El concentrat de plasma assecat per polvorització (SDP) i el d’immunoglobulines (IC) són suplements dietètics que han estat àmpliament utilitzats en l’alimentació dels animals de granja i que han estat proposats com alternativa a l’ús dels antibiòtics com a promotors del creixement, especialment durant el període posterior al deslletament. Aquests suplements incrementen la taxa de creixement degut, en part, a que atenuen la resposta del sistema immunitari. Per exemple, s’ha pogut observar que la suplementació dietètica amb proteïnes plasmàtiques redueix la sobreestimulació immunitària en un model de malaltia inflamatòria intestinal. El sistema immunitari mucosal comú connecta els llocs inductors (en aquest cas la mucosa intestinal) amb els llocs efectors (com les mucoses naso- i broncoalveolar o la genito-urinària), que facilita el moviment de cèl•lules immunitàries entre teixits allunyats anatòmicament i permet que la dieta moduli la resposta associada a infeccions extraintestinals. Així doncs, ens hem plantejat si la suplementació dietètica amb proteïnes plasmàtiques podia modular la resposta immunitària en una inflamació pulmonar aguda. Primerament es va establir una pauta adequada per obtenir un model d’inflamació pulmonar robust i reproduïble. Seguidament s’han estudiat els efectes dels suplements SDP i IC sobre la resposta immunitària en aquest model d’inflamació, en ratolins acabats de deslletar. S’han analitzat cèl•lules i mediadors inflamatoris involucrats tant en la resposta innata, com en la resposta adaptativa. Finalment, també s’han estudiat els efectes dels pinsos experimentals sobre diferents elements que intervenen en la resolució de la resposta inflamatòria, com les cèl•lules reguladores i les citocines antiinflamatòries. L’administració de LPS produeix una migració de leucòcits i un alliberament massiu de citocines i quimiocines proinflamatòries, que recluten i activen monòcits i neutròfils a l’espai alveolar i al teixit pulmonar. A més estimula la immunitat adaptativa, en la que hi ha un increment considerable de limfòcits Th activats, així com una gran producció de citocines. Ambdues dietes disminueixen el reclutament de leucòcits, sobretot els neutròfils i els monòcits. Tot i que la resposta innata és més extensa, les dietes són més efectives sobre la resposta adaptativa, on redueixen les poblacions limfocitàries estimulades per l’LPS tant a pulmó com a sang. Els suplements també atenuen de forma notable l’efecte de l’LPS sobre l’expressió de citocines i quimiocines proinflamatòries a l’espai alveolar. Els efectes de l’SDP i l’IC estan mediats per canvis en l’expressió de citocines antiinflamatòries, ja que augmenten la concentració de IL-10 a pulmó i a jejú, i la del TGF-β a pulmó. Ambdues dietes redueixen el balanç entre els limfòcits Th activats i els limfòcits T reguladors, d’aquesta manera atenuen la magnitud de la resposta inflamatòria i augmenten la concentració de mediadors essencials per la reparació del teixit. Els resultats d’aquest estudi indiquen que els suplements amb proteïnes plasmàtiques poden limitar la resposta immunitària pulmonar i podrien ser útils en la prevenció i atenuació de les malalties inflamatòries extraintestinals. / The concentrated spray-dried plasma (SDP) and immunoglobulin (IC) are dietary supplements that have been widely used in the diet of farm animals and proposed as an alternative to the use of antibiotics as growth promoters, especially in the subsequent weaning period. These supplements increase the growth rate, in part because they attenuate the response of the immune system. The common mucosal immune system connects the inductive sites (in this case the intestinal mucosa) with the effector sites (as nasopharyngeal and bronchoalveolar mucosa or genito-urinary), which facilitates the movement of immune cells between anatomically distant tissues and allows the diet to modulate the associated response to intestinal infections. Consequently, the aim of the present thesis was to evaluate whether the dietary supplementation with plasma proteins could modulate the immune response in an acute lung inflammation. First, a suitable pattern was established in order to obtain a robust and reproducible inflammatory lung model. Next, the effects of SDP and IC supplementation on the immune response in this inflammation model were studied in newly weaned mice. Cells and inflammatory mediators, involved either in innate response as in adaptive response, have been analyzed. Finally, the effects of experimental feed on different elements involved in the resolution of the inflammatory response, such as regulatory cells and inflammatory cytokines, have also been assessed. Both diets decreased the recruitment of leukocytes. Although the innate response is more extensive, the diets are more effective on the adaptive response. The supplements also significantly attenuated the effect of LPS on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the alveolar space. The effects of SDP and IC are mediated by changes in the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Both diets reduced the balance between activated Th cells and regulatory T cells, in such a way that, the magnitude of the inflammatory response is attenuated and the concentration of essential mediators for tissue reparation is increased. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that plasma protein supplementation is able to limit the pulmonary immune response and could be useful in the prevention and attenuation of the extraintestinal inflammatory diseases.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-12-04T21:23:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KarlaLidianeCostaMartinsSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 14855696 bytes, checksum: 877aab2c366c8ddb4ae8a63f06a3ab6a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-12-09T00:40:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 KarlaLidianeCostaMartinsSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 14855696 bytes, checksum: 877aab2c366c8ddb4ae8a63f06a3ab6a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-09T00:40:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KarlaLidianeCostaMartinsSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 14855696 bytes, checksum: 877aab2c366c8ddb4ae8a63f06a3ab6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / A presente disserta??o, intitulada Th?r?se, ?xtase de um corpo ofertado: travessia mitodol?gica de uma artista de f(r)ic??o, trafegou sobre os solos da arte e do sagrado, aqui abordados por meio de uma pesquisa pr?tica/te?rica encampada pela artista-pesquisadora Karla Martins acerca do seu mito-guia: Santa Teresinha do Menino Jesus. A santa francesa, tamb?m conhecida como da Sagrada Face, manifestou-se nesta investiga??o a partir do campo da mitologia pessoal da artista-pesquisadora e foi desvelada por uma experi?ncia perform?tica. Para a constru??o desta experi?ncia, lan?ou-se m?o da Mitodologia em Arte e da Artetnografia, pr?ticas/conceitos capitaneados pela Prof. Ph.D. Luciana Lyra (UERJ / UFRN), que, por sua vez, est?o ligados aos campos da Antropologia da Experi?ncia (Antropologia da Performance), do antrop?logo Victor Turner, e da Antropologia do Imagin?rio, do soci?logo Gilbert Durand, que em si transitam acerca de ritos de passagem, da imagem, do mito e do ritual. A partir da aplica??o dos procedimentos mitodol?gicos, viu-se eclodir as puls?es mais ?ntimas da artista-pesquisadora, que perpassaram a escrita e a cria??o da performance Th?r?se. / This dissertation, entitled Th?r?se, ecstasy of an offered body: the mythodological journey of a f(r)iction artist, travels over the grounds of art and holiness, discussed here by means of a practical/theoretical research embraced by the artist-researcher Karla Martins about her guide-myth: Saint Therese of the Child Jesus. The French saint, also known as the Holy Face, manifests itself in this investigation through the scope of the artist-researcher?s personal mythology and unveils herself through a performative experience. In order to carry such experience on, the research was based on the Mythodology in Art and the Artethnography, practices/concepts upheld by Prof. Ph.D. Luciana Lyra (UERJ), which, in turn, are connected to the fields of Anthropology of Experience (Anthropology of Performance), led by anthropologist Victor Turner, and Anthropology of the Imaginary, led by sociologist Gilbert Durand, which by their turn involve rites of passage, image, myth and ritual. The application of these mythodological procedures cause the most intimate of the artist-researcher?s pulsions to erupt and pervade her writing, as well as the creation of the performance Th?r?se itself.

abstract: A low cost expander, combustor device that takes compressed air, adds thermal energy and then expands the gas to drive an electrical generator is to be designed by modifying an existing reciprocating spark ignition engine. The engine used is the 6.5 hp Briggs and Stratton series 122600 engine. Compressed air that is stored in a tank at a particular pressure will be introduced during the compression stage of the engine cycle to reduce pump work. In the modified design the intake and exhaust valve timings are modified to achieve this process. The time required to fill the combustion chamber with compressed air to the storage pressure immediately before spark and the state of the air with respect to crank angle is modeled numerically using a crank step energy and mass balance model. The results are used to complete the engine cycle analysis based on air standard assumptions and air to fuel ratio of 15 for gasoline. It is found that at the baseline storage conditions (280 psi, 70OF) the modified engine does not meet the imposed constraints of staying below the maximum pressure of the unmodified engine. A new storage pressure of 235 psi is recommended. This only provides a 7.7% increase in thermal efficiency for the same work output. The modification of this engine for this low efficiency gain is not recommended. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Mechanical Engineering 2011

Submitted by Pablo F. Oliveira (pablo.perque@gmail.com) on 2012-02-29T12:36:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Pablo Frisanco Oliveira -final.pdf: 1039827 bytes, checksum: 63d8e3ff3c6593d9ef449829e78e77c1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2012-02-29T12:45:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Pablo Frisanco Oliveira -final.pdf: 1039827 bytes, checksum: 63d8e3ff3c6593d9ef449829e78e77c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-02-29T12:55:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Pablo Frisanco Oliveira -final.pdf: 1039827 bytes, checksum: 63d8e3ff3c6593d9ef449829e78e77c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-30 / The aim of the present work is verify if, when the higher moments (skewness and kurtosis) are taken in consideration for carry trade portfolio allocation optimization, an investor can be better off than the traditional allocation, which prioritizes only the first two moments (mean and variance). The hypothesis of the research is that a carry trade currency exhibits non-Normal returns distribution, and its higher moments have a dynamic which can be modeled by GARCH-type model, in this specific case IC-GARCHSK. This model consists of one equation to each of the independent components’ conditional moments, named the returns, variance, the skewness, and the kurtosis. Another hypothesis is that a CARA (constant absolute risk aversion) utility function investor can have its function approximated by 4th order Taylor expansion. The work’s strategy is modelling the dynamics of the daily log-returns series’ moments of some carry trade currencies using the model above and dynamically estimate the optimal allocation which maximizes the investor’s expected utility function. The results show that the investor can benefit from taking in consideration the series’ higher moments, once this portfolio exhibited smaller opportunity cost than one that uses only mean and variance as criteria. / O objetivo do presente trabalho é verificar se, ao levar-se em consideração momentos de ordem superior (assimetria e curtose) na alocação de uma carteira de carry trade, há ganhos em relação à alocação tradicional que prioriza somente os dois primeiros momentos (média e variância). A hipótese da pesquisa é que moedas de carry trade apresentam retornos com distribuição não-Normal, e os momentos de ordem superior desta têm uma dinâmica, a qual pode ser modelada através de um modelo da família GARCH, neste caso IC-GARCHSK. Este modelo consiste em uma equação para cada momento condicional dos componentes independentes, explicitamente: o retorno, a variância, a assimetria, e a curtose. Outra hipótese é que um investidor com uma função utilidade do tipo CARA (constant absolute risk aversion), pode tê-la aproximada por uma expansão de Taylor de 4ª ordem. A estratégia do trabalho é modelar a dinâmica dos momentos da série dos logartimos neperianos dos retornos diários de algumas moedas de carry trade através do modelo IC-GARCHSK, e estimar a alocação ótima da carteira dinamicamente, de tal forma que se maximize a função utilidade do investidor. Os resultados mostram que há ganhos sim, ao levar-se em consideração os momentos de ordem superior, uma vez que o custo de oportunidade desta foi menor que o de uma carteira construída somente utilizando como critérios média e variância.

ASICs estruturados com leiautes regulares representam uma das soluções para a perda de rendimento de fabricação de circuitos integrados em tecnologias nanométricas causada pela distorção de fotolitografia. Um método de projeto de circuitos integrados ainda mais restritivo resulta em ASICs estruturados configuráveis apenas pelas camadas de vias, que são compostos pela repetição do mesmo modelo de bloco em todas as camadas do leiaute, exceto as camadas de vias. A escolha do modelo de bloco tem grande influência nas características do circuito final, criando a demanda por novas ferramentas de CAD que possam avaliar e comparar tais modelos em seus diversos aspectos. Esta tese descreve um ambiente de CAD baseado em SAT, capaz de avaliar o aspecto de capacidade lógica em padrões de blocos configuráveis por vias. O ambiente proposto é genérico, podendo tratar quaisquer padrões de bloco definido pelo usuário, e se comporta de maneira eficiente quando aplicado aos principais padrões já publicados na literatura. / Structured ASICs with regular layouts comprise a design-based solution for IC manufacturing yield loss in nanometer technologies caused by photolithography distortions. Via-configurable structured ASICs is even a more restrictive digital IC design method, based on the repetition of a block template comprising all layout layers except the vias one. The choice of such a design strategy impacts greatly the final circuit characteristics, arising the need for specific CAD tools to allow template evaluation and comparison in different aspects. This work presents a SAT-based CAD environment for evaluating the logical capacity aspect of via-configurable block templates. The proposed environment is able to support any user-defined template, and behaves efficiently when applied to block templates presented in related literature.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] is the most widely used pesticide in the world for controlling weeds in agriculture. High amounts of this herbicide and its major metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), have been found in water due to intensive use. The Ministry of Health 2914 establishes a maximum value allowed for the sum of glyphosate and AMPA at 0.5 mg L-1. The most comum method to determine these compounds requires a derivatization step for fluorescence detection. Thus, this study aimed to develop two simple and rapid methods for the direct determination of glyphosate and AMPA in water without treatment or sample derivatization steps, by capillary ion chromatography (Capillary IC) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The Capillary IC method employed a capillary IonPac AS19 column (250 x 0.4 mm, 7.5 μm), a gradient elution with KOH a conductivity detector. The LC-MS/MS method used a Pursuit XRS C18 column (150 x 2 mm ID, 5 μm), an aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide 0.01% (v/v) as mobile phase and a triple-quadrupole MS detector, operating in a selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The method validation was performed by recovery experiments, evaluating accuracy, precision, linearity, limits of detection (LOD) and of quantification (LOQ). The analytical curves for glyphosate and AMPA obtained for the concentration levels 25, 50, 100, 250 and 500 μg L-1 by Capillary IC and LC-MS/MS showed r2 >0.99 for both compounds. For spiked levels of 25, 50, 250 and 500 μg L-1 recoveries were between 70 -113%, with RSD <10% for Capillary IC and 79-105%, with RSD <14% for LC-MS/MS. The method limits of detection for both glyphosate and AMPA was 8 μg L-1 and of quantification was 25 μg L-1, in both chromatographic techniques. Both methods showed good selectivity and sensitivity. Determination by direct injection of the sample, using capillary IC or LC-MS/MS proved to be efficient, simple and cost-effective tools for analysis, making it possible to monitor at levels below the maximum allowed limits for drinking water. / O glifosato [N-(fosfonometil)glicina] é o agrotóxico mais utilizado na agricultura mundial no controle de plantas daninhas. Altas quantidades desse herbicida e seu principal metabólito, o ácido aminometilfosfônico (AMPA), vem sendo encontrados em água devido ao uso intensivo. A portaria do Ministério da Saúde nº 2914 estabelece o valor máximo permitido para a soma de glifosato e AMPA em 0,5 mg L-1. O método amplamente utilizado para a determinação desses compostos é a HPLC sendo imprescindível uma etapa de derivatização para a detecção por fluorescência. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver métodos simples e rápidos para a determinação direta de glifosato e AMPA em água para consumo humano, sem etapa de tratamento de amostra ou derivatização, empregando a cromatografia iônica capilar (CIC) e cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas em série (LC-MS/MS). O método por cromatografia iônica capilar empregou coluna capilar IonPac AS19 (250 x 0,4 mm; 7,5 μm), gradiente de eluição com gerador de KOH e detector de condutividade. Para LC-MS/MS utilizou-se coluna Pursuit XRs C18 (150 x 2 mm d.i.; 5 μm), solução aquosa de hidróxido de amônio 0,01% (v/v) como fase móvel e detector triplo quadrupolo (TQ) operando no modo de monitoramento de reações selecionadas (SRM). A validação dos métodos foi realizada através de ensaios de recuperação, avaliando exatidão, precisão, linearidade, limites de detecção (LD) e de quantificação (LQ). As curvas analíticas para glifosato e AMPA obtidas para os níveis 25; 50; 100; 250 e 500 μg L-1 por CIC e LC-MS/MS apresentaram coeficiente de determinação (r2) >0,99 para ambos os compostos. Para as fortificações nos níveis de 25, 50, 250 e 500 μg L-1 os compostos apresentaram recuperações de 70 a 113%, com RSD <10% por CIC e recuperações foram de 79 a 105%, com RSD <14% por LC-MS/MS. Os limites de detecção do método para AMPA e glifosato foi 8 μg L-1 e o de quantificação foi de 25 μg L-1, em ambas as técnicas cromatográficas. Ambos os métodos apresentaram boa seletividade e sensibilidade. A determinação, através da injeção direta da amostra, de glifosato e AMPA utilizando cromatografia iônica capilar ou LC-MS/MS demonstrou ser uma ferramenta eficiente, simples e economicamente viável para análise, permitindo o monitoramento em níveis abaixo do valor máximo permitido em água potável.

ASICs estruturados com leiautes regulares representam uma das soluções para a perda de rendimento de fabricação de circuitos integrados em tecnologias nanométricas causada pela distorção de fotolitografia. Um método de projeto de circuitos integrados ainda mais restritivo resulta em ASICs estruturados configuráveis apenas pelas camadas de vias, que são compostos pela repetição do mesmo modelo de bloco em todas as camadas do leiaute, exceto as camadas de vias. A escolha do modelo de bloco tem grande influência nas características do circuito final, criando a demanda por novas ferramentas de CAD que possam avaliar e comparar tais modelos em seus diversos aspectos. Esta tese descreve um ambiente de CAD baseado em SAT, capaz de avaliar o aspecto de capacidade lógica em padrões de blocos configuráveis por vias. O ambiente proposto é genérico, podendo tratar quaisquer padrões de bloco definido pelo usuário, e se comporta de maneira eficiente quando aplicado aos principais padrões já publicados na literatura. / Structured ASICs with regular layouts comprise a design-based solution for IC manufacturing yield loss in nanometer technologies caused by photolithography distortions. Via-configurable structured ASICs is even a more restrictive digital IC design method, based on the repetition of a block template comprising all layout layers except the vias one. The choice of such a design strategy impacts greatly the final circuit characteristics, arising the need for specific CAD tools to allow template evaluation and comparison in different aspects. This work presents a SAT-based CAD environment for evaluating the logical capacity aspect of via-configurable block templates. The proposed environment is able to support any user-defined template, and behaves efficiently when applied to block templates presented in related literature.

Esse trabalho apresenta uma proposta na área de Educação em Microeletrônica que visa enriquecer práticas de ensino adotadas na área de projetos de circuitos integrados através do uso de máquinas de ensino-aprendizagem (TLM Teaching-Learning Machine) em aulas de laboratórios como instrumentos auxiliares e complementares ao ensino teórico. As TLMs propostas permitem a verificação experimental de conceitos fundamentais em VLSI Design, tais como: polarização de transistores NMOS e PMOS, inversores CMOS, curvas de transferência do inversor CMOS, implementação de diversas portas lógicas CMOS estática e dinâmica usando transistores de passagem ou portas de transmissão (NAND, NOR, AND, OR, XOR, XNOR, MUX, DECODER, Half ADDERs e Full ADDERs), Latches, Flip-flops e células de memória (RAM e ROM). A metodologia usada foi baseada em pesquisa bibliográfica, observações em sala de aula, participação em projetos didáticos, entrevistas com alunos e professores de microeletrônica. As TLMs foram construídas na forma de painéis de papelão de 100 cm x 70 cm com eletrônica embarcada ou conjuntos de módulos de circuito impresso com tamanhos A4 até A10, interligados entre si por meio de conectores, cabos elétricos padronizados e acondicionados em caixas flexíveis de borracha sintética. Considerou-se o uso combinado desses materiais com diferentes técnicas de montagens eletrônicas. No leiaute das TLMs foram considerados aspectos da interação homem-máquina (HMI) e projetos de interações por PREECE (2002), e da transposição didática de CHEVALHARD e JOSHUA (1981). Os resultados efetivos da aprendizagem usando TLMs foram obtidos por meio de uma dinâmica em sala de aula baseada no microensino em ALLEN (1967). / This paper presents a proposal in the area of Education in Microelectronics which aims to enrich the educational practices adopted in the area of integrated circuits design through the use of teaching-learning machines (TLM) in classes, laboratories as auxiliary and complementary instruments to the theoretical ones. The proposed TLMs allow the experimental verification of fundamental concepts in VLSI design, such as: NMOS and PMOS transistors biasing, CMOS inverters, transfer curves of a CMOS inverter, implementation of various static and dynamic CMOS logic using the pass-transistor or transmission gates (NAND, NOR, AND, OR, XOR, XNOR, MUX, DECODER, Half ADDERs and Full ADDERs), Latches, flip-flops and memory cells (RAM and ROM). The used methodology was based on a literature search, observations in the classroom, participation in educational projects, interview of students and professors involved with microelectronics. The TLMs were assembled in the form of paper panels, 100 cm x 70 cm embedded with electronic modules, or sets of printed circuit boards with A4 size up to A10 size, connected with each other through connectors, electrical wires and packed in synthetic rubber flexible boxes. The combined use of these materials with different techniques of electronic assemblies has been very important. The layout of TLMs concerns about the aspects of human-machine interaction (HMI) and design interactions from PREECE (2002), and the didactical transposition from CHEVALHARD and JOSHUA (1981). The effective learning results using TLMs were obtained through a dynamic in classroom based on microteaching from ALLEN (1967).

Les imageurs à base d’alliage InGaAs sur substrat InP se sont fortement popularisés pour l’imagerie dans le proche infrarouge. La méthode de fabrication de référence est constituée d’une matrice de photodiodes planaires réticulées par diffusion localisée de zinc. Cette approche reste chère du fait d’une méthode d’hybridation individuelle entre circuit de lecture CMOS et circuit de détection. Afin de réaliser des imageurs proche infrarouge bas coût ou de grand format, cette méthode d’hybridation doit donc être revisitée. La solution présentée durant cette thèse est de transférer les structures III-V absorbantes directement sur le circuit de lecture par un collage moléculaire direct suivi d’une fabrication collective des matrices de photodiodes. Cette méthode demande le développement d’une nouvelle architecture pour la connexion électrique au circuit de lecture et la formation de diodes. Elle consiste en la réalisation de via de connexion à partir desquels un dopage localisé est réalisé. On forme alors des diodes circulaires autour de chaque via appelées LoopHoles. Ce dopage dont la température ne doit pas dépasser 400°C est réalisé par diffusion MOVPD. Malgré des phénomènes physiques parasites il a été possible de réaliser dans l’InP et l’InGaAs des jonctions p-n adaptées. Les caractéristiques optoélectroniques de groupes de diodes LoopHoles sur substrat InP et sur matériaux reportés ont ainsi pu être mesurées. / Nowadays short wavelength infrared (SWIR) imaging based on InP/InGaAs photo-diodes is quite popular for uncooled camera. The state of the art technology is a double layer planar heterointerface focal plane array. But, it remains expensive. Its cost comes essentially from the individually hybridization of photo-diodes array with read-out circuit, by the mean of an indium-bumps flip-chip process. We suggest an alternative method for hybridization, in order to lowering the cost and providing a sustainable process to decrease the pixel pitch. It consists in a direct integration by bonding silica of InP/InGaAs/InP structure above a finished read-out circuit (with CMOS technology) and circular diode architecture named “LoopHoles”. This diode consists in via-hole through the III-V materials and bonding silica layer down to top metal layer in the readout circuit for each active pixel. Via-hole is also used to diffuse laterally zinc in III-V layer in order to create p-type doping area. Because of the read-out circuit, temperature of diffusion has to be below 400°C which induces parasitic phenomena’s. We have found that a Hf02 coating on InP surface prevent this degradation while allowing zinc diffusion. We were able to control depth of p-n junction inside InP and InGaAs. We also investigated few steps of the processes like the molecular bonding, via etching and metallization. Finally, we succeeded to produce LoopHole photodiodes on bulk InP and on bonded materials with a high spectral efficiency, low pitch and a lower dark currant of 150 fA at room temperature.

La connaissance du comportement sous irradiation γ et en présence d'eau des Résines Echangeuses d'Ions est nécessaire pour prévoir leur impact sur l'environnement pendant la phase d'entreposage et dans un éventuel stockage en profondeur géologique. Les REI étudiées sont la résine MB400 en lit mélangé ainsi que ses composants anionique et cationique « purs ». La stratégie expérimentale suivie a été basée sur l'utilisation d'outils chimiométriques qui ont permis d'étudier l'effet du milieu d'irradiation, du débit de dose, de la dose et de la température de lixiviation. Les produits de radiolyse gazeux et hydrosolubles ont été analysés par Spectrométrie de Masse gaz et Chromatographie Ionique. Les REI génèrent principalement du H2g, du CO2g et des amines dont les quantités dépendent de la nature de la résine et des conditions d'irradiation. L'analyse des résines solides irradiées a été effectuée par spectroscopie Infrarouge à Transformée de Fourrier et par Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire. Ces techniques révèlent des modifications structurales différentes suivant les conditions d'irradiation. Le comportement sous eau des REI a été étudié sur une période de 143 jours en caractérisant la matière organique relarguée après lixiviation post-irradiation. Les études cinétiques montrent qu'au premier contact avec l'eau, toutes les espèces hydrosolubles sont relarguées. La quantité de Carbone Organique Total dépend, selon la nature de la résine, soit de la dose, soit du milieu d'irradiation. Le débit de dose n'a pas d'effet sur la dégradation et la lixiviation de la résine MB400 qui, néanmoins se comporte d'une façon différente de ses composants pris séparément. / The knowledge of the behavior under irradiation and in presence of water of Ion Exchange Resins (IER) is very necessary to predict their impact on the environment during the storage phase and in a possible deep geological disposal. The IER studied are the MB400 mixed bed resin and its « pure » anionic and cationic components. The experimental strategy used in this work was based on the use of chemometric tools permitting to estimate the effect of the irradiation atmosphere, the dose rate, the absorbed dose and the leaching temperature. The gaseous and water-soluble radiolysis products were analyzed by gas Mass Spectrometry (MS) and Ion Chromatography (IC). The IER generated principally H2g, CO2g and amines for which quantities depended of the resin nature and the irradiation conditions. The analysis of solid irradiated resins was investigated by Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13C NMR) techniques. The last ones revealed structural modifications of the IER solid matrix in function of the experimental conditions. Their behavior in presence of water was studied during 143 days by characterization of the organic matter released after their post-irradiation leaching. The kinetics showed that all the water-soluble components were releasing at the first contact with water. The Total Organic Carbon (TOC) quantity released depends, according to the resin nature, either on the dose, either on the irradiation atmosphere. The dose rate has no effect on the degradation and the leaching of the MB400 resin, which behaved differently than its pure components.