This study, which was conducted in Sweden, was based on four qualitative semi-structured interviews. The aim of this study was to create an understanding of how a municipality designs the sanction for youth offenders called ”youth service” based on the law that establishes the existence of such a sentence. We interviewed social workers that work at the department of youth service in the municipality of Gothenburg, who exclusively deal with youth offenders’ sentenced to youth service as their job assignment. We asked the social workers how the municipality of Gothenburg has designed and structured its youth service as well as how and why the chosen design came to be. The result was thermalized with four topics: how is youth service designed? The reasoning behind Gothenburg’s design, the adjustment of the process of evaluating the suitability of the sentence youth service for the young offender and lastly, collaboration. Our analysis was based on neo-institutional organization theory and on protective factors that protect against negative outcomes. Based on the result that the semi-structured interviews yielded we found that Gothenburg’s designed work method very well resembled the law and guidelines issued two years subsequent the date the law gained legal force. Additionally, we found that the department for youth service in Gothenburg influenced the guidelines that were issued two years after the law gained legal force. To which degree could not be determined in this study, however some of the social workers stated that Gothenburg did not have to adjust to the guidelines when they were issued and that it was satisfying for them that the National Board of Health and Welfare listened to their organization in the process preceded the issuing of the guidelines. Lastly, the interviewed social workers reported that the municipalities collaborate regarding the design of their respective youth services to increase uniformity. The interviews indicated that Gothenburg’s designed work method was considered successful in that other municipalities contacted Gothenburg in order to study how they worked with the sanction that is youth service. This collaboration might lead to an increase of municipalities acquiring Gothenburg’s work method, which in the future may lead to a nationwide institutionalization of Gothenburg’s designed work method with youth service.

<p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1992, härtill 6 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu

This study is examining the institutionalization degree of the rural development nongovernmental organizations (NGO) and the social-economic status of the employees in those NGOs. The development NGO sector has enormously grown within last three decades. It has also been a period of reorganization for capitalism. The neo-liberal political economy has replaced the Keynesianism/Fordism, integrating the national economies into the global economy. This integration has resulted in increasing income inequalities, poverty, and unemployment. Middle classes have lost their jobs, and their life standards have eroded. In the period, the international funds channeled to the NGOs have increased to a great extent. The growth of the development NGO sector is closely linked to those consequences of the neo-liberal reorganization. Poverty, qualified but unemployed individuals, and the international funds have made it possible, inevitable in fact, for the NGOs to proliferate and enlarge. As they enlarge their scope, they have to develop institutional structures, which in turn employ more qualified people. In addition to their role in the struggle against poverty and in the, more or less radical, criticism of the social and economic order, NGOs have acquired a new function, creating employment and a certain level of social-economic status, a status of middle class, for those employed. What we have been observing in Turkey is similar to the developments in the other parts of the world: economic crisis in 1970s, military junta, liberalization of economy, poverty and unemployment. Within this political economy, the rural development NGO sector of Turkey seems not institutionalized but having turned into an employment opportunity for middle class. Nevertheless, its role in the democratization process of the country is still important as far as the critical perspective is kept in effect.

Diss. Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2005.

Há quase um consenso na literatura sobre partidos políticos de que a institucionalização de sistemas partidários desempenha papel importante em regimes democráticos. Alguns acadêmicos argumentam que este fenômeno também é condição necessária para a consolidação de novas democracias. Neste artigo, realizamos uma revisão da literatura sobre institucionalização dos sistemas partidários e apontamos alguns dos seus principais alcances e limites. Num segundo momento, aplicamos duas das variáveis mais utilizadas para medir a institucionalização de sistemas partidários sobre o caso paraguaio – o nível de volatilidade e o nível de enraizamento dos partidos na sociedade. A seleção deste caso será útil para ilustrar alguns limites do modelo. Dentre os quais, destacamos: 1) a carência de indicadores operacionalizáveis congruentes com a teoria; 2) a associação de alto nível de institucionalização com melhor qualidade democrática; 3) a ideia subjacente de que o modelo de partidos de massa ainda é o melhor para regimes democráticos contemporâneos. / In the literature about political parties there is almost a broad consensus that the institutionalization of political parties plays an important role in democratic regimes. In addition, political scientists argue that such phenomenon is also an essential element of the democratic consolidation process. In this article, we will first review the literature about party system institutionalization and point out its flaws. Then, we will apply to the Paraguayan case two of the most popular variables in order to measure its political party institutionalization: the index of electoral volatility and the level of “roots in society” of political parties. The selection of the Paraguayan case will be useful to illustrate limitations of the model, such as: 1) the lack of empirical indicators congruent with the theory; 2) the association between high level of institutionalization and democratic quality; 3) the general idea that the mass party model is still the best party model to contemporary democracies.

Em setembro de 1997, foi designada uma comissão de estudos para a implantação do Programa de Qualidade Total no Tribunal de Contas do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (TCE-RS). Era o início da implantação de práticas gerenciais no TCE-RS. Reformas na gestão pública emergiram nesse período por uma mudança na concepção de gestão do Estado, redefinindo, ao menos em parte, as estruturas de organização do Estado. O planejamento estratégico ganhou força na esfera pública brasileira a partir de 1994, no âmbito das reformas. Diante dessa conjuntura, ocorreu a implantação do planejamento estratégico (PE) no TCE-RS em 2002. Esta pesquisa estuda o processo de institucionalização do PE neste órgão público, adotando a perspectiva neoinstitucional de análise. A revisão teórica contemplou a teoria neoinstitucional, apontando para o processo de institucionalização. Concomitantemente, procedeu-se à análise documental para reconstituir a trajetória do fenômeno estudado. Também foram realizadas entrevistas com servidores públicos que participaram do processo de institucionalização do planejamento estratégico no TCE-RS. Como critério de análise e compreensão do processo de institucionalização do planejamento estratégico no TCE-RS, foi adotado, como escala de medida, o resultado conjunto dos efeitos observáveis das seis dimensões propostas por Tolbert e Zucker (1999): processos, características dos adotantes, ímpeto para difusão, atividade de teorização, variância na implementação e taxa de fracasso estrutural. A análise conjunta das dimensões possibilitou compreender o processo de institucionalização e aproximá-lo ao estágio de total institucionalização, contemplando o objetivo geral da pesquisa. os objetivos alcançados, ainda que dentro dos limites desta dissertação. Uma limitação importante da pesquisa diz respeito ao fato de terem sido contemplados somente agentes internos ao órgão, com entrevistas restritas aos atores envolvidos no processo analisado, o que pode ter resultado enviesado. Ainda, a tentativa de recuperar a trajetória do processo via análise documental, pode ter seu resultado questionado. Essas limitações, acrescidas do fato de não ter sido possível, dado o estreito cronograma, avançar a análise ao nível do campo organizacional do TCE-RS, abrem caminho para a sua continuidade. / Program at Tribunal de Contas do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (TCE-RS). It was the the beginning of the implantation of managerial practices in the TCE-RS. Reforms in public management emerged during this period by a change in the conception of state management, redefining, at least in part, the structures of state organization. Strategic planning has gained strength in the brazilian public scenery since 1994, within the scope of the reforms. Given this situation, strategic planning was implemented in the TCE-RS in 2002. This research studies the process of institutionalization of the strategic planning in this public organization, adopting the neoinstitutional perspective of analysis. The theoretical revision contemplated the neoinstitutional theory, pointing to the process of institutionalization. At the same time, a documentary analysis was made to reconstruct the trajectory of the studied phenomenon. Furthermore, interviews were also conducted with public servants who participated in the process of institutionalizing strategic planning in TCE-RS. As a criterion of analysis and understanding of the process of institutionalization of strategic planning in TCE-RS, the joint result of the observable effects of the six dimensions proposed by Tolbert and Zucker (1999) was adopted as a measurement scale: processes, characteristics of the adopters, impetus for diffusion, theorizing activity, variance in implementation, and structural failure rate. The joint analysis of the dimensions made it possible to understand the institutionalization process and bring it closer to the stage of total institutionalization, contemplating the general objective of the research. With this, it is considered that the research problem was adequately answered, and the objectives achieved, although within the limits of this study. An important limitation of the research is that only internal agents were considered, with interviews restricted to the actors involved in the analyzed process, which may have skewed result. Yet, the attempt to recover the trajectory of the process through documentary analysis, may have its result questioned. These limitations, added by the fact that it was not possible, given the narrow schedule, to advance the analysis at the level of the organizational field of the TCE-RS, open the way for its continuity.

School gardens are a place to increase food literacy and food system education, empowering students to take control over their own health and food system. The core components of sustainable school gardens use have been identified within the literature. This study aimed to describe school gardens in School District 61 (SD61) on South Vancouver Island and explore what school stakeholders identified as important to supporting their school garden and what elements of sustainable garden integration were present. To address these questions a school garden survey and observation tool was adapted by a stakeholder group from existing instruments and administered to 24 schools in SD61. Sixteen schools completed the survey (response rate of 64%), and there were 22 garden observations conducted. Descriptive statistics were used to explore the data. The analysis showed that professional development, volunteerism, school garden irrigation, courses that allow teachers and students regular time in the garden, District policy were the weakest supported areas for school gardens, while educational material, administration buy-in, garden committee, networks, technical assistance, and garden upkeep were the highest supported areas. Overall, SD61 could offer further organizational and physical infrastructure, resources, and support to strengthen the institutionalization of gardens. Further research is required, specifically on the surveying, monitoring and evaluation of gardens in order to make continued adjustments to program delivery to ensure their use and longevity. / Graduate / 2019-11-27

De kommunala resurserna är stora i sitt omfång men ofta begränsade i relation till verksamheterna behov. Arbetet att fördela resurser har därmed en central roll i de svenska kommunerna. Sedan förtydligandet av organiseringsfriheten i den offentliga sektorn har kommunerna själva haft möjligheten att utforma sina processer efter de lokala förutsättningarna. Detta har medfört att det idag finns ett vitt spann av resursfördelningssystem, där olika faktorer ligger bakom systemets utformning. Syftet med den här fallstudien är att öka förståelsen för den kommunala resursfördelningen genom att identifiera faktorer och bakomliggande idéer. Baserat på intervjuer i två medelstora svenska kommuner har studien avsett att få en insyn i två olika resursfördelningssystem. För att förstå hur bakomliggande idéer och faktorer påverkar utformningen av resursfördelningssystemet, har empirin satts i relation till institutionella teorier. Här har studien kunnat visa på att den kommunala resursfördelningen till stor del är ett sätt att försöka förutspå det framtida resursbehovet och hur det förändras. Beräkningsvariablerna som innefattas är ofta en spegling av de kommunala förutsättningarna, i vilken de politiska prioriteringarna arbetar för kvalitetshöjande åtgärder. Dessa beräkningar tenderar att utformas utifrån rationella bedömningar, där kommunen överväger olika alternativ för att utveckla ett system i linje med de egna preferenserna. Trots detta har en del likheter identifierats kring den övergripande utformning där skillnader mer återfinns på detaljerad nivå. I det här tycks kommunerna eftersträva ett resursfördelningssystem som principiellt fungerar som en institutionell mekanik. Detta ökar dessvärre risken för spårberoende där studien visat på att utformningen tenderar att fastna på samma stig, där uppdateringar sker men med utgångspunkt i det historiska. / The municipal resources are large in their quantities but often limited in relation to the need of the compulsory operations. The process to allocate resources is thus a central role in the Swedish municipalities. The municipalities have been given a wide range of freedom when it comes to organize themselves, this gives them the ability to design their processes in a way that benefit their own local conditions. As a result, a wide range of resource allocation systems can be identified with different factors included in the system's design. The purpose of this case study is to increase the understanding of the municipal resource allocation by identifying the factors included and underlying ideas. Based on interviews in two medium-sized Swedish municipalities, the study has been designed to gain insight into two different resource allocation systems. In order to understand how underlying ideas and different factors affect the design of the resource allocation system, the empirical data has been analyzed in relation to institutional theories. The result of the study has shown that the municipal resource distribution is mainly an attempt to predict possible changes in future needs. The different calculations included are often ways of trying to reflect the municipal conditions, in which the political priorities mainly intend to deal with changes in quality of the operations. The calculations of future needs tend to be based on rational assessments, where the municipality is considering different options for developing a system in line with its own preferences. Nevertheless, a number of similarities have been identified in the overall design of the system where differences are found at a detailed level. Both the municipalities in this study seem to look for a resource allocation system in which the function principally works as an institutional mechanics. This, however, increases the risk of path dependence where the study shows that the design tends to get stuck in the same tracks, where the system continuously updates but with the historical path as a base.

Esta dissertação é um estudo sobre institucionalização e adoção de crianças. Encontra-se dividida em quatro capítulos. No primeiro deles, o autor expõe as causas e tipos de institucionalização, o processo legal da adoção e seus entraves. O segundo e o terceiro capítulos constituem o núcleo desta pesquisa; no segundo é enfocada a teoria da vinculação mãe-filho, a possibilidade de substituição desse vínculo natural, e os efeitos da não vinculação da criança a uma figura específica. Ali, nossa referência principal será o psiquiatra e psicanalista John Bowlby. No terceiro capítulo encontramos, através da pena paulina, em especial de sua Epístola a Filemom, o alicerce teológico para a prática da adoção e do protesto em favor das crianças institucionalizadas. No quarto e último capítulo são analisadas algumas histórias de adoção, cujos efeitos são contrapostos aos danos psíquicos da institucionalização. / This dissertation is a study of institutionalization and adoption of children. It is divided into four chapters. In the first, the author exposes the causes and types of institutionalization, the legal process of adoption and its obstacles. The second and third chapters constitute the core of this research; the second is focused on the theory of the mother-child bond, the possibility of replacing the natural bond, and the effects of not bonding the child to a specific figure. There, our main reference is the psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby. In the third chapter we find, through the Pauline pen, specially through his Epistle to Philemon, the theological foundation for the practice of adoption and protest in favor of institutionalized children. In the fourth and final chapter we analyze some stories of adoption, the effects of which counterpose the psychic damage of institutionalization.

Este trabalho investigou a manifestação de sintomas depressivos e eventos de vida estressantes em crianças e adolescentes, através de três estudos. No primeiro estudo, verificaram-se os sintomas depressivos, a freqüência e o impacto de eventos adversos de forma transversal, em 257 jovens, de ambos os sexos, de 7 a 16 anos, sendo que 130 residiam em abrigos de proteção governamentais e não governamentais e 127 moravam com suas famílias na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Foram utilizados o Inventário de Depressão Infantil (CDI) e o Inventário de Eventos Estressores na Infância e Adolescência (IEEIA) para avaliar depressão e eventos estressores, respectivamente. Os resultados apontaram médias mais altas de sintomas depressivos e de ocorrência de eventos estressores no grupo institucionalizado. No segundo estudo, foi explorada a estrutura fatorial de uma adaptação do CDI, a partir de um banco de dados composto por 951 crianças e adolescentes, de 7 a 17 anos. Os dados apontaram que o instrumento apresenta características psicométricas adequadas e foi possível estabelecer normas percentílicas por sexo e faixa etária. No último estudo, longitudinal, buscou-se identificar um modelo de preditores de sintomas depressivos em participantes institucionalizados (N=127), através de uma análise de regressão linear múltipla. O modelo preditivo englobou o escore inicial de sintomas, seguido pelos eventos “Ter problemas com professores”, “Sentir-se rejeitado pelos colegas e amigos” e “Um dos pais ter que morar longe”. Destaca-se a importância de prevenir a ocorrência de eventos estressores na escola e família, bem como promover intervenções junto às crianças e adolescentes institucionalizados. / The present study verified the depressive symptoms manifestation as well as the stressful events in children and adolescents through three studies. In the first study, the depressive symptoms and the frequency and impact of adverse events were verified. A total of 257 youths of both genders, age 7-16 took part in this study. Among those, 130 lived at government and non-government protection youth shelters and 127 lived with their families in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre. The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and the Stressful Events in Childhood and Adolescence Inventory (IEEIA) were used to assess depression and stressful events respectively. The results showed a significant higher mean score among institutionalized children and adolescents for both depressive symptoms and frequency of stressful events mentioned. In the second study, the factorial structure of the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) for 951 children and adolescents, between 7 and 17 years was explored. Data pointed out good psychometric properties and it was possible to present norms in percentiles by gender and age group. Finally, the last study aimed at identifying, with a longitudinal design, a model of predictors of depressive symptoms in the institutionalized sample (N=127) through the regression linear multiple analysis. The predictive model included the initial depressive score, followed by the stressful events “to have problem with teacher”, “feelings of peer rejection” and “one of parents ought to live so far”. It is highlighted the importance of preventing events related mainly to the school and familiar conflicts, as well as promoting interventions with vulnerable families.