[No Abstract]

This thesis is a study of the origins and rationale of two categories of house museum - here named "Great Man" and "Social History" - in the United States and Australia. An examination of cultural, social and historical change provides the context for the genres' evolution. The Great Man genre was born in mid nineteenth-century America when two houses associated with George Washington - Hasbrouck House and Mount Vernon - were preserved and translated to museum status. Mount Vernon quickly became the exemplar for house museums. Civil religion, a secular nationalism that adopted the forms and rituals of church religion, focusing on hero worship, pilgrimage and contemplation of transcendent collective purpose, provided the ideology that sustained the new museum type. Great Man house museums became the shrines at which such rituals could be practiced. In the early twentieth-century the specialization of heritage organizations encouraged a new breed of heritage professional. Largely fabric focused, these "new museum men" influenced philosophy, management and conservation practice at house museums throughout the century. Social history made its impact upon house museums in the latter decades of the twentieth century. The paradigm encouraged the creation of a new category of house museum. Existing Great Man house museums adopted some of its characteristics though never lost their hero worship foundations. In fact, I posit that the idea of hero worship was transferred to the new genre. The birth and evolution of the two categories of house museum is demonstrated through four biographical studies: Vaucluse House in Sydney; Monticello in Charlottesville VA; the Lower East Side Tenement Museum in New York City; and Susannah Place Museum in Sydney. I believe the findings demonstrate an argument that applies at hundreds of house museums in the United States and Australia.

The purpose of the study was to establish that a relationship existed between teacher Pupil Control Ideology (PCI) and membership of a practical subject faculty or of a humanities subject faculty in ACT government high schools. It was hypothesized that teachers in practical subject faculties and teachers of practical subjects would be custodial in their PCI. Teachers in humanities subject faculties and teachers of humanities subjects would be humanistic in their PCI. A subsidiary purpose was to replicate earlier research findings of a relationship between PCI and years of teaching, sex, position in the school administration, and type of school. The PCI Form was administered to a population sample of 116 teachers from five high schools in the Belconnen area of Canberra. The results were subjected to t-test and one-way analysis of variance. Statistically significant relationships were observed between PCI and teacher variables of subject faculty, subject taught, and sex of teacher. Earlier findings for other variables were not replicated. The direction of findings was surprising. Teachers in practical subject faculties and of practical subjects were more humanistic than humanities faculty and subject teachers. Female teachers were more custodial than male teachers. An analysis of variance showed no interaction effect between variables sex and faculty, and sex and subject taught. More research on possible causes of the relationships, such as student attitude to subject, and teacher sense of achievement, is needed before the findings can have practical application.

本文以意識形態途徑，研究中共建國後毛澤東探索後革命時期理論與實踐 統一的過程。第一章導論，說明研究方法；第二章論一九四九至一九五三 年中共內政外交情勢與毛澤東之態度；第三章論一九五三年至一九五五年 底一五計畫及社會主義過渡時期總路線之初期實踐經驗，置重點於工業化 產生的問題，農業合作化的超速完成，以及毛澤東在這些實踐經驗中的地 位及其反省；第四章論一九五六年以後蘇共二十大及波蘭、匈牙利事件如 何促使中共公開反省蘇聯模式，即毛澤東提出「論十大關係」的過程及其 意義，並由此導出中共為另尋發展模式，必須借重本國 識精英，因此才 有由毛澤東提倡的百花齊放、百家爭鳴的寬鬆政策；但由於知識精英出發 點與毛澤東不同，終使雙百失控，導致反右鬥爭，使毛澤東帶領中共走向 極「左」思潮。綜觀建國後至一九五七年，中共及毛澤東所面對的客觀情 境，實為後革命時期的必然發展，包括城鄉分離、工農剪刀差危機、知識 精英與群眾對立等；毛澤東通過個人認知結構（本文以民族主義、民粹主 義、實踐性格及矛盾世界觀概括），企圖找出能指導後革命時期的理論， 但由於後革命時期客觀情境之本質，及毛本人認知框架之限制，終使毛走 上以革命手段企圖達成後革命任務的極「左」思潮。

文革結束後，中共於一九七九年地進行擴大國營企業經營理念自主權改革，這項改革雖然以企業擴權為對象，但也將擴及中共所秉持的社會主義經濟思想，及依此而建立的經濟管理體制。因此探究國營企業擴權改革，必須把企業經營、經濟管理體制及經濟思想三者聯繫起來，才完整的理解改革的全貌。本文藉由企業管理體制改革的觀點，主要從企業經營型態、物資流通、利潤分配、勞動工資及經營決策管理來探討中共如何探索與重建一個適合社會主義經濟現代化的國營企業經營理念。研究的發現與成果評析： 一、擴權改革是理性而謹慎的。主要表現在雙重體制的設計和運作，即一方面維持原有計劃管理體制的架構和運作，但逐步縮小計劃管制的範圍；另一方面則引介及運用市場機制，藉以擴大企業經營自主權，改善企業經營體質，增進企業經營活力。 二、擴大改革效應大。雙重體制運作的結果：使國營企業喪失競爭的優勢，開啟集體、個體、合資、外資等非國營經濟生存的空間，形成活路的商品市場，及導致中央集權管理體制解構的局面。 三、擴權是過渡性的變革。擴權改革是要創造一個給合計劃管制和市場機制的管理體制。但這兩種企業經營管理體制立論完全不同，欲藉由雙重體制的運作方式，去尋求國營企業發展的新途徑，基本上是試檢性的、暫時性的及過渡性的，市場機制終將企業管理體制運用的主要手段。 四、企業擴權突破了傳統社會主義計劃體制的格局，注入了市場經濟經營理念，如市場、盈利、成本、效益、服務、品質等觀念，有助於新的國營企業經營理念的形成。 五、擴權改革最大的瓶頸在於企業產權不明確，而產權能否透明化、法治化，正是企業是否擁有自主權的關鍵。因此，可預見的是，產權問題將是企業管理體制改革最終必須面對和解決的問題。

<p>Bakgrunden till den här uppsatsen finns att hitta i min något idealistiska bild av nyhetspressens eviga sökande efter och uppdagande av sanningen. Den bilden, i kombination med den senaste tidens skriverier om bland annat Hagamannen och dennes offer, fick mig att fundera kring nyhetspressens eventuella konstruerande eller reproducerande av våldsbrottsofferdiskursen.</p><p>Jag använde mig av Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys då jag analyserade 36 nyhetsartiklar och nyhetsnotiser från Aftonbladet, Expressen, Svenska dagbladet och Dagens Nyheter, vilka alla hade publicerats under 2005/2006. Fokuseringen i undersökningen låg på den lingvistiska nivån i texten, det vill säga på ord, styckekombinationer och meningsuppbyggnader men även på de diskursiva praktikerna som fanns att finna i texterna.</p><p>Det huvudsakliga som kom fram i undersökningen var att det inte finns en våldsbrottsofferdiskurs värd att tala om i svensk nyhetspress, den är alltid underordnad könsdiskursen och åldersdiskursen. Det finns inga våldsbrottsoffer i svensk nyhetspress, bara män och kvinnor i olika åldrar som blir utsatta för brott</p>

<h1>Abstract</h1><p>In this study, the conceptions of a number of teachers in the Swedish primary and lower-secondary school about cultural pluralism, the values connected to this pluralism by the <em>Curriculum for the Compulsory School System, the Pre-School Class and the Leisure-time Centre, Lpo 94</em>, and the possibilities for pupils to gain knowledge about these values, were studied. The conceptions of the teachers were regarded and interpreted as ideology, since the study was made from a point of departure containing an assumption about how the content of the curriculum is of importance for the development of relations of power and dominance between different groups in society. The purpose of the study was to interpret the statements of a limited number of teachers about cultural pluralism, values and knowledge, regarding the ontological, axiological and epistemological assumptions and conceptions expressed therein. The empirical data of the study was gathered through qualitative interviews with eleven teachers working in six different primary and lower-secondary schools in the Mid-Sweden region. The conceptions expressed in the statements given by the respondents were categorized. These categories were then interpreted through a typology containing four different types of ideology, here called restorative (implying a return to a social order of the past), transmissive (implying a conveyance of existing values, relations and conditions), moderative (implying short-term adjustments of existing institutions and conditions) and transformative (implying long-term and radical change) ideology. This interpretation showed that only fragmentary parts of the restorative and transformative types of ideology were expressed through the different assumptions and conceptions, while distinct and substantially developed expressions of transmissive as well as moderative ideology could be interpreted. This was discussed with reference to three different themes: the connotations conveyed by the concept of culture, the ideological content of official and semi-official documents of the curriculum – mainly Lpo 94 and the report (<em>Skola för bildning</em>) of the Committee of Curriculum – and the historically strong progressivist tradition in the Swedish school system.</p><p>Keywords: conceptions, cultural pluralism, curriculum, ideology, knowledge, primary and lower-secondary school, teachers, values.</p>

No description available.

<p>At the beginning of the 21st century, youth unemployment is paid attention to by the Swedish government and media. A grand part of the unemployed youth live at their parents´ house because of economic reasons contrary to their primary goal to be able to make their own living. It can be argued that the young unemployed´ s social citizenship is inferior to working citizens´ social citizenship. The thesis will not deal with suggestions on practical solutions, but rather seek for theoretical answers to whether the responsibility for the young people referred to should be a responsibility of the State or of the family. Communitarianism is a relatively young theory which is interesting for this thesis because it sheds light on the dichotomy individual - community. There are different strands within the communitarian debate. I will deal with conservative, liberal and leftist communitarianism. </p><p>The classical leftist ideal of the communitarianist community includes rights and duties for the common good and is based on the assumption of people as social beings not being able or wanting to escape from the influence of her community. Liberal communitarianism, represented foremost by Will Kymlicka and Joseph Raz, is a theoretical strand coming up as a response on the (leftist) communitarianism. Also, a theory of conservative communitarianism, which´ s ideas date back to Aristotle, can be traced in the writings of Roger Scruton. </p><p>Conclusions reached are, simplified, as follows: Conservative communitarians are prone to let the parents take theresponsibility for their children. It is a natural consequence of their view of the society as an organic unity where family life and political affairs should be separated. Leftist communitarians and liberal communitarians are less apparent in their preferences. Stressing leftist communitarians´ emphasis of citizenship duties, the responsibility of the citizen indicates that state measures should not be the first tried solution. The family has an important role for leftist communitarianists but only as a link between the individual and the state. Liberal communitarians look foremost to the individual´ s own preferences concerning medium for a solution of the unemployed´ s situation. Family is not seen as a significant institution, unless it is accredited importance by its members.</p>

<p>The intention of this study is to find out how the female celebrity is portrayed in women’s magazines directed at women of different age groups. The magazines that I have chosen to analyse are Frida, Veckorevyn and Damernas Värld. My aim is to find out what kind of celebrity appears in the magazines in terms of occupation and topics in the articles. Furthermore, the aim is also to determine whether the celebrity is portrayed in a different or similar way depending on the target group. This thesis is done from a gender perspective in order to elucidate what distinguishes the celebrity in the context of the celebrity being female. The frameworks of theories are the following: culture theory, ideology, stereotypes, homo-sociality and connotation and denotation. The methods used to analyse the texts were content analysis and qualitative discourse analysis. Since images of the female celebrities have also been of importance, I have used the method of semiotics for picture analysis. I discovered that there are both differences and similarities in how the female celebrity is portrayed, in relation to different age categories. It appears there are more types of women celebrities in Damernas Värld in-comparison to Frida and Veckorevyn, as not only do the celebrities in Damernas Värld have more varied occupations, they also engage in more topics in their interviews. I found that the celebrity woman is not always portrayed in exactly the same light. However, I could identify the average woman which appears most frequently in all the magazines. The portrayal of the celebrity woman is usually built on contrasts and stereotypes. The occupation is typically an actress or a singer; she is usually white, heterosexual and rich. Her traits are typically being tough and independent, yet in conjunction considerate and friendly. She is also glamorous but ordinary, sexy but sweet. The underlying preconceptions of femininity are never challenged by the journalist’s way of portraying the celebrities.</p>