Inter-agency working has been promoted as a way forward to improve public services, including children's services. However, the terminology is problematic because it often overlaps with other terminologies, such as partnership or collaboration. As a consequence, when describing working arrangements between people and organisations, a 'terminological quagmire' results (Leathard, 1994, p5), with 'definitional chaos' (Ling, 2000, p83). This definitional chaos is replicated in the on-going challenges found by research, on inter-agency working. While much literature has focussed on these challenges and solutions, little attention has been given to the processes that make up inter-agency working. My research explored inter-agency working processes at the frontline of children's services in Scotland. It examined formal mechanisms of working together, such as meetings and referral forms, which organised professionals' work and their relationships with one another. I used institutional ethnography to investigate inter-agency working processes. The research was conducted in one local authority in Scotland over a period of eight months and within the framework of Getting It Right For Every Child (GIRFEC), which is the country's national policy approach for children. One component of GIRFEC is the Named Person. It is a provision that would provide every child in Scotland a professional (for most children the professional is going to be their health visitor or head teacher) to help safeguard their wellbeing by means of offering advice, support and referral to other services. This service will make teachers at promoted posts responsible for coordinating support for their pupils and will change mechanisms of inter-agency working. The tenets of institutional ethnography allowed me to observe and trace the ways in which professionals worked together. The research found that when professionals worked together, they shared information and that sharing of information was complicated by the burgeoning use of technology. The working processes involved revealed the power relations between people and between people and organisations: specifically, between teachers and the Children and Families team members of the council, as the latter was responsible for maintaining the formal inter-agency working mechanisms of GIRFEC. The thesis highlights that inter-agency meetings, as formalised ways of working together, can boost professionals' confidence as they wrestle with uncertainty about their actions as professionals and how best to address children and young people's needs. This thesis also shows how policy changes changed the ways in which professionals work together. The Named Person provision of GIRFEC has ignited public debates in Scotland. This thesis is contributing to the debates by providing evidence on how this new role has changed the relationships between the teachers and other professionals. This is pertinent as the Scottish Government is currently redesigning the Named Person policy.

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abstract: The present research expands on prior research that demonstrated a prototypical facial expression in response to cute, baby-like Kindchenschema targets. This expression, referred to as the tenderness expression, is recognizable to onlookers as a response to such stimuli. Across two studies, the current research examined if there were differences in perceptions of trustworthiness (Studies 1 and 2) and willingness to trust (Study 2) toward individuals displaying the tenderness expression as compared to a Duchenne smile or a neutral expression. Results indicate the tenderness expression is associated with lower ratings of trustworthiness relative to a smile, but no differences among the expressions on willingness to trust. Exploratory analyses demonstrate a replicated pattern of differences on the Big Five Personality Inventory among these three expressions. While these findings were not consistent with a priori hypotheses, this research provides further insight into the social implications associated with this tenderness expression. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Psychology 2019

The V Formation is a novelette which explores second-person narration, complex familial relationships, and grief. It questions what standards society sets for families, parents in particular, and what happens when your kin does not conform to these standards. As you grow older, how are you limited or how do you have authority in creating your family?

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskor som arbetar på äldreboende ska främja äldre personers livskvalitet och självbestämmande. För att kunna göra det är det nödvändigt att skapa en relation med den äldre personen. Denna relation ger möjlighet att ta del av den äldre personens livshistoria vilket är centralt för personcentrerad vård. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att sammanställa vårdvetenskaplig forskning om sjuksköterskors personcentrerade vård på äldreboende. Metod: Examensarbetet utgörs av en litteraturstudie i form av en metasyntes. Resultatet bygger på tio vårdvetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats som analyserats med hjälp av systematisk textkondensering. Resultat: Resultatet visar att sjuksköterskors inre och yttre resurser påverkar möjligheterna till personcentrerad vård på äldreboende. Att sjuksköterskor skapar vårdande relationer med den äldre personen, att sjuksköterskor har professionellt förhållningssätt och arbetar i team mot gemensamt mål är faktorer som är av betydelse. Slutsats: Examensarbetet visar att sjuksköterskors personcentrerade vård på äldreboende är beroende av sjuksköterskors inre resurser och yttre resurser. Sjuksköterskors personcentrerade vård på äldreboende stärker den äldre personens självbestämmande och delaktighet.

In his essay, Don’t Mourn for Us, Jim Sinclair describes autism as a “way of being.” He maintains there is “no normal child hidden behind the autism” and that “it colors every experience, every sensation, perception, thought, emotion, and encounter, every aspect of existence.” In an attempt to appreciate the depth of Sinclair’s statements, this thesis approaches autism as a “way of being” through the psychoanalytic theory of Jacques Lacan. By applying Lacan’s conceptual framework to first-person writing and scientific research, I lay an interdisciplinary foundation for the case I make. Although this project requires significant conceptual scaffolding across different epistemological systems, I consider how Lacanian theory possesses a unique capacity to conceive of autism as a way of being and to open new ways of approaching the source material. Implicitly, Sinclair asks that we consider the question of what it means “to be” – autistic, neurotypical, or otherwise. I approach this from the premise that an individual exists as a thinking being, or a “subject.” Because psychoanalysis is concerned with the constitutive role of the unconscious in structuring consciousness, this thesis invests substantial space in consideration of how the Lacanian subject is oriented around a fundamental lack. To this end, I return frequently to Lacan’s concept of objet a, understood as a representative of the subject’s lack in the perceptual realm that is itself lacking. Further, Lacan’s unique interpretation of Freud consists in placing language as the ultimate mediating structure of subjectivity; it both generates lack and establishes a system for mitigating it. One’s way of being is always a way of being in language.1 Given the predominant roles of language and social communication impairments in the DSM-V diagnostic criteria for autism, a main goal of this project is to consider how an autistic way of being entails a unique structuration of lack.2 Autism and psychoanalysis share a history that extends back to the origins of the diagnosis. I explore this history with a focus on how different psychoanalytic theories conceptualize the autistic subject and to what extent they honor or undermine Sinclair’s position. Contemporary Lacanian thinkers of autism do both. Unique to Lacan’s structural approach, the concept of the Other is inclusive of a radical alterity, yet also the system of language, the body, and certain aspects of the maternal and paternal functions. The subject is unthinkable apart from the Other. I suggest an autistic way of being is discernible in the autistic subject’s relation to each aspect of the Other. I find support for this claim in recent sensorimotor research. Referred to loosely as the movement perspective, this research suggests that differences in how autistic individuals move and perceive others is a “unifying characteristic” of autism.3 Importantly, the movement perspective is proactively inclusive of first-person knowledge. Read through Lacan’s conceptual framework, movement differences address the underlying mechanism of the autistic subject’s relation to the Other, and thus its way of being. Most fundamentally, this thesis is a work of theory that attempts to articulate something universal about being a subject, without simultaneously eliding what is unique about being an autistic subject

L’arrêt de la Cour de cassation du 2 décembre 2005 a énoncé qu’une sûreté réelle consentie pour garantir la dette d’un tiers n’implique aucun engagement personnel à satisfaire à l’obligation d’autrui et n’est dès lors pas un cautionnement,lequel ne se présume pas.La formule de la Cour de cassation,conduit à rejeter toute analogie entre les sûretés réelles pour autrui et le cautionnement personnel.Elle invite également, à ne pas appliquer aux sûretés réelles pour autrui, le régime du cautionnement, car différence de nature, signifie aussi différence de régime. Mais le législateur par sa réforme du droit des procédures collectives a réajusté la solution de la Haute Juridiction. En effet, la jurisprudence postérieure à l’arrêt du 2 décembre 2005, a très souvent manqué de nuance. Les solutions apportées aux différends litiges, résultent le plus souvent d’un raisonnement purement déductif, de la solution tirée de l’arrêt du 2 décembre 2005, de la Haute Juridiction.Les textes qui mentionnent le cautionnement personnel sont systématiquement écartés, au constituant de sûretés réelles pour autrui. Il faudrait maintenant que l’amorce annoncée par le législateur en droit des procédures collectives permette à la jurisprudence d’affiner sa solution. Le droit des procédures collectives de 2008, et de 2014 met en évidence la nécessité de faire apparaître dans la science juridique,la catégorie des sûretés pour autrui, et la catégorie des sûretés pour soi-même. Les sûretés pour autrui, qu’elles soient personnelles ou réelles, devraient obéir à un régime partiellement, puis totalement commun, ce qui signifie finalement qu’il n’y a pas une totale différence de nature entre le cautionnement personnel et les sûretés réelles pour autrui. Les sûretés réelles pour autrui devraient avoir un rôle fondamental dans la vie économique.Pour cela,il faut s’écarter du débat de la nature purement réelle ou mixte des sûretés réelle pour autrui, et s’orienter principalement sur la personne de la caution réelle,qui en l’état actuel de notre droit positif et en tant que tiers à la dette n’est pas protégée.La caution personnelle et la caution réelle sont des sûretés identiques,car elles sont avant tout des garanties de la dette d’autrui, elles sont l’accessoire de la dette du débiteur principal.La seule différence entre ces deux sûretés pour autrui réside dans l’étendue de leur engagement. La caution réelle étant un tiers à la dette et n’étant pas le débiteur, le seul droit des sûretés réelles ne peut répondre que partiellement à la technique de la garantie réelle pour autrui.Car il y a une différence entre celui qui garantit sa propre dette par des sûretés réelles appelé le débiteur,de celui qui garantit la dette d’un tiers par des sûretés réelles appelé la caution réelle. Il serait intéressant pour protéger la caution réelle,d’envisager la création d’une sûreté unique pour garantir réellement la dette d’autrui, en s’inspirant du succès du droit des sûretés Canadien et Américain qui sont des droits souples, réfléchis, modernes et uniformes. La sûreté réelle pour autrui française doit être efficace juridiquement et économiquement pour toutes les parties du contrat. La caution réelle qui engage son unique bien pour garantir la dette d’autrui prend un risque important tout comme la caution personnelle. L’avant-projet de réforme de sûretés de 2017, réintroduit dans un article 2291 le cautionnement réel comme étant une variété de cautionnement. Mais l’avant-projet de réforme de 2006 avait déjà essayé d’introduire le cautionnement réel dans un article 2285, comme étant une variété de cautionnement qui n’avait pas été retenu. Un régime primaire devrait donc être consacré aux garanties pour autrui;puis un droit spécial serait réservé au cautionnement personnel et à la sûreté réelle pour autrui.Cette solution est claire et précise et mettrai enfin un terme à l’amalgame créé par le mécanisme de la garantie réelle pour autrui, par la jurisprudence et la doctrine. / A collateral debt can be garantee personnaly or on sombody else property. The collateral guarantor which commits its only property to guarantee a debt takes a huge risk just like a personal guarantee. The pre reform of securities of 2017, reintroduced in an article 2291 the collateral garantee on property, like in the pre reform of safeties of 2006 in its article 2285, as being a variety of personal garantee. The article 2285 of the 2006 pre reform of securities has not been retained by law. To solve the problem on the protection of the collateral porperty garantor, a primary solution is to establish common rules for both collateral garantees, personal and on properties. And, the special rules of the personal garantee and the collateral garantee on goods. This solution will put an end on the conflict created by the search of the real qualification of the collateral guarantee.

Hintergrund: Über die psychische Gesundheit von Asylsuchenden in Deutschland ist wenig bekannt. Ziel dieser Studie ist, (1) die psychische Gesundheit der Asylsuchenden in der Würzburger Gemeinschaftsunterkunft zu beschreiben, (2) ihre Wahrnehmung der aktuellen Lebensbedingungen zu erfassen, sowie (3) mögliche Zusammenhänge zwischen beiden Bereichen zu untersuchen. Methoden: Alle Bewohner der Würzburger Gemeinschaftsunterkunft, welche zum Zeitpunkt der Befragung mindestens 16 Jahre alt waren und den Studienfragebogen in einer der Sprachen Arabisch, Amharisch, Farsi, Russich, Somali, Deutsch oder Englisch ausfüllen konnten, konnten an dieser Querschnittbefragung teilnehmen. Das Vorhandensein von psychischen Erkrankungen (Somatoformes Syndrom, Depressive Syndrome, Angstsyndrome, Alkoholsyndrom und eine Screeningfrage für PTBS), sowie das Ausmaß an psychosozialem Stress wurden mittels des PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) gemessen. Die subjektive Einschätzung der Lebensbedingungen durch die Teilnehmer wurde mit einem für die spezifischen Bedingungen entwickelten Fragebogen erfasst. Die Ergebnisse wurden deskriptiv dargestellt und Korrelationen zwischen der Bewertung der Lebensbedingungen und ausgewählten Parametern der psychischen Gesundheit wurden mittels Chi-Quadrat-Tests und des Spearman Rangkorrelationskoeffizienten berechnet. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt nahmen 183 Bewohner an der Befragung teil. Der PHQ konnte für 140 Teilnehmer ausgewertet werden, der Fragebogen zu aktuellen Lebensbedingungen für 113 Teilnehmer. Die häufigsten PHQ-Syndrome waren das Somatoforme Syndrom (38,6%; n=54), Depressive Syndrome (25,7% (n=36) Major Depressives Syndrom; 22,8% (n=32) andere depressive Syndrome) und Angstsyndrome (11,4% (n=16) Paniksyndrom, 9,3% (n=13) andere Angstsyndrome). Bei 38,6% (n=54) ergab der PHQ für mehr als ein Syndrom ein positives Ergebnis. Die Lebensbedingungen in der Gemeinschaftsunterkunft wurden größtenteils negativ bewertet und ihre Auswirkungen auf die eigene Gesundheit wurden im Mittel als „ziemlich stark“ beurteilt. Eine schlechtere Bewertung der Lebensbedingungen und eine längere Aufenthaltsdauer in der Gemeinschaftsunterkunft waren in univariaten Analysen mit einem schlechteren Ergebnis bezüglich verschiedener Parameter der psychischen Gesundheit assoziiert (z.B. depressive Syndrome, psychosoziale Belastung). Schlussfolgerung: Verschiedene Limitationen der Studie müssen berücksichtigt werden (z.B. Querschnittdesign, mangelnde Validierung der Fragebogenübersetzungen). Dennoch zeigen diese Ergebnisse eine deutliche Unzufriedenheit der Studienteilnehmer mit den Lebensbedingungen in der Gemeinschaftsunterkunft auf und lassen eine hohe Prävalenz psychischer Erkrankungen in der Studienpopulation vermuten. / Background: Little is known regarding mental health of asylum seekers in Germany. The objectives of this study are (1) to evaluate the mental health status of asylum seekers residing in the shared accommodation centre of Würzburg, Germany, (2) to describe their perception of current living conditions in the centre, and (3) to investigate potential associations between both aspects. Methods: Eligible participants for this cross-sectional study were all residents of the shared accommodation centre aged at least 16 years and who were able to fill in the survey questionnaire in one of the languages Arabic, Amharic, Farsi, Russian, Somali, German or English. The presence of mental disorders (including somatoform disorders, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, alcohol abuse, and a screening question on PTSD) as well as the amount of psychosocial stress, were assessed with the PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ). The participants’ perception of current living conditions was investigated with questions specifically developed for the study population. After descriptive analyses of the results, associations between the perceptions of living conditions and selected parameters of mental health were investigated with chi-squared-tests or Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, as appropriate. Results: Of 183 completed questionnaires, 140 were included in analyses of the PHQ and 113 in descriptive analyses of the living conditions. The most common PHQ-syndromes were somatoform syndrome (38.6%, n=54), depressive syndromes (25.7% (n=36) major depressive syndrome, 22.8% (n=32) other depressive syndromes) and anxiety syndromes (11.4% (n=16) panic syndrome, 9.3% (n=13) other anxiety syndromes). Overall, 38.6% (n=54) scored positive for more than one syndrome. The perception of current living conditions was mainly negative. A longer duration of residence in the centre as well as a more negative perception of current living conditions were associated with worse mental health outcomes in univariate analyses (e.g. regarding depressive symptoms and psychosocial stress). Conclusion: The study had some limitations, including the cross-sectional design and a lack of validated translations of survey instruments. However, the results indicate a potentially high prevalence of psychosocial stress and mental disorders in the study population as well as a strong dissatisfaction with current living conditions in the accommodation centre.

This thesis contributes to the field of Game Studies by presenting the hypothesis that the player(s) and soundscape(s) in the first-person shooter (FPS) game, and the relationships between them, may be construed as an acoustic ecology. It explores the idea that the single-player FPS game acoustic ecology has the basic components of player and soundscape and that the relationships between these two lead to the creation and perception of a variety of spaces within the game world constituting a significant contributing factor to player immersion in that world. Additionally, in a multiplayer FPS game, these individual acoustic ecologies form part of a larger acoustic ecology which may be explained through autopoietic principles. There has been little written on digital game sound (much less on FPS game sound) and so the research contained within this thesis is an important contribution to the Game Studies field. Furthermore, the elaboration of the hypothesis provides insight into the role of sound in the perception of a variety of spaces in the FPS game, and player immersion in those spaces, and this has significance not only for Game Studies but also for other disciplines such as virtual environment design and the study of real-world acoustic ecologies. A text-based methodology is employed in which literature from a range of disciplines is researched for concepts relevant to the hypothesis but, where necessary, new concepts will be devised. The aim of the methodology is to construct a conceptual framework which is used to explicate the hypothesis and which may, with future refinement, be used for the study of sound in digital game genres other than FPS.

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