierung mesoporöser monolithischer Silica und deren Hybridmaterialien mit Ionischen Flüssigkeiten (ILs, ionic liquids). Zur Synthese der Silicaproben wurde ein Sol-Gel-Verfahren, ausgehend von einer Präkursorverbindung wie Tetramethylorthosilicat angewendet. Der Katalysator mit der geringsten Basizität führte zum Material mit der kleinsten Porengröße und der größten spezifischen Oberfläche. Eine Kombination von porösen Silica mit ILs führt zur Materialklasse der Silica-Ionogele. Diese Hybridmaterialien verbinden die Eigenschaften eines porösen Festkörpers mit denen einer IL (Leitfähigkeit, weites elektrochemisches Fenster, gute thermische Stabilität) und bieten vielfältige Einsatzmöglichkeiten z.B. in der Katalyse- Solar- und Sensortechnik. Um diese Materialien für ihren Verwendungszweck zu optimieren, bedarf es deren umfassenden Charakterisierung. Daher wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit das thermische Verhalten von Silica-Ionogelen unter Verwendung verschiedener 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium [Emim]-basierter ILs untersucht. Interessanterweise zeigen die untersuchten ILs deutliche Änderungen in ihrem thermischen Verhalten, wenn diese in porösen Materialien eingeschlossen werden (Confinement). Während sich die untersuchten reinen ILs durch klar unterscheidbare Phasenübergänge auszeichnen, konnten für die entsprechenden Hybridmaterialien deutlich schwächer ausgeprägte Übergänge beobachtet werden. Einzelne Phasenübergänge wurden unterdrückt (Glas- und Kristallisationsübergänge), während z.B. Schmelzübergänge in verbreiterten Temperaturbereichen, zum Teil als einzeln getrennte Schmelzpeaks beobachtet wurden. Diese Untersuchungen belegen deutliche Eigenschaftsänderungen der ILs in eingeschränkten Geometrien. Über Festkörper-NMR-Spektroskopie konnte außerdem gezeigt werden, daß die ILs in den mesoporösen Silicamaterialien eine unerwartet hohe Mobilität aufweisen. Die ILs können als quasi-flüssig bezeichnet werden und zeigen die nach bestem Wissen höchste Mobilität, die bisher für vergleichbare Hybridmaterialien beobachtet wurde. Durch Verwendung von funktionalisierten Präkursoren, sowie der Wahl der Reaktionsbedingungen, kann die Oberfläche der Silicamaterialien chemisch funktionalisiert werden und damit die Materialeigenschaften in der gewünschten Weise beeinflußt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluß der Oberflächenfunktionalität auf das thermische Verhalten hin untersucht. Dazu wurden zwei verschiedene Möglichkeiten der Funktionalisierung angewendet und miteinander verglichen. Bei der in-situ-Funktionalisierung wird die chemische Funktionalität während der Sol-Gel-Synthese über ein entsprechend funktionalisiertes Silan mit in das Silicamaterial einkondensiert. Eine postsynthetische Funktionalisierung erfolgt durch Reaktion der Endgruppen eines Silicamaterials mit geeigneten Reaktionspartnern. Um den Einfluß der physikalischen Eigenschaften der Probe auf die Reaktion zu untersuchen, wurden pulverisierte und monolithische Silicamaterialien miteinander verglichen. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit wurde die Vielfältigkeit, mit der Silicamaterialien postsynthetisch funktionalisiert werden können demonstriert. Durch die Kenntnis von Struktur-Eigenschaftsbeziehungen können die Eigenschaften von Silica-Ionogelen durch die geeignete Kombination von fester und mobiler Phase in der gewünschten Weise verändert werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit soll einen Beitrag zur Untersuchung dieser Beziehungen leisten, um das Potential dieser interessanten Materialien für Anwendungen nutzen zu können. / This work describes the synthesis and characterization of mesoporous monolithic silica and its hybrid materials with ionic liquids (ILs). For synthesis of the silica samples a sol-gel method was used. The catalyst with the weakest basicity leads to the material with the smallest pore size and the largest specific surface area. Combination of porous silica with ILs yields silica-ionogels. These hybrid materials combine the properties of porous solids with the properties of ILs (which is e.g. high conductivity, wide electrochemical stability window, and good thermal stability) and therefore offer a variety of possible applications like catalysis, solar and sensing. To optimize these materials for specific applications there is a need to understand their structure-composition-property relations. For this reason the thermal behavior of silica-ionogels was studied using different 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium [Emim]-based ILs. Interestingly the ILs show a clear change in their thermal behavior upon confinement in porous silica. Whereas the pure ILs show distinct phase transitions, the hybrid materials exhibit considerably weaker phase transitions. Phase transitions are suppressed (glass- and crystallization phase transitions); melting transitions show multiple melting peaks. Furthermore solid-state NMR also shows that ILs in mesoporous silica exhibit unusual high mobility. The confined ILs can therefore be classified as quasi-liquid and represents to our best knowledge the highest mobility observed so far in ionogels. By using functionalized silane precursors and different reaction conditions the silica surface was chemically functionalized which further changes the material properties. In a final approach a post-synthetic functionalization was performed by reaction of the selected groups of a silica material with suitable reactants. To study the effect of the physical appearance on the characteristics of the final material, powdered and monolithic samples were studied. In the last part of the work the versatility of post-synthetic silica functionalization was demonstrated. The current work contributes to a better understanding of structure-property correlations, to improve the potential of these interesting materials for possible applications.

Within the field of modern technology, nanomatrials, such as nanoparticles (NP), nanorods (NR), quantum dots (QD) etc. are, probably, the most prominent and promising candidates for current and future technological applications. The interest in nanomaterials arise not only form the continuous tendency towards dimensions minimisation of electronic devices, but also due to the fact, that new and, often, unique properties are acquired by the matter at the length scale between 1 and 100 nm. The ability to organize nanoparticles into ordered arrays extends the range of useful NP-based systems that can be fabricated and the diversity of functionalities they can serve. However, in order to successfully exploit nanoparticle assemblies in technological applications and to ensure efficient scale-up, a high level of direction and control is required. Recently, block copolymers (BCP) have attracted much attention as a powerful and very promising tool for creation of nanoscale ordered structures owing to their self-assembling properties. In addition, these systems offer the possibility to fabricate nanostructured composite materials via incorporation of certain nanoadditives (i.e. NPs). The concept is that by selective inclusion of the nanoparticles into one of the blocks of a self-assembling copolymer, the nanoparticles are forced into a defined spatial arrangement determined by the phase morphology of the block copolymer. In present work self-assembling phenomena of block copolymers was exploited to fabricate binary (NP/BCP) and ternary (NP1/NP2/BCP) composites, filled with pre-synthesized nanoparticles of various nature. Polystyrene-block-polyvinylpyridine block copolymers (PS-b-PVP) of various composition and molecular weight were used for fabrication of nanocomposites. The first part of the thesis focuses on fabrication of functional BCP-based composites containing magnetic nanoparticles (MNP), selectively assembled within one of the blocks of BCP matrix. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were selected among others since, as for today, there is the least number of successful results reported in literature on their selective incorporation into one of the phases of a BCP matrix. From the application point of view fabrication of periodic arrays of “magnetic domains” with periodicity on nanometer scale is also of interest for potential use in high-density magnetic data storage devices. For this purpose, ferrite-type MNP (Fe3O4, CoFe2O4) having apparent affinity toward polyvinylpyridine (PVP) phase were prepared using simple one-pot synthesis. Highly selective nanoparticles segregation into PVP domains of BCP was achieved owing to the presence of sparse stabilizing organic shell on the nanoparticles surface. Importantly, as-prepared MNPs did not require any additional surface modification step to acquire affinity towards PVP phase. Appropriate selection of annealing conditions allowed to produce patterns of nearly perfect degree of lateral order over relatively large surface large area (more than 4 sq µm). The second task of present work was fabrication of ternary NP1/NP2/BCP hybrid composites with two different types of nanoparticles being selectively localized in different microdomains of phase segregated block copolymer matrix. So far as only few studies have been reported on developing of approaches toward ternary composites, creation of alternative and straight forward routes toward such systems is still a challenge. In the frame of this part of present work, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) covered with polystyrene shell were prepared, with the purpose to be incorporated into polystarene phase of phase separated PS-b-PVP block copolymer matrix. Two different approaches were tested to achieve desired three-component system. First, supposed simple blending of block copolymer and two kinds of nanoparticles having specific affinity toward different blocks of BCP in common solvent. After preparation of MNP/AgNP/BCP composite thin film and subsequent solvent vapour annealing, different domains of microphase segregated PS-b-PVP BCP were filled with different type of nanoparticles. Alternatively, step-wise approach for nanoparticles incorporation was developed and implemented for successful selective nanoparticles incorporation. For this purpose polystyrene stabilized AgNPs (i.e. NP1) were initially mixed with PS-b-PVP BCP to produce composite thin films having nanoparticles selectively located within PS microdomains, while citrate-stabilized second type nanoparticles (i.e NP2) were deposited from their aqueous solutions into PVP domains of AgNP/PS-b-PVP composites. By partition of nanoparticles incorporation procedure into two distinct steps it was also possible to increase effective loading of each type of NPs into BCP matrix.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Sergio Brochsztain / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, 2016. / O presente trabalho visa à utilização de materiais mesoporosos funcionalizados com imidas aromáticas em algumas importantes aplicações do setor energético. Os materiais são constituídos de silicatos (SiO2) mesoporosos com a imida aromática 1,8-naftalimida (NI) ligada covalentemente às paredes dos poros, formando assim um composto híbrido com alto nível de organização. A primeira aplicação destes materiais está relacionada à captação de luz e transferência de energia entre cromóforos localizados no interior destas sílicas. Para isto, o cromóforo doador de energia foi a NI e como aceptor de energia foi a N, N- bis(2,6-dimetilfenil)¿3,4,9,10- tetracarboxilperilenodiimida (DMPDI). Através desta transferência de energia foi possível ajustar a cor de emissão de fluorescência, resultando em emissão branca, sendo interessante para aplicações em diodos emissores de luz (LEDs). Uma segunda utilização dos materiais mesoporosos realizada no presente trabalho esta relacionada à indústria do petróleo e consiste na degradação de asfaltenos através da fotocatálise heterogênea. Neste sistema, as sílicas mesoporosas funcionalizadas com a imida aromática NI foram utilizadas como compostos fotocatalisadores. Para isso, foi avaliado em um primeiro momento o desempenho destes materiais em um sistema de fotocatálise padrão constituído pelo corante azul de metileno (AM) para a subsequente aplicação na degradação dos asfaltenos. Os materiais se mostraram satisfatórios como fotocatalisadores heterogêneos, promovendo a mineralização completa do AM em cerca de 5 horas quando o sistema era irradiado com lâmpada de mercúrio. Testes preliminares mostraram que os materiais foram também efetivos na degradação de asfaltenos. / The present study has as a goal the use of mesoporous materials modified with aromatic imides for applications in the energy field. The materials consist of mesoporous silicas with 1,8-naphthalimides (NI) covalently bound to the inner pore walls. The first application tested was the potential as light harvesting materials. For this purpose, energy transfer between different chromophores within the pores was studied. For these studies, NI was used as the energy donor and N,N'-bis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)¿3,4,9,10-tetracarboxyperylenediimide (DMPDI) as the energy acceptor. It was possible to tune the color of the emission, including white emission, by adjusting the relative amount of the two imides within the pores, showing that the materials have potential applications for the construction of LEDs. A second application that was tested was the use of the mesoporous materials as photocatalysts for the degradation of petroleum asphaltenes. For this purpose, the system was initially tested with methylene blue (MB), a typical pollutant from the textile industry. Complete mineralization of MB was observed after 5 hours of irradiation with a mercury lamp, in the presence of the mesoporous materials modified with NI. Initial tests showed that the materials were also effective in the photodegradation of the asphaltenes.