En este artículo se analiza, con una perspectiva etnográfica y orientada por una teoría sociocultural, la construcción de los silencios en la interacción entre maestros y alumnos en una situación multilingüe, en una comunidad indígena de méxico. el análisis revela cómo los silencios de los niños hablantes del chinanteco frente a ciertos cuestionamientos escolares no siempre tienen que ver con la «no comprensión» del español escrito y oral que se usa en las clases. A veces estos silencios son respuestas que adquieren distintos significados y sentidos ante situaciones específicas. Los silencios de los niños pueden ser una forma de resistirse, una forma de ocultarse,otras veces su voz es silenciada. / This article analyzes, from an ethnographic perspective and a sociocultural framework, the construction of silences in the interaction between students and teachers in a multilingual classroom situation in an indigenous community in méxico. the analysis reveals how the silence of the chinanteco speaking children when asked to answer certain questions in class is not always due to their failure to understand spoken and written spanish that is used in class. their silences are responses taking different meanings in specific situations. the silence of the children can be a way of resisting, a way of hiding, and, sometimes, their voices are silenced.

abstract: To understand the visual culture and art education practices within three ideologically distinct kindergartens, I employed an interdisciplinary approach, utilizing tools from the fields of art, education, anthropology, literary theory, visual studies and critical social theory. Each of the three schools was considered to be the "best" of its kind for the community in which it resided; TBS was the original bilingual school, and the most Westernized. It was set in the heart of a major city. The second school, OBS, operated from an Islamic framework located in an under-developed small transitioning suburb; and the last school, NBS, was situated in Al-Jahra, an "outlying area" populated by those labeled as bedouins (Longva, 2006). The participants' attitudes towards art education unfolded as I analyzed my visual observations of the participants' daily practices. I have produced a counter-hegemonic visual narrative by negotiating my many subjectivities and methods to gain new knowledge and insights. This approach has provided a holistic understanding of the environment in each site, in which attitudes and practices relating to art education have been acquired by the community. Operating from three different educational paradigms, each school applied a different approach to art education. The more Westernized school viewed art as an individual act which promoted creativity and expression. In the Islamic school art was viewed as an activity that required patterning (Stokrocki, 1986), and that the child needed to be guided and exposed to the appropriate images to follow. In the bedouin school, drawing activities were viewed as an opportunity for representing one's individual story as well as a skill for emergent literacy. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Curriculum and Instruction 2012

Propõe-se analisar a organização indígena de Roraima e suas estratégias de interação com as organizações estatais e privadas no avanço das políticas públicas de educação indígena no Estado de Roraima, demonstrando que o Estado, entendido como poder público estadual, sempre buscou a integração dos indígenas, mas, nas últimas duas décadas, houve um aperfeiçoamento nas relações com os povos indígenas e um empoderamento nas políticas públicas de educação indígena implantadas no Estado de Roraima pós-Constituição de 1988. A base metodológica que norteia este trabalho se dá em dois momentos: o primeiro está voltado para a análise bibliográfica, que versa sobre as políticas indigenistas e as políticas públicas específicas e, desta forma, possibilita descrever a forma de relações entre os índios e o Estado. O segundo se dirige à análise documental que versa sobre as políticas públicas indígenas no Estado de Roraima. Dentre estes documentos, estão os programas do Governo Federal estabelecidos no Plano Plurianual Anual (PPA), sendo neles que constam as garantias de recursos para as políticas públicas das comunidades indígenas do Estado de Roraima. Após análise comparativa entre os documentos produzidos pelas movimentações indígenas e os discursos de suas lideranças, com os documentos oficiais originados pelo Estado, constata-se que há a participação efetiva das organizações indígenas, tanto nas leis e outros instrumentos legais, quanto na formatação das políticas públicas de educação indígenas. / This thesis aims to analyze the process of indigenous organization of Roraima state and its strategies of interaction with State and private organizations in advancing public policies for Indigenous Education in Roraima state, demonstrating that the State understood as State public power always sought the integration of indigenous people, but in the last two decades there has been an improvement in relations with indigenous peoples and an empowerment of indigenous education in the public policies implemented in Roraima state Post-1988 Constitution. The methodological basis that guides this work takes place in two phases: the first is dedicated to the bibliographical analysis, which focuses on indigenous policies and specific public policies and thus makes it possible to describe the form of relations between Indians and the State. The second moment is focused on documentary analysis that focuses on the indigenous public policies in Roraima state. Among these documents are Federal Government programs established in the Annual multi-year plan (PPA), being them in resource transfers to indigenous communities. After comparative analysis between the documents produced by the indigenous movements and the speeches of their leaders, with the official documents produced by the State, noted that for the effective participation of the Indigenous Movements both in laws and other legal instruments, formatting of indigenous public policies.

A criação da categoria político-jurídica território etnoeducacional, por meio do Decreto Presidencial nº 6.861/2009, inaugura um novo capítulo na história da educação escolar indígena no Brasil, no que diz respeito ao reconhecimento da afirmação e identidades étnicas dos povos indígenas e a possibilidade de uma gestão mais autônoma de seus processos educativos escolares. Isso significa dizer, em linhas gerais, que a educação escolar indígena passa a ser organizada em consonância à territorialidade de seus povos, independentemente da divisão territorial entre estados e municípios que compõem o Estado brasileiro. Considerando o caráter recente do documento em questão e a escassez de estudos sobre a construção dessa política, esta dissertação propõe algumas reflexões acerca da criação, implementação e pactuação de territórios etnoeducacionais. Alguns dos meios utilizados para tal foram a elaboração de uma metáfora, denominada “território das formigas”, pensada a partir da visualização da obra “Nosso Norte é o Sul”, de Yanagi Yukinori, exposta na 8ª Bienal do Mercosul. Outro dispositivo foi o mostrar consciente que, mais do que buscar respostas, convida a conhecer e pensar coletivamente sobre sentidos e significados que as noções de territórios e territorialidades assumem para essa política, articulando-os às noções de identidade e afirmação étnica, aliadas ao viés educacional. Para isso, foram estudados documentos legais referentes à questão indígena etnoterritorial, entrecruzando seus sentidos com os significados propostos a partir das conversas com três intelectuais indígenas e um atuante de longa data na questão indígena. Utilizando os métodos de descrição de Michel Maffesoli, bem como a leveza da narrativa de Ítalo Calvino e a tomada de consciência étnica descrita por José Bengoa, este estudo teve por questões norteadoras a relevância do Decreto nº 6.861/2009 para a educação escolar indígena específica e diferenciada e os possíveis sentidos e significados que ele assume na história da educação escolar indígena no Brasil. Vislumbramos como possíveis significados um maior controle social sobre a educação escolar indígena, o funcionamento do regime de colaboração entre as diferentes esferas de governo e a valorização étnico-cultural das identidades indígenas, entre vários outros mais ou menos implícitos nas falas governamentais, intelectuais e indígenas, suscitando novas questões a partir das reflexões presentes neste estudo e, quiçá, anunciando também uma reterritorialização da educação escolar indígena. / The creation of political-legal category etnoeducacional territory, through Presidential Decree No. 6.861/2009, opens a new chapter in the history of indigenous education in Brazil, with regard to the recognition and affirmation of ethnic identity of indigenous peoples and the possibility of a more autonomous school of their educational processes. This means, roughly, that the indigenous education shall be organized in accordance to the territoriality of their people, regardless of territorial division between states and municipalities that make up the Brazilian state. Given the recent nature of the document and the scarcity of studies on the construction of this policy, this paper proposes some reflections on the creation, implementation and negotiation of territories etnoeducacionais. Some of the means used to do so were the creation of a metaphor, called "ant territory," thought from viewing the work "Our North is the South," Yukinori Yanagi of exposed in the 8th Mercosul Biennial. Another device was aware that the show rather than seek answers, invites you to discover and think collectively about meanings that notions of territory and territoriality to assume that policy, linking them to the notions of identity and ethnic affirmation, combined with the bias educational. For this, we studied legal documents relating to indigenous issues etnoterritorial, crisscrossing your senses with the proposed meanings from conversations with three indigenous intellectuals and a longtime active on indigenous issues. Using the methods of description of Michel Maffesoli, as well as the lightness of the narrative of Italo Calvino and ethnic awareness described by José Bengoa, this study was guiding questions the relevance of Decree No. 6.861/2009 for indigenous education specific and differentiated and the possible meanings it assumes in the history of indigenous education in Brazil. We see how possible meanings greater social control over indigenous education, the functioning of the system of collaboration between the different spheres of government and ethno-cultural appreciation of indigenous identities, among many other more or less implicit in the speeches of government, intellectuals and indigenous raising new questions from the reflections in this study and, perhaps, also announcing a reterritorialization of indigenous education.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-05-05T14:14:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Sergia_Final xxx.pdf: 3986614 bytes, checksum: ec08228285c485a27e911fc662e8860b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-05T14:14:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Sergia_Final xxx.pdf: 3986614 bytes, checksum: ec08228285c485a27e911fc662e8860b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-11 / CAPES / CNPQ / Neste trabalho objetivou-se analisar a Educação Estatística desenvolvida em escolas indígenas do povo Xukuru do Ororubá. Em termos específicos buscou-se identificar se e como conteúdos de estatística são trabalhados por professores dos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental de escolas do povo Xukuru do Ororubá e analisar o planejamento e realização de atividades em sala de aula envolvendo etapas do ciclo investigativo para a Educação Estatística, desenvolvidas no âmbito de um grupo colaborativo. A Educação Escolar Indígena conforme definido pela legislação brasileira, deve ser específica e diferenciada mediante as expressões socioculturais de cada povo. Investigações recentes na área da Educação Estatística apontam a importância de fomentar nos processos de ensino e aprendizagem o protagonismo dos estudantes por meio de situações didáticas que incluam as dimensões socioculturais existentes nos diferentes contextos dos indivíduos. Assim, os fios teóricos utilizados neste estudo se baseiam em teorizações vinculadas a discussões sobre a aprendizagem de Estatística em ambientes pluriculturais, uma vez que, quando os sujeitos vivenciam uma aprendizagem na qual suas características individuais e culturais são valorizadas amplia-se uma reflexão crítica e política, de modo a favorecer o entendimento de conteúdos e de sua aplicabilidade na vida cotidiana. A abordagem metodológica se baseou na perspectiva etnográfica e utilizou como instrumentos de pesquisa a observação participante, entrevistas semi-estruturada com três professores indígenas, análise documental em diários de aula de dois professores e formação de um grupo colaborativo com a participação de 11 docentes dos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental para discussão, desenvolvimento e análise de conteúdos de Estatística. Identificamos neste estudo que os professores recebem na formação inicial pouca orientação para o trabalho com a Estatística. Os registros das atividades de matemática revelam uma predominância do ensino de número e operações em sala de aula. O registro de atividade com a Estatística, indicou o trabalho com a construção de gráficos e tabelas. O processo do grupo colaborativo foi consolidado em quatro encontros e envolveu discussões sobre ideias e conceitos no âmbito da Educação Estatística, em particular, sobre a importância da pesquisa estatística para desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico. A partir de uma única temática escolhida pelo grupo colaborativo, cada participante elaborou um plano de aula para o Ensino de Estatística. Após a realização do plano de aula em suas respectivas escolas, os professores entregaram relatórios contendo planejamentos, ações desenvolvidas, atividades realizadas pelos alunos e socializaram as ações desenvolvidas com o grupo colaborativo. Os planos de aula apresentaram características interdisciplinares e envolveram o trabalho com a pesquisa estatística. O gráfico de barras consistiu a forma de apresentação de dados mais utilizada para o tratamento dos dados, seguido do gráfico de setores. A proposta de formação do grupo colaborativo contribuiu para potencializar o desenvolvimento da educação estatística em escolas indígenas Xukuru do Ororubá viabilizando o protagonismo dos docentes e a participação ativa destes nos processos de aprendizagem na comunidade indígena. / The main objective of this paper is to analyse the statistics education developed in the Xukuru indigenous schools of Ororuba. Specifically the identification of whether and how statistical contents are worked by teachers in the early years of Xukuru elementary schools is sought. Also, the planning and carrying out of activities in the classroom developed under a collaborative group involving stages of the investigative cycle for statistics education is analysed. The Indigenous Education as defined by Brazilian law should be specific and differentiated by socio-cultural expressions of each people. Recent research in the field of statistics education have shown the importance of stimulating the role of students in the teaching and learning processes. These should be motivated using didactic situations that include the existing socio-cultural dimensions in the different contexts of the individuals. Thus, the theoretical arrangements used in this study are based on theories linked to discussions of statistical learning in multicultural environments. The experience of learning when individual and cultural characteristics are valued provide the extension of critical and political reflection and favour the understanding of the contents and its applicability in everyday life. The methodological approach was based on ethnographic perspective and the used research instruments were the observation of participants, semistructured interviews with three indigenous teachers, documentary analysis of classroom diaries of two teachers and formation of a collaborative group with the participation of 11 teachers of the initial years of primary education for discussion, development and analysis of statistical content. With this study it was identified that teachers receive little guidance during the initial training to work with statistics. Records of math activities show a predominance of teaching number and operations in the classroom. The records of statistic activities indicates working with the construction of graphs and tables. The process of collaborative group was consolidated in four meetings and involved discussions about ideas and concepts in statistics education based on the importance of statistical research for the development of critical thinking. Using a theme selected by the collaborative group, each participant prepared a lesson plan for statistics teaching. After completion of the lesson plan in their respective schools, teachers delivered reports containing the plans, developed actions, activities performed by students and presented the developed actions within the collaborative group. The lesson plans presented interdisciplinary characteristics and involved work with statistical research. The bar graph consisted of the form of presentation most commonly used for the treatment of data, followed by the pie chart. The proposal of formation of the collaborative group helped to enhance the development of statistical education in Xukuru indigenous schools of Ororuba enabling a leading role to teachers and their active participation in the learning process in the indigenous community.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T21:55:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 jonise.pdf: 881938 bytes, checksum: 032856d2bda623b423e98bf44a03bbe7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-02 / The research addresses the course of construction of the proposed deployment of the sport indigenous education in the city of Manaus, from the historical period for the period 2005 to 2011. Conducting theoretical and methodological research was based on a qualitative approach, considering the actions of municipal government before the claims of the indigenous movement of Manaus by offering a differentiated education. The qualitative approach is endorsed by the dialectical method, showing the relationships established in the construction of differentiated school. To conduct this research, we used a literature search and document analysis. The survey shows the public policies for indigenous education, national in scope, referring to the policies outlined in the State of Amazonas in mind the education of indigenous peoples. The theoretical concepts are supported by the Cultural Diversity, Ethnic Identity, Indigenous Education and Indigenous School, which underlies the discussion of the educational process of indigenous peoples. Verifies the claims of indigenous organizations and communities to offer differentiated education according to their own learning processes of each ethnic group organized in Manaus. Identifies the actions of municipal government in meeting the demands made by indigenous peoples, considering the national guidelines for implementation of specific and differentiated school of indigenous peoples. In this process, the municipal government has made progress in setting guidelines and action plans for supply of indigenous education, however, has not achieved the implementation of this modality, it remains a challenge to be overcome by the municipal government. / A pesquisa aborda o percurso da construção da proposta de implantação da modalidade educação escolar indígena no Município de Manaus, a partir do recorte histórico correspondente ao período de 2005 a 2011. A condução teórico-metodológica da investigação baseou-se na abordagem qualitativa, considerando as ações do poder público municipal frente às reivindicações do movimento indígena de Manaus por uma oferta de educação diferenciada. A abordagem qualitativa é reafirmada pelo método dialético, evidenciando as relações estabelecidas no processo de construção da escola diferenciada. Para realização dessa pesquisa, utilizou-se a pesquisa bibliográfica e a análise documental. A pesquisa apresenta as políticas públicas para educação escolar indígena, em âmbito nacional, fazendo referência às políticas definidas no Estado do Amazonas em atenção à escolarização dos povos indígenas. A fundamentação teórica está sustentada pelos conceitos Diversidade Cultural, Identidade Étnica, Educação Indígena e Escola Indígena, que embasam a discussão sobre o processo educacional dos povos indígenas. Verifica as reivindicações das organizações e comunidades indígenas para oferta de educação diferenciada em conformidade aos processos próprios de aprendizagem de cada etnia organizada em Manaus. Identifica as ações do poder público municipal em atendimento às demandas apresentadas pelos indígenas, considerando as orientações nacionais para implantação de escola específica e diferenciada dos povos indígenas. Nesse processo, o poder público municipal avançou na definição de diretrizes e planos de ação para oferta da educação escolar indígena, no entanto, não concretizou a implantação da referida modalidade, que permanece como um desafio a ser superado pelo poder público municipal

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2017-03-10T15:24:33Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ercivaldo Damsokekwa Calixto Xerente - 2016.pdf: 3210471 bytes, checksum: 2817986d98fb95ee52b2c0d6ef0004fe (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-03-20T11:55:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ercivaldo Damsokekwa Calixto Xerente - 2016.pdf: 3210471 bytes, checksum: 2817986d98fb95ee52b2c0d6ef0004fe (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-20T11:55:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ercivaldo Damsokekwa Calixto Xerente - 2016.pdf: 3210471 bytes, checksum: 2817986d98fb95ee52b2c0d6ef0004fe (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This paper deals with the educational reality of the Akwẽ / Xerente people, with the objective of understanding the relations between their own oral model of education, and the educational models and practices based on writing. To do so, I describe the system and processes of formation and socialization of Akwẽ and Warã youngs, an educational institution, managed by the elderlies, who are responsible for this formation. I also observed the daily practices of the Kakumhu / Riozinho village and the Wakõmẽkwa school, places chosen to perform the ethnographic research. The main interlocutors of the survey were the village elders and sages, as well as the teachers of the mentioned school. The results of the research reveal, on the one hand, a contradiction between the two models of addressed education. On the other hand, they also reveal a search for dialogue between them and between the specific knowledges of each one. This search for dialogue is perceived mainly in the discourses and practices of teachers, who believes that traditional knowledges should be valued and incorporated into the school curriculum. The elders, on the other hand, demonstrate distrust of the school and teachers and point out many restrictions on the socialization of knowledge for all in school. This is because the Akwẽ society is subdivided into clans and each of them considers a sacred and particular patrimony the knowledge they have been keeping, from generation to generation. It is necessary that the community take ownership of your school and, at the same time, it earns the trust of your community. I also see the need for consensus, in which are agreed upon the types of knowledges that can be shared in the school. / O trabalho aborda a realidade educativa do povo Akwẽ/ Xerente, com o objetivo de compreender as relações entre o seu o seu modelo próprio de educação, baseado na oralidade, e os modelos e práticas educativas escolarizadas, baseadas na escrita. Para tanto, faço uma descrição do sistema e dos processos tradicionais de formação e socialização dos jovens Akwẽ e do Warã, instituição educativa, conduzida pelos velhos que são responsáveis por essa formação. Também observei as práticas cotidianas da aldeia Kakumhu / Riozinho e da escola Wakõmẽkwa, locais escolhidos para realização da pesquisa etnográfica. Os interlocutores principais da pesquisa foram os anciãos e sábios da região, bem como os professores da escola mencionada. Os resultados da pesquisa revelam, por um lado, uma contradição entre os dois modelos de educação abordados. Por outro lado, também revelam uma busca de diálogo entre eles e entre os saberes próprios de cada um. Essa busca de diálogo é percebida principalmente nos discursos e práticas dos professores, que acreditam que os saberes tradicionais devem ser valorizados e incorporados no currículo escolar. Já os anciãos demonstram desconfiança com relação à escola e aos professores e apontam muitas restrições no que se refere à socialização dos saberes para todos na escola. Isso ocorre porque a sociedade Akwẽ se subdivide em clãs e cada um deles considera sagrado e como patrimônio particular, os conhecimentos que vêm guardando, de geração em geração. É necessário, que a comunidade se aproprie de sua escola e, ao mesmo tempo, que a escola conquiste a confiança da sua comunidade. Percebo também a necessidade de um consenso, em que sejam acordados os tipos de conhecimentos que podem ser compartilhados na escola.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-10T14:15:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 afonsoaraujodesouza.pdf: 1734548 bytes, checksum: 8796ef50a7038bb7ff32d2acb48596d8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T13:49:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 afonsoaraujodesouza.pdf: 1734548 bytes, checksum: 8796ef50a7038bb7ff32d2acb48596d8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T13:49:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 afonsoaraujodesouza.pdf: 1734548 bytes, checksum: 8796ef50a7038bb7ff32d2acb48596d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / A presente dissertação foi desenvolvida no âmbito do Mestrado Profissional em Gestão e Avaliação da Educação (PPGP) do Centro de Políticas Públicas e Avaliação da Educação da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (CAEd/UFJF). O caso de gestão estudado discute a ação da Macrogestão escolar representado pela Gerência de Educação Escolar Indígena (GEEI-SEDUC-AM) e da Microgestão da unidade escolar Escola Estadual Indígena Gildo Sampaio Megatanücü no município de Benjamin Constant/AM. Os objetivos definidos para este estudo foram no sentido de verificar se há a existência de uma fissura entre o que se ensina e o que se é avaliado, levando em consideração a peculiaridade da educação escolar indígena. Para tal, é feita uma análise de dados de avaliações externas aplicadas na Escola supramencionada, objeto desta pesquisa, bem como é apresentada sua história, sua estrutura e sua organização. Esta escola vem apresentando um baixo índice de proficiência escolar dos seus alunos do Ensino Médio, caracterizando um distanciamento entre o que está previsto na proposta apresentada pela SEDUC com a realidade de todas as especificidades que a escola indígena Gildo Sampaio apresenta. Utilizamos como metodologia a pesquisa qualitativa usando a amostragem não-probabilística por conveniência e tendo como método de investigação o estudo de caso, no qual foram usados instrumentos de coleta como: a análise documental e a aplicação de questionários semiestruturados aos gestores, monitores e professores comunitários. Diante do estudo, concluiu-se que se faz necessária a busca de um apoio técnico e administrativo para a efetivação de uma proposta curricular que represente, de fato, a realidade da Escola Indígena e reconheça a diversidade etnocultural e linguística do contexto indígena local onde a escola está instalada, e qual os direcionamentos na política estatal para contemplar as especificidades desta escola indígena. Uma proposta adequada e viável pode servir de base para as demais escolas indígenas do Amazonas. / The curriculum proposal for an indigenous school must meet all the specifics that legislation recommended for this type of education. The Secretary of State of Amazonas Education (SEDUC-AM) attempts to gradually promote the building of the Pedagogical Political Project for indigenous schools network within the criteria recommended by the National Reference for Indigenous Schools (RCNEI), but the challenges are many. The Indian State School Gildo Sampaio Megatanücü, object of this research serves as a reference for the current situation analysis and context in which the indigenous education in the state is. The current proposal for Indigenous Education presented by the Secretary of State of Amazonas Education (SEDUC-AM), aims to fully meet the specifics of what was proposed by the Federal Government in relation to Indigenous Education. The diagnosis presented can be viewed, in part, by the analysis of external evaluations of data applied in the Indian State School Gildo Sampaio Megatanücü in the municipality of Benjamin Constant AM. Indeed, the school in question in recent years has shown a low rate of school proficiency of their high school students. This characterizes this gap between what is foreseen in the proposal presented by SEDUC with the reality of all the features that the indigenous school Gildo Sampaio presents. It is noticed that there is a gap between what is taught and what is assessed, taking into account the peculiarity of indigenous education. In this context, the problem of this research is based on the current action of the school represented by the macro-management of Indigenous Education (GEEI-SEDUC-AM) and the micromanagement of school unit reflects the deficiency and the ineffectiveness of such assessments in indigenous schools, and its relationship with indigenous educational policy for Gildo Sampaio school, so take up this research as practical and qualitative example for reflections of indigenous school reality in the Amazon. It is necessary to search for a technical and administrative support for the effectiveness of a curriculum proposal that represents, in fact, the reality of Indigenous School and recognize the ethno-cultural and linguistic diversity of indigenous local context where the school is installed, and which directions in state policy to address the specificities of this indigenous school. Adequate and viable proposal could be the basis for the other Indian schools of Amazonas.

This ethnographic study describes the intersection between politics and education, and between discourses and practice pertaining to indigeneity among the Manobo of Tagpalico in a highland area of the Philippines. The analysis reveals the interrogation of my own personal values as I came to understand what are held to be important values by the Manobo. For example, my idealistic perceptions of indigenous leaders were challenged by what I came to appreciate about their leadership skills relative to strategic and situated participation in the context of complex relations with various outsiders. This study further explains how adults and children actively engage in social processes through which they negotiate what counts among them as significant, appropriate knowledge and learning. It discusses how global discourses of education, literacy, and indigenous peoples are spoken about in ideal terms, but enacted differently in local practice. Salient in understanding this study is an appreciation of how the role of learning in practice (Lave and Wenger, 1991) plays an important part in situated participation of actors in the educational enterprise. Against a background of local understanding about what it is important to know about – principally farming and other economic activities - and international discourses of indigeneity, schooling, literacy and development, children, parents, leaders, teachers, and nuns have appropriated and negotiated their notions of being ‘educated’ and ‘indigenous’ within a social space that is the school setting. As the Manobo explore what it means to be ‘educated’ in a politically volatile environment, they also learn to use their understanding of what it means to be ‘indigenous’ in order to negotiate their positionalities relative to external groups like the nuns, teachers, anthropologists, the military, guerrillas, and other non-Manobo groups.This study argues that learning to become educated transforms understanding of what it is to be a more valued person in the community, which altogether translates into significant differences in the children’s sense of self or personhood. Children are allowed to negotiate their social position within the family and the community through education but at the same time it also creates new forms of ‘inequality’ and ‘social separation’ (Froerer, 2011:695). For example, emerging forms of social differentiation in Tagpalico are evident in the processes through which more female members are becoming educated, bringing in a greater contribution to the family’s economic resources and thereby, developing a sense of choice about their lives as ‘individuals’ in charge, to a certain extent, over their own destinies.

Prompted by Canada’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s Calls to Action (2015), there has been widespread response throughout Canadian educational institutions to facilitate reconciliation through education. In the context of Ontario, some Faculties of Education have responded to the calls with requiring Aboriginal education for teacher candidates, to ensure all graduating teachers have knowledge of Aboriginal histories, cultures, and worldviews. Nevertheless, there is a difference between teaching about reconciliation and teaching through reconciliation. This embodiment of reconciliation as a curricular and pedagogical praxis – a praxis of reconciliation – lies at the heart of this research in initial teacher education. This study draws upon case study methodology in an Aboriginal teacher education course in Ontario and a Treaty of Waitangi teacher education workshop in New Zealand, through an investigation of the question: In what ways do Settler teacher education programs facilitate and engage a praxis of reconciliation? The findings of this thesis propose a reconceptualization of reconciliation in teacher education by identifying the ways in which reconciliation is manifested in teacher education (a possibility of reconciliation), and the ways in which reconciliation is hindered (a challenge to reconciliation). In addition to identifying the possibilities and challenges, this research study also deconstructs the safe space metaphor in favour of ethical space and ethical relationality in initial teacher education.