La sentence internationale est communément réputée obligatoire et non exécutoire et l’exécution est conçue comme une phase « post-adjudicative » relevant de l’imperium de l’Etat. L’étude des mécanismes de surveillance de l’exécution des arrêts et décisions des Cours européenne et interaméricaine des droits de l’homme permet un renversement de ces postulats. Alors que les articles 46§2 de la CEDH et 65 de la CADH prévoient des surveillances de nature politique de l’exécution desdits arrêts et décisions, la pratique a été toute autre. Il s’avère que les procédures de surveillance en question sont respectivement quasi juridictionnelle et juridictionnelle et continuent autrement le procès. Elles sont aussi contentieuses, car les organes de surveillance tranchent des différends relatifs à l’exécution des arrêts et décisions, selon les principes directeurs du procès. Les contentieux de l’exécution européen et interaméricain permettent alors une redéfinition du procès en droit international et attestent que la notion de phase « post-adjudicative » n’existe pas. Ces procédures de surveillance ont en outre une double finalité. La première s’attache au contrôle de deux types de comportements étatiques, des comportements imposés et escomptés. Ces contrôles révélant que l’Etat n’est pas libre de ses moyens d’exécution, visent à aboutir au résultat de l’exécution effective de l’arrêt ou de la décision juridictionnelle telle que cette exécution est conçue par les organes de surveillance. La seconde finalité consiste en des suivis d’actes rendus au cours des surveillances et desquels résulte une chose à exécuter. D’un point de vue procédural, les suivis de cette chose qui émerge des précisions apportées à la chose jugée et aux comportements étatiques, révèlent l’existence de nouveaux types de recours dans le contentieux international. D’un point de vue substantiel, les suivis de la chose sont une contrainte formelle pour l’Etat qui n’est libéré des procédures de surveillance que s’il exécute l’arrêt ou la décision conformément à la chose à exécuter. Ces suivis sont donc des voies d’exécution et attestent alors de la force exécutoire interne des arrêts et décisions des Cours européenne et interaméricaine des droits de l’homme, que les organes de surveillance garantissent. / In the absence of enforcement mechanisms, an international decision is deemed binding and non-enforceable, and execution is generally perceived as a “post-adjudicative” phase, belonging to the State’s imperium. Study of the supervision of execution of the judgments and decisions of the European and Inter-american Courts of Human Rights reveals that these basic assumptions can be challenged. Whereas articles 46§2 of the ECHR and 65 of the ACHR provide for political modes of supervision of execution of the judgments and decisions of the European and Inter-american Courts of Human Rights, the practice has been completely different. It appears that the said supervision procedures are respectively quasi judicial and judicial and arise in the continuation of the trial. They are also contentious, given that the supervision authorities resolve disputes relating to the execution of judgments and decisions in accordance with due process principles. These procedures contribute to redefining the concept of trial in international law and illustrate that the notion of “post-adjudicative” phase does not exist. They also serve a double purpose. First, they allow control of two types of the State conduct, imposed and expected conduct. Illustrating that the State is not free in choosing its means of execution, such control aspires to achieve the effective execution of the judgment or judicial decision. The second purpose consists in following up on the resolutions and/or orders made in the course of supervision and which result in a res executiva. This res executiva, which would have emerged on the basis of clarifications made to res judicata and State conduct, in turn becomes the subject of the follow-up procedures. The consequences of such follow-up are twofold : from the procedural point of view, it creates new forms of appeals; from the substantive point of view, it formally constraints the State and achieves enforceability of judgments and decisions, guaranteed by the supervision authorities.

No description available.

Text in Afrikaans / Artikel 35(5) van die Grondwet 108 van 1996 handel oor die uitsluiting van ongrondwetlike getuienis en bepaal dat sodanige getuienis uitgesluit moet word indien toelating daarvan sal lei tot 'n onbillike verhoor of tot nadeel sal strek vir die regspleging. Uit die bewoording van die artikel blyk dit dat die howe geen diskresie het ten opsigte van die toelaatbaarheidsvraag nie en 'n streng uitsluitingbenadering moet volg. Die doel van hierdie verha• ndeling is om ondersoek in te stel na die mate van diskresie .en die wyse ·waarop diskresie toepas word in hierdie besluitnemingsproses. Twee benaderings is deur die howe gevolg, naamlik 'n benadering waar 'n wye diskresie uitgeoefen word en 'n benadering waar 'n beperkte diskresie uitgeoefen word, dus 'n gekwalifiseerde uitsluitingsbenadering. Die skrywer doen aan die hand dat beide gronde vir uitsluiting van belang is en dat die howe verkeie faktore moet oorweeg ten einde 'n beslissing te vel oor die insluiting of uitsluiting van ongrondwetlike getuienis. 'n Balans moet dus gehandhaaf word tussen die belang van die beskuldigde op 'n billike verhoor en die belang van die gemeenskap daarin dat regspleging nie benadeel moet word nie en dat reg en geregtigheid moet geskied / Section 35(3) of the Constitution Act 108 of 1996 deals with the exclusion of unconstitutionally obtained evidence and stipulates that such evidence must be excluded if the admission would render the trial unfair or be detrimental to the administration of justice. From the wording of the section it seems that the courts have no jurisdiction in regard to the admissibility question and that a strict exclusionary approach must be followed. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the amount of discretion that the Courts have, and the manner in which this discretion is applied in the process of decision making. Two approaches were followed by the courts namely a wide discretionary approach and an approach where a strict discretion was applied. It is submitted that botR grounds for exclusion are of importance and that the courts must consider a variety of factors in deciding the question on the inclusion or exclusion of unconstitutionally obtained evidence. A balance must be struck between the interest of the accused in a fair trial and the interest of the community that the administration of justice must not be prejudiced and that justice must prevail. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.M. (Law)

Text in Afrikaans / Executions were discontinued during November 1989. In February 1990 the State President announced a moratorium on executions. Since 27 July 1990 the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1990 effected important changes to the substantive law and procedure regarding the death sentence. The "new" death sentence dispensation was applied by the courts and the moratorium would be lifted as soon as the new dispensation became effective. That never materialised. The death sentence issue was dealt with in a game of political compromise. Criminal law and the esteem of the Government suffered as a result. Judicial frustration and uncertainty developed regarding application of the death sentence. The opportunity was seized by the abolitionists to attain their ideal. The Constitutional Court declared the death sentence unconstitutional. Presently a final Constitution is being drafted which will probably finally do away with the death sentence. An effective process of denigration of the death sentence thus resulted from the moratorium on executions. / Teregstellings is gedurende November 1989 gestaak. Op 2 Februarie 1990 het die Staatspresident 'n moratorium op teregstellings afgekondig. Vanaf 27 Julie 1990 het die Strafregwysigingswet, 1990, belangrike verstellings aan die materiele en prosessuele reg met betrekking tot die doodvonnis gemaak. Die "nuwe" doodvonnisbedeling is deur die howe toegepas. Die moratorium sou opgehef word sodra die "nuwe bedeling" op dreef was. Dit het nie gebeur nie. 'n Spel van kornprornie-politiek random die doodvonniskwessie het horn afgespeel. Die strafregpleging en die Regering se aansien het daaronder gely. Regterlike frustrasie het posgevat en regsonsekerheid oar die toepassing van die doodvonnis het ontstaan. Die geleentheid is deur die afskaffers aangegryp om hul ideaal te verwesenlik. Die Konstitusionele Hof het die doodvonnis ongrondwetlik verklaar. Tans word 'n finale Grondwet geskryf wat waarskynlik die doodvonnis gaan afskaf. 'n Effektiewe proses van aftakeling van die doodvonnis het dus sedert die moratorium op teregstellings plaasgevind. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL. M.

Les juges sont devenus des acteurs omniprésents au sein des sociétés. Garants de l’application du droit, leurs nombreuses interventions contribuent au bon fonctionnement des sociétés. L’étude des interventions judiciaires spécifiques au droit des sociétés in bonis permet de souligner le rôle majeur désormais tenu par les juges. L’analyse des pouvoirs judiciaires de régulation de la vie sociétaire et de sanction des obligations civiles en droit des sociétés met en évidence l’impact des interventions judiciaires sur le fonctionnement des sociétés. Il existe de nombreuses procédures spécifiques au droit des sociétés, mais la richesse des solutions et des innovations jurisprudentielles caractérise également le recours nécessaire au droit civil et au droit processuel afin de répondre aux exigences de l’environnement sociétaire. Fort de ce constat, différentes pistes peuvent être proposées dans le but de renforcer l’efficacité et l’utilité de ces interventions judiciaires qui permettent de garantir l’efficience et l’attractivité du droit des sociétés français. / Judges have become ubiquitous stakeholders within companies. As guardians of law, they play a real role in the well being of companies. The study of legal interventions, specific to corporate law, applied to “in bonis” companies clearly highlights the major role played by judges today. Analysis of the judiciary powers regulating companies lives and of the sanctions surrounding liabilities in corporate law puts emphasis on the impact of judicial involvement on company functioning. Many specific corporate law proceedings exist, however, the rich range in solutions and case-law innovations accentuates the need to resort to civil and procedural law in response to the business world’s requirements and expectations. With this in mind, different lines of action are imaginable in the hope to reinforce the usefulness and relevance of judicial involvement that guarantee the efficiency and attractive nature of French corporate law.

La construction empirique du système conventionnel des Nations Unies relatif aux droits de l’homme s’est fondée sur un consensus minimum entre les Etats concernant le développement du dispositif conventionnel. Font partie de ce consensus les procédures de surveillance de l’application des traités onusiens relatifs aux droits de l’homme et les organes auxquels la mise en oeuvre de ces procédures fut confiée. A côté de la procédure de présentation des rapports sur les mesures prises pour la mise en oeuvre de leurs obligations conventionnelles, les Etats parties se sont mis d’accord sur une procédure de présentation de plaintes individuelles, sous l’appellation de procédure de communications individuelles. Le modèle initial de cette procédure, produit de résistances, des polarisations, des hésitations et des espérances démenties concernant la création d’une Cour internationale des droits de l’homme, la nature et l’étendue du contrôle sur plainte et le statut de l’individu, fut reproduit par la suite sans modifications majeures. La procédure d’examen des communications individuelles ainsi que les éléments de l’affaire introduite par les communications individuelles sont établis par les instruments conventionnels dans des termes comparables. Leur mise en oeuvre par les organes de traités ne témoigne pas d’une rupture capable d’empêcher l’unité du système conventionnel des Nations Unies. Les comités conventionnels ont pris conscience de leur fonctionnement au sein d’un seul système et s’efforcent d’harmoniser leurs méthodes de travail tout en assurant la spécificité de leur traité. C’est ainsi que l’on peut parler du régime des procédures de communications individuelles dans le système conventionnel des Nations Unies sur les droits de l’homme. A côté des éléments institutionnels et procéduraux permettant la systématisation des procédures de communications individuelles, les instruments conventionnels les plus récents établissant les procédures de communications individuelles codifient l’évolution de la procédure par les comités conventionnels les plus anciens, notamment le Comité des droits de l’homme. La codification de la pratique du contentieux des comités conventionnels s’inscrit dans un processus continu d’évolution de la protection des droits de l’homme au niveau universel. En s’affirmant garants à la fois de l’objet et du but de traités onusiens relatifs aux droits de l’homme et de l’effectivité du recours individuel, les organes de traités renforcent leur rôle en tant qu’organes de contrôle et poussent pour une judiciarisation implicite de la procédure de communications individuelles. Cependant, à défaut d’outils institutionnels permettant d’imposer aux Etats parties les obligations découlant de la procédure de communications individuelles, les organes de traités sont obligés de chercher le bon dosage entre fermeté et diplomatie sans pour autant être en mesure d’assurer la coopération des Etats parties. La standardisation de la procédure de communications individuelles au sein du système conventionnel des Nations Unies de protection des droits de l’homme renforce la position de l’individu en droit international et met au premier plan des victimes restées longtemps dans l’ombre. Par l’affirmation de leur autorité d’interpréter les traités et d’assurer l’efficacité de la procédure de communications individuelles, les comités conventionnels contribuent à la mise en oeuvre effective et cohérente des principes normatifs au niveau universel. / The empirical construction of the United Nations human rights treaty system was based on a minimum consensus among states. Treaty bodies and monitoring procedures of treaty obligations are part of this consensus. Besides the reporting procedure, States parties have reached consensus on an individual complaints procedure. The procedure emerged after polarization and hesitation among States over the establishment of an international human rights court and the status of the individual in international law and was reproduced in without major modifications. So individual complaints procedures under United Nations human rights treaties have common procedural and institutional features. Furthermore, treaty bodies have engaged in a process of harmonization of their working methods giving us reason to be optimistic about the unity of United Nations human rights treaty system. Besides common institutional and procedural aspects, the latest treaties establishing individual complaints procedures codify the evolutionary practice of older treaty bodies, especially the Human Rights Committee. By affirming their determination to protect the object and purpose of human rights treaties and to guarantee the effectiveness of individual complaints procedures, treaty bodies strengthen implicitly the judicial aspects of the procedure. However, in the absence of judicial authority and other institutional tools for imposing on States parties’ treaty obligations, the treaty bodies are forced to seek the right balance between firmness and diplomacy without being able to ensure States parties’ cooperation. Nonetheless, observance of treaty obligations under the individual complaints procedure is a part of a long and continuous process in which treaty bodies due to their expertise and competences have a predominant role. The standardization of the individual communications procedure in the United Nations human rights treaty system strengthens the position of the individual in international law and foregrounds victims that have long remained in the shadows. By asserting their authority to interpret treaties and to ensure the effectiveness of the individual communications procedures, the treaty bodies contribute to the universalization of normative principles and their effective and coherent implementation.

The purpose of the present correlational, ex post facto study was to evaluate the predictive ability and academic achievement criterion outcomes of two district-developed interim mathematics assessment programs for a sample of 5,801 grade 6 students in a large urban school district. Average scores for both interim assessment types were statistically significantly more related to 2013 FCAT 2.0 scores (r = .75 and .72; p < .001) than all other predictors (i.e., student demographics, Florida school grade, and student course GPA) except for 2012 FCAT 2.0 scores (r = .78; p < .001). Further, the newer interim assessment program with an instructional purpose and curriculum-based sequencing had slightly stronger overall predictive power (rs = .88) and a higher criterion mean score (M = 218.08) than the older, state-test mirror interim assessment program (rs = .85; M = 215.47). Regression models by prior year FCAT 2.0 Achievement Level yielded some predictor ranking discrepancies by prior achievement level. Although not statistically significant at the .01 level, groups of students with a more moderate total number of interim assessments outperformed groups with all or nothing. Overall, the two types of interim assessment programs evaluated in the present study were good predictors of the state high-stakes test, 2012 Grade 6 Mathematics FCAT 2.0. However, more research must be done to identify with certainty whether or not the act of taking the interim tests and receiving feedback contributes to improved student learning.

This is an Action Research (AR) study with the senior phase Technology teachers at selected schools of Limpopo Province. The study was motivated by the fact that Technology Education is a foreign concept to many teachers and a new learning area in school curriculum both nationally and internationally. This was exacerbated by the many educational changes that took place in South Africa in the last 18 years. These changes include the overhauling of curriculum, which was the strategic and symbolic change since the first democratic election of 1994, but followed by its review. Thus, a new curriculum known as Curriculum 2005 (reviewed twice already) was developed in which Technology was introduced as a new subject. These changes drastically affected Technology Education and teachers’ coping demands on both the subject content and pedagogy escalated. In this study, AR, a strategy for a systematic, objective investigation with Technology teachers’ who are un- and under- qualified to teach Technology was considered. The study aimed at establishing intervention strategies to empower and emancipate senior phase Technology teachers in Mankweng Circuit from the said challenges above. Thus, the study sought to address the question: How could action research intervention be used to improve the teaching of senior phase Technology teachers who are un- and/or under-qualified? The intervention strategies were implemented through the AR cycles in spiral activities of planning, implementation and observation, action and reflection, whose principles were operationalized to develop participants from the situations that they face in their Technology teaching contexts. The study was designed from both critical theory perspective and participatory paradigm. The following instruments were used as a means to gather data: observations, interviews, questionnaires, field notes, video recording of lesson plans and logs of meetings. The study managed to come up with guidelines to develop and kick start AR with teachers. From the ii findings an AR model was developed to emancipate the un- and under-qualified Technology teachers. Themes from the challenges and AR were used to draft a six weeks plan to empower incapacitated Technology teachers. This investigation was shaped by the initial reflection or preliminary study conducted with the participants called reconnaissance study which revealed specific challenges that Technology teachers encountered daily in their classes. These challenges were turned into the themes, which together with the findings from the preliminary study and interview reflection per cycle were used to design the intervention strategies for the next main cycle. The findings of the study from both the preliminary investigation (presented in Chapter Two) and main AR (presented in Chapter Five) reveal an improvement in the teachers’ understanding and implementation of Technology – they were emancipated to a greater extent from the challenges prior to the AR intervention and post the AR intervention. It is true that coming together as AR co-researchers was the beginning of Technology teaching practice problem identification; keeping together was progressive in Technology teaching; but working together remains our success in Technology teaching then, now and in the future – post doctoral studies. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

No description available.

The study was undertaken to determine the influence of the policy of separate development on the establishment, development and disestablishment of the Geluksdal Management Committee. The policy of separate development as implemented by the previous National Party Government led to the establishment of the Geluksdal Management Committee. Acts adopted by Parliament provided the statutory environment for the establishment of the Geluksdal township and the development of the Geluksdal Management Committee. The adoption of the Local Government Transition Act, 1993 (Act 209 of 1993) and the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993 (Act 200 of 1993) led to the disestablishment of the Geluksdal Management Committee. In terms of the Local Government Transition Act, 1993 (Act 209 of 1993) the Transitional Local Council of Brakpan, that includes the Geluksdal Management Committee, was promulgated. / Die studie is onderneem om die invloed van die beleid van afsonderlike ontwikkeling op die ontstaan, ontwikkeling en ontbinding van die Geluksdal Bestuurskomitee te bepaal. Die beleid van afsonderlike ontwikkeling soos toegepas deur die destydse Nasionale Party Regering het gelei tot die ontstaan van die Geluksdal Bestuurskomitee. Parlementere wetgewing het die statutere omgewing verleen waarbinne die dorp Geluksdal gestig en die Geluksdal Bestuurskomitee ontwikkel het. Die aanvaarding van die Oorgangswet op Plaaslike Regering, 1993 (Wet 209 van 1993) en die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, 1993 (Wet 200 van 1993) het gelei tot die ontbinding van die Geluksdal Bestuurskomitee. In terme van eersgenoemde Wet is die Oorgangsraad van Brakpan wat die Geluksdal Bestuurskomitee insluit, gepromulgeer. / Public Administration / M.A. (Pulic Administration)