One of the most common goals of political theory is to inform just choice; with ‘just choice’ referring to the class of practical, political decisions that result in society becoming more just. However, important questions can be asked about the best way political theory can perform this informing function. In this thesis I look to answer some of these questions through my defence of an ideal theory approach to just choice. This approach claims that ideals, that is, conceptions of the rules that would govern a fully just society, are necessary in order to arrive at just choices. I look to show the conditions ideal theory and ideals have to satisfy in order to perform this just choice informing role. In doing this this thesis underlabours for ideal theory by providing theoretical support for future substantive work in this area. This thesis proceeds as follows. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the structure of the thesis, the main areas of debate, and the implications of my research. Chapter 2 addresses the fundamental question discussed above, seeking to demonstrate that it is only when our choices are informed by ideals that we are consistently able to make just choices. Chapter 3 considers the distinction between short-term choice, which aims to make society immediately more similar to an ideal, and long-term choice, which aims to ultimately realise an ideal in full. I look to show the conditions that ideals have to satisfy in order to inform each type of just choice. Particularly important here are the feasibility conditions that have to be met by ideals that are to inform long-term choice. Chapter 4 considers a conundrum confronting those aiming to make just choices. All other things being equal long-term choice offers greater rewards than short-term choice does; however short-term choice is lower risk, requiring less investment of political resources such as time, labour, and money, and promising more likely returns on these investments. In this chapter I look to show the conditions that have to hold for it to be defensible to favour a long-term approach over a short-term approach. Chapter 5 considers whether the methods required of ideal theory, particularly the feasible ideal theory required of long-term choice, may be inherently contradictory. This is due to possible tensions between fact-sensitive and fact-insensitive aspects of the theorising process. In this chapter I look to show that this is not the case and that the ideal theory process is not contradictory. Chapter 6 summarises my key arguments and reflects on some of the main themes of this thesis.

Reza a literatura neo-institucionalista que as normas que regem um processo decisório terão grande influência sobre o resultado final. Isto vale também para Assembleia Nacional Constituinte de 1987-1988. Não fosse assim um agrupamento de parlamentares descontentes com o andamento dos trabalhos constituintes não teria insurgido com uma proposta para a reformulação do Regimento Interno após quase um ano de funcionamento. Entender a importância do arcabouço institucional para as disputas políticas e o resultado final da ANC éa questão central desta dissertação. Desta forma, pretende-seresponder a seguinte pergunta: quais os efeitos tanto das normas que regularam o processo de formação/convocação da ANC, quanto do seu regimento que foi alterado ao longo dos trabalhos sobre o resultado final? O modelo de constituinte aprovado na convocação (congressual e não exclusiva) e o formato dos trabalhos constituintes (descentralização em subcomissões e comissões temáticas) foram amplamente contestados e disputados pelas consequências que os atores políticos antecipavam ou projetavam sobre elas. Os atores políticos sempre sabem que regras afetam resultados. Resta saber se eles sempre anteciparam corretamentee, para tanto, é possívelatentar para como eles se comportaram. Com o intuito de aprofundar o debate sobre a interação estratégica noprocesso constituinte, são analisadas as votações nominais no plenário da Constituinte para compreender como atores coletivos organizam preferências, reunindo maiorias em disputas políticas radicalizadas. / According to the new institutionalist literature, the rules regulating a decision making process play great influence on its final result. Thisassumption applies to the 1987-1988 National Constituent Assembly (NCA). Otherwise, a group of legislators dissatisfied with the works course would not have risen with a proposal to reform the Internal Rules after two years of Assembly. The main goal of this work is tocomprehend the importance of the institutional structure for the political contests and the final result of the NCA. Thus, I aim to answer the following question: what are the effects of the rules regulating the convocation of the NCA, as well as the rules regulating its works which have changed during theprocess on the final results? The constitution-making design approved at the beginning (a congressional one instead of an exclusive one) and the organization form of the works (decentralized in thematic commissions) were largely contested because of the consequences political actors were anticipating and looking forward to, since they are always aware of the rule´s impact. The question is whether or not they anticipated it correctly, and for such it is possible to watch how they have behaved. Attempting to deepen the debate about strategic interaction on the constitutional process, the roll calls will be analyzed in order to understand how collective actors organize their preferences, building majorities in radicalized political contests.

A partir da publicação da terceira edição de Agrarverhältnisse im Altertum (Relações agrárias na Antiguidade, 1909) a noção de capitalismo passa a desempenhar um papel central na análise da economia antiga nos escritos de Max Weber. De modo idealtípico, a definição da economia antiga como capitalista envolve a delimitação de suas espeficidades e, simultaneamente, oferece um contraponto comparativo fundamental para a constituição do tipo do capitalismo moderno. Em seus escritos sobre a economia antiga, Weber elaborou uma análise fundamentada em dois diferentes níveis de abstração, que englobam tipos diversos de capitalismo; o trânsito entre esses diferentes níveis é o que fundamenta sua análise comparativa das economias moderna e antiga e possibilita uma definição mais acurada do capitalismo moderno, em sua dimensão racional. / Since the publication of the third version of Agrarverhältnisse im Altertum (The Agrarian Sociology of Ancient Civilizations, 1909), the concept of capitalism plays an essential role in the analysis of the ancient economy in Max Weber\'s writings. On the one hand, the classification of the ancient economy as capitalist depends on the understanding of its uniqueness. On the other hand, as the bearer of a special kind of capitalist system, the ancient world\'s economy offers a counterpoint to the modern economy. This thesis assumes that Weber has worked in his researches on the ancient economy at two different levels of abstraction, which include distinct types of capitalism; the passage from one abstraction level to another is the basis of the comparison between ancient and modern economy, and allows Weber to better define the concept \"modern capitalism\", in its rational dimension.

Objetivos. Verificar a relação entre limiares de detecção dos gostos doce e salgado, concentração ideal e mais aceita de açúcar, sal e gordura, sensibilidade ao 6-n-propiltiouracil (PROP) e sexo, grupo etário e estado nutricional. Verificar a relação entre sensibilidade ao PROP e frequência referida de ingestão alimentar. Verificar a correlação entre aceitação e concentração ideal. Métodos. Estudo transversal com 123 adultos (20 a 58 anos). Variáveis de estudo: limiar de detecção dos gostos doce e salgado, concentração ideal e mais aceita de açúcar, sal e gordura, sensibilidade ao PROP. O estado nutricional foi determinado pelo Índice de Massa Corporal, sendo incluídos indivíduos com valores entre 18,5 e 24,9kg/m2 (peso adequado) e, 25kg/m2(excesso de peso). No teste de limiar de detecção, o participante recebeu 5 soluções de sacarose e 5 de cloreto de sódio (NaCl). A concentração ideal e a mais aceita foram determinadas, utilizando 5 concentrações de açúcar em suco de laranja, 5, de sal e 5, de gordura, em purê de batata industrializado. Para a determinação da concentração ideal, utilizaram-se as médias obtidas a partir de escala de 7 centímetros e, para o teste de aceitação, escala hedônica de 7 pontos. O nível de sensibilidade ao PROP foi determinado a partir da degustação de soluções de PROP e NaCl, com utilização de escala de magnitude rotulada. Para identificar a frequência de ingestão alimentar foi utilizado questionário de frequência alimentar. Análise estatística. As variáveis do 7 estudo foram apresentadas por meio de média, desvio-padrão e amplitude. A análise estatística foi conduzida, utilizando os testes Kruskall-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, análise não paramétrica de dados ordinais com medidas repetidas e correlação de Spearman. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5 por cento. Resultados. Os limiares do gosto doce foram menores para os indivíduos com excesso de peso. As mulheres atribuíram notas médias menores para as concentrações 1 e 3 por cento no teste de concentração ideal de açúcar. Para o ideal de gordura, as notas médias dos indivíduos com peso adequado foram mais altas em relação aos com excesso de peso. Os indivíduos de 31 a 40 anos conferiram notas médias maiores no teste de aceitação para a concentração 1 por cento de açúcar. No teste de concentração ideal de gordura, as médias das mulheres foram mais altas que as dos homens. Houve correlação positiva entre concentração ideal e aceitação. 72 por cento dos indivíduos eram sensíveis ao PROP. Não houve relação entre de sensibilidade ao PROP e sexo, idade, estado nutricional e, frequência de ingestão alimentar, com exceção de biscoito e bolo. Conclusões. Verificou-se relação entre limiar de detecção do gosto doce e estado nutricional, concentração ideal de açúcar e sexo, concentração ideal de gordura e estado nutricional, aceitação de sal e grupo etário. Observou-se relação entre sensibilidade ao PROP e ingestão de biscoito e bolo, e correlação entre aceitação e concentração ideal / Objectives. To investigate the relationship between thresholds detection of sweet and salty tastes, just-about-right and most accepted concentrations of sweet, salty, fat, sensitivity to 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) and gender, age and nutritional status. To investigate the relationship between PROP sensitivity and frequency of food intake. To verify the relationship between acceptance and just-about-right concentrations. Methods. Cross-sectional study with 123 adults (20 to 58 years). The variables were: threshold detection of sweet and salty tastes, most accepted and just-about-right concentrations of sugar, salt and fat, sensitivity to PROP. Nutritional status was determined by Body Mass Index (BMI). A BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2 correspond to normal weight, and 25kg/m2, to overweight. In the threshold test the participant received 5 solutions of sucrose and 5 of sodium chloride (NaCl). The just-about-right and the most accepted concentrations were determined using 5 concentrations of sugar in orange juice, 5 of salt, 5 of fat in industrialized mashed potato. To determine the just-about-right concentration it was used the scores from the 7 cm scale and for acceptance testing, 7-point scale. The level of sensitivity to PROP was determined from tasting PROP and NaCl solutions, using a labeled magnitude scale. A food frequency questionnaire was used to identify frequency of food intake. Statistical analysis. The study variables were presented by mean, standard deviation and amplitude. Statistical analysis was conducted using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, 9 non-parametric analysis of ordinal data with repeated measures and Spearman correlation. The level of significance was 5 per cent. Results. The sweet taste thresholds were lower for individuals with overweight. Women assigned lower scores than men for the concentrations 1 and 3 per cent of sugar in the just-about-right test. For fat, just-about-right scores of individuals with normal weight were higher in relation to overweight. Individuals aged 31 to 40 years have given higher scores in acceptance test for the concentration 1 per cent of sugar. In just-about-right test of fat, the women\'s scores were higher than those of men. There was perfect correlation between ideal concentration and acceptance. 72 per cent of subjects were sensitive to PROP. There was no relationship between sensitivity to PROP and gender, age, nutritional status, and frequency of food intake, except for biscuits and cake. Conclusions. There was relationship between threshold detection of sweet taste and nutritional status, just-about-right concentration of sugar and gender, just-about-right concentration of fat and nutritional status, acceptance of salt and age. It was also observed relationship between sensitivity to PROP and intake of biscuits and cake and correlation between acceptance and just-about-right test

Sociala medier är ständigt närvarande i dagens samhälle och det som händer på sociala medier har en inverkan på unga människor. Bildbaserade sociala medier utgör en stor del av utbudet på internet och bilder på olika typer av ideal sprids snabbt över hela världen. Studien syftar till att undersöka bakgrunden till att unga kvinnor använder sociala medier samt hur de upplever att de påverkas av det. Genom två fokusgrupper har det empiriska materialet samlats in och utgjort grunden för resultatet. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys har sedan använts för att bearbeta materialet. Även tidigare forskning och för ämnet utvalda teoretiska perspektiv som socialkonstruktivistiska perspektivet, användarperspektivet samt social jämförelseteori har använts för att analysera och tolka det insamlade materialet. Resultatet visar att unga kvinnor använder sociala medier för att visa upp en bra sida av sig själv och sitt liv. Av resultatet framgår även att bilder på ideal har en påverkan på unga kvinnors kroppsuppfattning och psykiska hälsa. Påverkan beskrivs som både positiv och negativ och skiljer sig åt mellan olika personer. Det framgår att de unga kvinnorna påverkas mer när de själva känner sig sårbara. / <p>2019-01-15</p>

Les instabilités de digitation sont des instabilités hydrodynamiques qui déforment l’interface entre deux fluides sous forme de doigts. Elles apparaissent lorsqu'un fluide plus mobile déplace un fluide moins mobile, ce qui peut être engendré par des gradients de densité (auquel cas on parlera de digitation de densité), de viscosité (digitation visqueuse) ou encore de tension de surface. Dans ce cadre, l’objectif de ce travail est d'étudier par une approche principalement expérimentale dans quelle mesure des réactions chimiques et des propriétés de mélange non idéal peuvent modifier voire induire de telles instabilités. Le but est de comprendre les dynamiques spatio-temporelles résultant de l’interaction entre réactions chimiques, diffusion, propriétés de mélange et instabilités de digitation. Pour ce faire, nous explorons expérimentalement et analysons à l’aide de modèles théoriques simples différentes dynamiques hydrodynamiquement instables dans des mélanges réactifs ou non idéaux. <p>Nous étudions tout d’abord l’évolution de la zone de mélange non idéal entre deux fluides purs lorsque le fluide le moins dense est placé au dessus du fluide le plus dense dans le champ de gravité. Nous montrons que le fait que la densité du mélange évolue de manière non monotone en fonction de sa composition peut être la source de digitation de densité. Nous étudions ensuite l'influence de réactions chimiques simples sur la digitation de densité à l'interface entre fluides miscibles et partiellement miscibles, en clarifiant l’impact de la diffusion différentielle entre divers solutés de solutions réactives et du taux de miscibilité sur le phénomène de digitation. Dans le cas de la digitation de viscosité, nous analysons tout d'abord dans quelle mesure une réaction chimique, en induisant des profils de viscosité non monotones, peut accroître ou limiter le développement de la digitation visqueuse. Nous démontrons de plus que, dans le déplacement stable d'un fluide moins visqueux par un fluide plus visqueux, une réaction chimique peut générer de la digitation visqueuse en induisant des profils de viscosité non monotones. Enfin, nous explorons expérimentalement l’étalement de films minces réactifs sur des substrats solides. Nous démontrons que, dans certaines conditions, des réactions chimiques peuvent induire des flux convectifs de Marangoni liés à des gradients de tension superficielle qui déstabilisent le bord du film par digitation, produisant un motif fractal. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This dissertation analyses the contribution that Amartya Sen’s idea of justice can make to inform development policies. Particularly, it examines to what extent Sen succeeds in presenting a useful theoretical framework for orienting political action towards justice-enhancing change. In The Idea of Justice (2009), Sen argues that ideal theories of justice which aim at identifying the nature of a perfectly just society—what he calls ‘transcendental’ theories—are not appropriate either for examining prevalent injustices or for rectifying them. Sen therefore proposes a ‘comparative framework’ of justice capable of providing useful practical guidance to advance justice or reduce injustice, a task for which ‘transcendental’ Rawlsian-like theories are redundant. This dissertation critically assesses these two claims advanced by Sen. Taking John Rawls’ Theory of Justice as an illustration, it argues that ideal theories are indeed essential, even if not sufficient, for the reduction of injustice. Therefore, it advances that it is necessary to complement ideal and nonideal approaches to justice. It then advocates for a ‘dual Rawlsian/Senian framework’. Yet this dissertation argues that, even if coupled with an ideal theory, Sen’s nonideal theory remains insufficient to orient injustice-reduction actions because it fails to take into account the overarching social nature of injustice and its perpetuation. In the light of this shortcoming, this dissertation stresses the need to conceptualise injustice as something different from simply the lack of justice and to understand it in a more dynamic and relational way. Ultimately, this implies further complementing a dual framework with a broader conceptualisation of injustice. The dissertation illustrates this argument with the social policy of Oportunidades in Mexico. It concludes that, in order to create a more just society, injustice-reduction policies need to go beyond the removal of capability-deprivations and address the ways in which injustice is reproduced through social interactions.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:39:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cybelle Weinberg.pdf: 378630 bytes, checksum: 71bad8bc0c2858283bbd5b3981682c10 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-10 / Under the eye of the Holy Mother: articulations between the life of Saint Veronica Giuliana and the anorexia clinic aims at relating facts from the life of Saint Veronica, who lived in Italy in the late 17th century and the early 18th century, with today s anorexia clinic. The analysis of her diaries and the registers in her canonization process show how much her perseverant life style, marked by periods of intensive fasting, the violence against her own body, and her search for holiness under the benevolent eye of the Church associates her with modern anorexic symptoms. This paper aims at setting up a parallel between two kinds of relationship: that of Christianity s women saints and martyrs with the Church (the Holy Mother), and that of anorexic girls with their mothers. Accomplices of a lethal project, these pairs comply with the appealing of a perfection ideal. Although separated by several centuries, they present the same symptoms and manifestations of a timeless superego that is passed down from generation to generation. The analysis of such lives marked by excess reveals how an Ideal that was born and built up at the beginning of the western medieval era transcends time and is revealed by people s singularity / A tese intitulada Sob o olhar da Santa Madre: articulações entre a vida de Santa Veronica Giuliani e a clínica da anorexia tem por objetivo relacionar fatos da vida de Santa Veronica Giuliani, que viveu na Itália na passagem do século XVII para o XVIII, com a clínica atual da anorexia. A análise de seus diários e os registros do processo de canonização mostram quanto seu modo de vida perseverante, marcado por períodos de jejum intenso, pela violência contra o próprio corpo e busca da santidade - sob os olhos complacentes da Igreja -, aproxima-a das pacientes com sintomas anoréxicos de hoje. A tese estabelece, também, um paralelo entre dois tipos de relação: o das santas e mártires do Cristianismo com a Igreja (a Santa Madre), e a das meninas anoréxicas com suas mães. Cúmplices em um projeto mortífero, essas duplas atendem ao apelo de um ideal de perfeição. Distantes umas das outras por vários séculos, apresentam os mesmos sintomas, manifestações de um superego atemporal transmitido através das gerações. A análise dessas vidas - marcadas pelo excesso mostra como um Ideal, nascido e construído nos inícios da era medieval ocidental, transcende os tempos e se revela na singularidade de cada um

Hur hanteras genus i modebranschens marknadsföring? De senaste åren har det funnits en påtaglig strävan mot ett mer genusmedvetet, jämlikt och jämställt samhälle. Vissa forskare menar att de har märkt en ökad sexualisering av utbudet i media och att medierna spelar stor roll för hur samhället definierar kvinnligt och manligt. Ökar den könsstereotypiska reklamen eller är det vi som blivit mer kritiskt tänkande? Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka hur modeföretag gestaltar genus i sin marknadsföring samt hur företag kan arbeta med att motverka könsstereotypisk reklam. För att besvara syftet användes teoretiska modeller som behandlar olika form av kommunikation och hur den förhåller sig till kundens känslor och behov. Det empiriska materialet bestod av två intervjuer och en granskning. Först utfördes en granskning av olika tryckta annonser, som fått mycket uppmärksamhet i media under de senaste två åren. Senare utfördes en intervju med Production Manager på Nelly,com och till sist genomfördes en intervju med en genusforskare vid Göteborgs Universitet. Företag har alltid ett motiv med sitt budskap. Budskapen och känslorna som företag spelar på verkar vara ganska övergripande och lika för de flesta modeföretag. Det är viktigt att tänka på att vi hela tiden utsätts för olika typer av budskap och ideal och att modebranschen bara är en av många sändare. Modebranschen blir speciellt utsatt för att den framför allt är så synlig. När vi började skriva uppsatsen hade vi en bild av vad genus var, men insåg under arbetets gång att det är mer än bara en diskussion om kvinnligt och manligt. Genus visade sig vara mycket bredare och djupare än vad vi från början hade kunnat ana. Ideal finns överallt, de ändras hela tiden och de kommer alltid att finnas. Som teorin säger tror vi att opinionsbildarna har stor betydelse för hur budskap uppfattas och att det har stor betydelse för hur en reklam vinklas och skrivs om i media. Så länge reklamen är provocerande och ges publicitet genom att spela på gamla könstereotypiska roller, kommer den typen av reklam kanske alltid att finnas. Vi hoppas att en förändring är på väg och att den nya generationen av människor som stiger in i modebranschen kommer att arbeta för långsiktighet och kritiskt tänkande med sin marknadsföring. Att vi alla kan hjälpas åt att arbeta med detta som en etisk och moralisk fråga inom företag. Vi måste alla ställa oss frågan; vilken värld vill vi leva i? / Program: Textilt management, fashion management

I denna uppsats undersöks unga kvinnors förhållningssätt till ideal, utseendepresentation och bekräftelse på Instagram, ett socialt medium för fotodelning. Undersökningen har utförts genom fem kvalitativa intervjuer med kvinnor i åldrarna 16–24 år som har öppna Instagramprofiler där de regelbundet publicerar bilder eller videor föreställande dem själva. Uppsatsen har en abduktiv ansats, som låter forskningen utvecklas med hjälp av såväl teoretisk ram som analys av empirisk data och där respondenternas meningsskapande är centralt. Analysen bygger således på tematisering av intervjusvar, som stärks av Giddens (1999) teori om identiteten som ett reflexivt projekt, Gills (2007), Bartkys (2003) och Ambjörnssons (2003) teorier om kvinnan och det samhälleliga idealet, samt Swanns (1987) teori om individers självbilder och bekräftelsebehov.    Hur respondenterna i undersökningen väljer att presentera sina utseenden påverkas i flera fall av huruvida de får gilla-markeringar och kommentarer från andra Instagramanvändare, något som de själva ofta väljer att tolka som en slags bekräftelse. I analysen framkommer att Instagram är en plattform som likt resten av samhället genomsyras av den femininitet som har högst status, men att det på Instagram också skapas nya utseendetrender som kan påverka samhällets kvinnoideal. Många unga kvinnor använder sig av disciplineringspraktiker på Instagram för att uppnå det samhälleliga kvinnoidealet, som emellertid för de flesta är ouppnåeligt. Detta leder till att många unga kvinnor mår dåligt över sina egna kroppar och utseenden.