Syftet med uppsatsen är att klargöra om den svenska regleringen av samernas vinterbetesmarker är förenlig med egendomsskyddet i artikel 1 första tilläggsprotokollet Europakonventionen. För att uppfylla det syftet utreds hur den svenska regleringen av samernas vinterbetesmarker ser ut, hur egendomsskyddet i Europakonventionen är utformat och slutligen om den svenska regleringen är förenlig med egendomsskyddet. Eftersom Europakonventionen är ett folkrättsligt traktat som dessutom har till syfte att skydda mänskliga rättigheter påverkas tolkningen av konventionen dels av folkrättsliga regler om traktatstolkning, men också av andra folkrättsliga instrument som exempelvis rör skydd för mänskliga rättigheter. Samerna är ett urfolk, och det finns folkrättsliga regler som skyddar urfolks markrättigheter. För att uppfylla uppsatsens syfte utreds därför frågorna hur Europakonventionen påverkas av folkrätten, samt vilket skydd urfolk har för sina markrättigheter enligt folkrätten. Utredningen av den svenska regleringen av samernas vinterbetesmarker visar att det är mycket svårt och kostsamt för samerna att i domstol styrka att de har rätt till vinterbete. Detta leder till rättsförluster eftersom samerna inte har råd att gå i svaromål i tvister rörande sin rätt till vinterbete. De områden där samerna kan låta sina renar beta om vintern minskar på grund av detta, vilket påverkar rennäringen som är en viktig del av den samiska kulturen negativt. När de folkrättsliga reglerna för urfolks markrättigheter utreds visar det sig också att den svenska regleringen av samernas vinterbetesmarker inte ger samerna ett skydd vilket är lika starkt som vad som följer av den folkrättsliga standarden. Utredningen av de tolkningsregler som är tillämpliga vid tolkningen av Europakonventionen visar att de folkrättsliga reglerna om urfolks markrättigheter är högst relevanta för hur konventionen ska tolkas. När egendomsskyddet i artikel 1 första tilläggsprotokollet tolkas med beaktande av de folkrättsliga reglerna blir det tydligt att den svenska regleringen av samernas vinterbetesmarker inte är förenlig med Europakonventionen. / The purpose of this thesis is to ascertain whether the Swedish rules concerning Sami reindeer winter pastures is compatible with the right of property provided for in Article 1 of the First Additional Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). To fulfill this purpose, the rules concerning Sami winter pastures and the right to property in the ECHR will be examined, and finally it will be ascertained whether the Swedish rules are in harmony with the right of property in the ECHR. Because the ECHR as a treaty is part of public international law, and since its purpose is to protect human rights its interpretation can be affected by both international rules for treaty interpretation as well as other international law instruments. The Sami, as an indigenous people, have certain land rights according to several different international instruments. To fulfill the purpose of this thesis in a satisfactory manner will therefore require an examination of how the ECHR is affected by other rules in public international law, as well as the protection international law offers for indigenous peoples’ land rights. When the Swedish rules concerning Sami land rights are examined, it becomes apparent that it is very difficult and costly for the Sami to prove their right to winter pastures in court. Because of this the Sami oftentimes are not able to afford the legal costs necessary for them to adequately protect their right to reindeer winter pastures. Consequently, the areas which can be used by the Sami for reindeer herding during winters are shrinking. This affects the traditional Sami occupation of reindeer husbandry, which is an important part of Sami culture negatively. The examination of indigenous land rights under international law shows that the Swedish rules are not up to par with international standards. The examination of how the ECHR should be interpreted makes it clear that indigenous rights under international law are relevant for the interpretation of the convention. Finally, when the right to property in the ECHR is examined with regard to international rules concerning indigenous land rights it is clear that the Swedish rules concerning Sami reindeer winter pastures are not compatible with the ECHR.

In March of 2017, New Zealand passed the Te Awa Tupua Act, a law that established the river Whanganui as a legal entity, with the same rights and obligations as a person. This commitment from the New Zealand government gave rise to the possibilities of protecting the ecosystem surrounding the river, but also strengthen the rights of the indigenous people, the Māori's, which consider Whanganui a part of their ancestry and heritage. The aim of this research is to study the ethical argumentation that motivates the recognition of the Whanganui River as a legal entity and connect that with the theoretical approach presented by Mikael Stenmark in Miljöetik och Miljövård: Miljöfrågornas Värderingsmässiga Dimension. The study will also seek to observe how the argumentation is influenced by a minority perspective, more specifically the Māori, and the oppression of their people since the colonization of New Zealand. The theoretical foundations for this study is the environmental ethics framework presented by Stenmark, which can be summed up in three main approaches: anthropocentrism, ecocentrism and biocentrism. A content-oriented ideational analysis lays the groundwork for mapping what moral positions and perceptions that motivates the recognition of the Whanganui River as a legal entity. In addititon, the study has transcribed videos with indigenous people which has been categorized and structured according to the theoretical framework. The analysis concludes that the colonial intergenerational oppression on the Māori's and the observed negative impact on the river corresponds with the well-being of the Māori people. This observed correlation, combined with a modified holistic ecocentrism, is the foundation to which a selected group of Māori's justify and motivate the Te Awa Tupua Act. This essay also problematize that environmental ethics is characterized by a context that need to be supplemented with an updated and multifaceted view of our nature and indigenous people, which draws attention to more positions that in history have not been given enough space in academic context.

Indigenous peoples are living all over the world. In Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia, live the last indigenous peoples of Europe, the Sámi people. Just like many other indigenous peoples in the world they need to find a way to coexist with the majority population in their home state. The coexistence creates many conflicts of interests between the state and the Sámi people. One of the biggest issues that the Sámi people face is regarding land use and self-determination. Norway and Sweden have been selected as the analysis units and this study deals with how the Sámi parliaments and the county administrations view and work with these matters. This study is based on a qualitative method, using semi-structured interviews with representatives from two different county administrations in Sweden, and one in Norway, as well as one from each Sámi parliament. The result will be analyzed by using the theories of Will Kymlika: “Multicultural citizenship: a liberal theory of minority rights” and Amartya Sen: “Development of freedom”. We have reached the conclusion that the county administrations are advocating for the rights of the Sámi people and they receive assignments from the state to handle it. Although it is not done with enough resources and tools to ensure a sustainable future for them. This issue is related to the historical and judicial factors coupled with the green transition industry.

In recent decades, there has been a growing recognition of Indigenous rights over traditional territories and natural resources, alongside the intensification of extractive activities on Indigenous lands, often in violation of their rights.The paradox is driven by several factors, including escalating global commodity prices, energy security concerns, and the shift towards green energy. While Sweden has long been known for promoting human rights and environmental standards, the exploitation of rare earth metals in Kiruna has emerged as a significant priority on the Swedish political agenda. These metals are crucial for producing green energy technologies and advancing green energy transition in the country as well as Europe. However, mining rare earth metals in Kiruna raises concerns about the impact on the traditional ways of life of the Sámi Indigenous people, who rely on these territories for their survival and cultural identity. The Sámi people have a deep connection to the land and are greatly affected by environmental changes, including mining activities in their territories. This thesis aims to explore the role of the Sámi Indigenous people in the decision-making process of the Per Geijer expansion of Kiruna mine. Considering the significant priority given to advancing the green energy transition, a critical question arises whether the green energy transition is truly “green” if it requires sacrificing the cultural heritage of the Sámi Indigenous communities in the area.  By employing various perspectives and drawing on environmental justice and interactive governance theories, this thesis aims to shed light on this complex intersection of mining, Indigenous rights, and the pursuit of sustainability, with a particular emphasis on the social sustainability implications.

There is considerable geographical overlap between areas set aside for nature conservation or protection and Indigenous peoples’ lands, and the social, economic, and political consequences of protected areas have often been extensive for Indigenous peoples. Discourses of conservation converge with discourses of Indigenous peoples, and both carry a legacy of colonial constructs and relationships. With these overlaps as a point of departure, the purpose of this thesis is to explore how the discourses that govern nature conservation and protected areas shape the conditions for Indigenous peoples’ influence and participation in the governance and management of protected areas on their lands. I pursue this aim by analyzing, and critically examining the consequences of, the construction of Indigenous subject positions and conditions for agency in discourses of nature conservation and protected areas. The empirical focus of the thesis lies with international discourses of protected areas and Indigenous peoples and on local and national discourses articulated in relation to two cases of protected areas in Sápmi. My analytical framework builds on postcolonial theory and discourse theory. I use space for agency as a concept to describe and analyze the effects of the discursive positionings and constructions that shape the ability or capacity of individuals or group to act or to be perceived as legitimate actors. My results show twomain articulations of Indigenous subject positions in protected area discourses, which enable and restrain the space for Indigenous agency in different ways. One articulation connects Indigenous peoples to conservation through the concept of traditional knowledge, thereby positioning Indigenous subjects mainly as holders of traditional knowledge and justifying Indigenous influence by its potential contribution to conservation objectives. The other articulation focuses on the rights pertaining to Indigenous peoples as peoples, including land rights and the right to selfdetermination. These articulations are not necessarily mutually exclusive, but they have potentially different consequences and indicate discursive tensions that can affect the space for Indigenous agency in relation to protected areas. Moreover, my results demonstrate the hegemony of discourses that takes conservation through area protection for granted and subordinates Indigenous land use to conservation objectives, structure Indigenous agency as “participation” in specific types of arrangement, and articulate Indigenous rights in relation to hegemonic constructions of sovereignty, self-determination, and rights. These hegemonic formations silence articulations that would challenge the authority of colonizing societies over Indigenous territories, suppress radical critique of the fundamental nature of arrangements for protected area governance and management, and subdue alternatives to discourses of contemporary liberal democracy and individual property rights.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:28:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Henrique de Oliveira.pdf: 1902035 bytes, checksum: fa7dcecd1f77cf0a9424bdb2fce05fcb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This essay aims to examine indigenous peoples right to health, particularly its protection by Brazilian constitutional law and by international law. Since colonial times indigenous peoples health are inferior to non-indigenous. Several indigenous communities experience dire health conditions, with numerous casualties, especially within children, in virtue of the lack of medical care. Such poor conditions are worsened by ethnic transfiguration, environmental degradation and indigenous impoverishment. Notwithstanding, indigenous peoples rights and, in particular, its right to health have been gaining strength in constitutional and international human rights law. In this scenario, emerges the challenge of articulating constitutional and international regulation, in order to render indigenous peoples right to health effective. To that purpose, it is necessary to investigate how the law defines indigenous peoples; the constitutional evolution of indigenous rights; the constitutional principles of indigenous peoples right to health; the international recognition of indigenous peoples human rights and the international protection of the right to health / A presente dissertação trata do direito dos povos indígenas à saúde, sua proteção constitucional brasileira e internacional (Sistema Global de Proteção dos Direitos Humanos Organização das Nações Unidas). Desde os idos da colonização, a saúde dos povos indígenas apresenta-se em pior situação que a dos não-indígenas. Atualmente, inúmeras comunidades indígenas vivenciam precárias condições de saúde com índices expressivos de vítimas, sobretudo crianças, por desassistência médica quadro agravado pela transfiguração étnica, pela degradação ambiental e pelo empobrecimento indígena. Não obstante, os direitos indígenas e, especialmente, o direito à saúde têm sido fortalecidos nos âmbitos constitucional e internacional dos direitos humanos. Nesse cenário, emerge o desafio de articular os postulados constitucionais e internacionais, com o propósito de concretizar o direito indígena à saúde. É imperioso, para tanto, investigar a definição jurídico-constitucional de índioindígenas; a evolução constitucional dos direitos indígenas; os vetores constitucionais do direito à saúde indígena; a afirmação internacional dos direitos humanos dos povos indígenas e a proteção internacional do direto à saúde

Os guarani possuem concepções diferentes da sociedade não indígena dos conceitos de sociedade, natureza, território e saúde, o que caracteriza sua cosmologia perspectivista, que compreende essas noções de maneira integrada. Esses conceitos e lógicas guarani caracterizam o seu modo de ser guarani ou mbyá reko. Visando a compreensão da relação estabelecida entre o Estado e o modo de ser guarani, a partir das políticas públicas, essa dissertação objetivou compreender as interfaces e descompassos entre o modo de ser guarani, as políticas públicas e os direitos dos povos indígenas na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Este objetivo desdobrou-se em: a) caracterizar o modo de ser guarani e a rede de instituições na região metropolitana; b) caracterizar as instituições e políticas públicas de habitação, saúde, ambiente e agricultura, relacionadas aos guarani; e, c) analisar as interfaces e descompassos entre as políticas públicas efetivadas na região metropolitana em relação aos direitos e demandas guarani. Para atingir tal objetivo, fez-se o uso dos referenciais do Etnodesenvolvimento, os quais baseiam-se nos princípios da ética discursiva e da simetrização da posição dos pesquisadores/mediadores e dos povos indígenas. A metodologia constou da etnografia dos espaços públicos onde se acompanhou o desenvolvimento de programas e ações institucionais na região metropolitana em parceria com os coletivos guarani, entre novembro de 2009 e setembro de 2010. Nestas ocasiões pôde-se identificar as demandas, reivindicações e lógicas guarani sobre as políticas públicas, bem como a relação entre os guarani, técnicos e pesquisadores, formadora do tecido social das redes entre os guarani e instituições. Também foram realizadas quatorze entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os pesquisadores e técnicos das instituições e lideranças guarani que atuam nesta rede. A análise dos dados foi realizada através de abordagem qualitativa, utilizando-se a análise de conteúdo; também foi elaborada a rede entre instituições e os guarani, através do Software Ucinet 6 for Windows, versão 6.325; e Netdraw versão 2.28. A situação guarani na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre é de falta de terras, convivendo em uma região rururbana com uma complexidade de atores sociais que não estão conscientes da questão indígena. Contudo, a proximidade com a capital, facilita o acesso a técnicos, pesquisadores e instituições capacitados e comprometidos com a efetivação dos direitos guarani, permitindo o estabelecimento e fortalecimento de sua rede de instituições. Nela são reconhecidas doze instituições, com maior proximidade, que atuam em uma realidade de escassez de recursos, cujos gestores buscam estabelecer o diálogo com os guarani, a partir dos princípios do Etnodesenvolvimento. Em relação ao diálogo das políticas públicas com o modo de ser guarani, ressalta-se que o maior descompasso relaciona-se ao fato das políticas públicas partirem de pressupostos e conceitos da sociedade ocidental para solucionar os “problemas dos guarani”. Nesse sentido, é necessário que as políticas públicas não apresentem projetos já delimitados. Outro avanço necessário seria uma maior comunicação e articulação entre os órgãos públicos, para que as diversas áreas de ação desses possam ter uma atuação conjunta, assim considerando os conceitos guarani, onde terra, saúde, habitação, agricultura, natureza, bem-estar estão integrados. Está-se iniciando uma nova fase na evolução dos direitos indígenas, com sua integração à Legislação e sua concretização através de políticas públicas, desenvolvidas no âmbito do Etnodesenvolvimento, o que está presente na região metropolitana na implementação das políticas de saúde e agrícola. Embora submetidos a esta situação, os guarani demonstram muita resistência e autonomia em relação aos padrões ocidentais de vida e bem estar. Os guarani, buscando seus direitos, acionam sua rede de instituições, estabelecidas através de relações de reciprocidade interpessoais, buscando a garantia do direito ao mbyá reko. Entende-se que apenas quando se compreender, através da convivência, diálogo e respeito, o mbyá reko e do que o mundo guarani é feito é que se poderão desenvolver políticas públicas adequadas ao modo de ser guarani, a serem implementadas de forma integrada às políticas de Estado, efetivando a construção de um país plural e multicultural. / The guarani have different conceptions of non-indigenous society of the concepts of society, nature, health and territory, which characterizes its perspectival cosmology, which includes such notions in an integrated manner. These concepts and logical guarani characterize its “mode of being” or mbyá reko. Aiming the understanding of the relationship established between State and guarani “mode of being”, through public policy, this dissertation sought to understand the interfaces and mismatches between the mode of being guarani, public policies and the rights of indigenous peoples in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre. This objective was divided into: a) describe the mode of being guarani and the network between the guarani and institutions in the metropolitan region, b) characterize institutions and public policies on habitation, health, environment and agriculture, related to the guarani and c) analyze the interfaces and mismatches between public policies in the metropolitan region in relation to the rights and demands guarani. To achieve this objective, it was used the referential of Ethnodevelopment, which are based on the principles of discoursive ethics and the symmetrization of the position of researchers / mediators and indigenous peoples. The methodology consisted of an ethnographic study of public spaces where were accompanied the development of institutional programs and activities in the metropolitan region in partnership with the collective guarani, between November 2009 and September 2010. On these occasions it was possible to identify the demands, claims and guarani logical about the public policies, and the relationship between the guarani, technicians and researchers, teacher of the social networks between the guarani and institutions. Fourteen semi-structured interviews were also conducted with researchers, technicians from the institutions and guarani leaders, who work in this network. Data analysis was performed using a qualitative approach, using content analysis; a network between institutions and the guarani was also elaborated, through the software Ucinet 6 for Windows, version 6325, and Netdraw version 2.28. The situation guarani in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre is the lack of land, living in a rururban region with a complexity of social actors who are not aware of indigenous issues. However, the proximity to the capital, facilitates access to technicians, researchers and institutions trained and committed about the effectuation of the guarani rights, allowing the establishment and strengthening of its institutions network. It is recognized twelve institutions, with close proximity, acting in a reality of scarce resources, whose representatives are seeking to establish dialogue with the guarani, from the principles of Ethnodevelopment. Regarding the public policy dialogue with the guarani mode of being, it is emphasized that the biggest gap is related to the fact that public policies are panned from the concepts and assumptions of Western society, that wants to solve the "problems” of the guarani. Thus, it is necessary that public policies have not already defined projects. Another necessary advance would be more communication and coordination among government agencies so that the various areas of action of these institutions may have a joint performance and, so, considering the concepts guarani, where land, health, habitation, agriculture, nature, wellness are integrated. It’s starting a new phase in the evolution of indigenous rights, their integration in the legislation and its implementation through public policies, developed under the Ethnodevelopment, a reality that is present in the metropolitan region, in the implementation of health and agriculture policies. While undergoing this reality, the guarani show much strength and autonomy in relation to Western standards of living and welfare. The guarani, seeking their rights, activate its network of institutions, with wich they established reciprocal interpersonal relationships, seeking to guarantee the right to mbyá reko. It is understood that only when we understand, from dialogue and respect, mbyá reko and of what the Guarani world is done, it will be possible to develop appropriate public policies to guarani reality, to be implemented in an integrated way to the State policies, effecting the construction of a plural and multicultural country.

Os guarani possuem concepções diferentes da sociedade não indígena dos conceitos de sociedade, natureza, território e saúde, o que caracteriza sua cosmologia perspectivista, que compreende essas noções de maneira integrada. Esses conceitos e lógicas guarani caracterizam o seu modo de ser guarani ou mbyá reko. Visando a compreensão da relação estabelecida entre o Estado e o modo de ser guarani, a partir das políticas públicas, essa dissertação objetivou compreender as interfaces e descompassos entre o modo de ser guarani, as políticas públicas e os direitos dos povos indígenas na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Este objetivo desdobrou-se em: a) caracterizar o modo de ser guarani e a rede de instituições na região metropolitana; b) caracterizar as instituições e políticas públicas de habitação, saúde, ambiente e agricultura, relacionadas aos guarani; e, c) analisar as interfaces e descompassos entre as políticas públicas efetivadas na região metropolitana em relação aos direitos e demandas guarani. Para atingir tal objetivo, fez-se o uso dos referenciais do Etnodesenvolvimento, os quais baseiam-se nos princípios da ética discursiva e da simetrização da posição dos pesquisadores/mediadores e dos povos indígenas. A metodologia constou da etnografia dos espaços públicos onde se acompanhou o desenvolvimento de programas e ações institucionais na região metropolitana em parceria com os coletivos guarani, entre novembro de 2009 e setembro de 2010. Nestas ocasiões pôde-se identificar as demandas, reivindicações e lógicas guarani sobre as políticas públicas, bem como a relação entre os guarani, técnicos e pesquisadores, formadora do tecido social das redes entre os guarani e instituições. Também foram realizadas quatorze entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os pesquisadores e técnicos das instituições e lideranças guarani que atuam nesta rede. A análise dos dados foi realizada através de abordagem qualitativa, utilizando-se a análise de conteúdo; também foi elaborada a rede entre instituições e os guarani, através do Software Ucinet 6 for Windows, versão 6.325; e Netdraw versão 2.28. A situação guarani na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre é de falta de terras, convivendo em uma região rururbana com uma complexidade de atores sociais que não estão conscientes da questão indígena. Contudo, a proximidade com a capital, facilita o acesso a técnicos, pesquisadores e instituições capacitados e comprometidos com a efetivação dos direitos guarani, permitindo o estabelecimento e fortalecimento de sua rede de instituições. Nela são reconhecidas doze instituições, com maior proximidade, que atuam em uma realidade de escassez de recursos, cujos gestores buscam estabelecer o diálogo com os guarani, a partir dos princípios do Etnodesenvolvimento. Em relação ao diálogo das políticas públicas com o modo de ser guarani, ressalta-se que o maior descompasso relaciona-se ao fato das políticas públicas partirem de pressupostos e conceitos da sociedade ocidental para solucionar os “problemas dos guarani”. Nesse sentido, é necessário que as políticas públicas não apresentem projetos já delimitados. Outro avanço necessário seria uma maior comunicação e articulação entre os órgãos públicos, para que as diversas áreas de ação desses possam ter uma atuação conjunta, assim considerando os conceitos guarani, onde terra, saúde, habitação, agricultura, natureza, bem-estar estão integrados. Está-se iniciando uma nova fase na evolução dos direitos indígenas, com sua integração à Legislação e sua concretização através de políticas públicas, desenvolvidas no âmbito do Etnodesenvolvimento, o que está presente na região metropolitana na implementação das políticas de saúde e agrícola. Embora submetidos a esta situação, os guarani demonstram muita resistência e autonomia em relação aos padrões ocidentais de vida e bem estar. Os guarani, buscando seus direitos, acionam sua rede de instituições, estabelecidas através de relações de reciprocidade interpessoais, buscando a garantia do direito ao mbyá reko. Entende-se que apenas quando se compreender, através da convivência, diálogo e respeito, o mbyá reko e do que o mundo guarani é feito é que se poderão desenvolver políticas públicas adequadas ao modo de ser guarani, a serem implementadas de forma integrada às políticas de Estado, efetivando a construção de um país plural e multicultural. / The guarani have different conceptions of non-indigenous society of the concepts of society, nature, health and territory, which characterizes its perspectival cosmology, which includes such notions in an integrated manner. These concepts and logical guarani characterize its “mode of being” or mbyá reko. Aiming the understanding of the relationship established between State and guarani “mode of being”, through public policy, this dissertation sought to understand the interfaces and mismatches between the mode of being guarani, public policies and the rights of indigenous peoples in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre. This objective was divided into: a) describe the mode of being guarani and the network between the guarani and institutions in the metropolitan region, b) characterize institutions and public policies on habitation, health, environment and agriculture, related to the guarani and c) analyze the interfaces and mismatches between public policies in the metropolitan region in relation to the rights and demands guarani. To achieve this objective, it was used the referential of Ethnodevelopment, which are based on the principles of discoursive ethics and the symmetrization of the position of researchers / mediators and indigenous peoples. The methodology consisted of an ethnographic study of public spaces where were accompanied the development of institutional programs and activities in the metropolitan region in partnership with the collective guarani, between November 2009 and September 2010. On these occasions it was possible to identify the demands, claims and guarani logical about the public policies, and the relationship between the guarani, technicians and researchers, teacher of the social networks between the guarani and institutions. Fourteen semi-structured interviews were also conducted with researchers, technicians from the institutions and guarani leaders, who work in this network. Data analysis was performed using a qualitative approach, using content analysis; a network between institutions and the guarani was also elaborated, through the software Ucinet 6 for Windows, version 6325, and Netdraw version 2.28. The situation guarani in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre is the lack of land, living in a rururban region with a complexity of social actors who are not aware of indigenous issues. However, the proximity to the capital, facilitates access to technicians, researchers and institutions trained and committed about the effectuation of the guarani rights, allowing the establishment and strengthening of its institutions network. It is recognized twelve institutions, with close proximity, acting in a reality of scarce resources, whose representatives are seeking to establish dialogue with the guarani, from the principles of Ethnodevelopment. Regarding the public policy dialogue with the guarani mode of being, it is emphasized that the biggest gap is related to the fact that public policies are panned from the concepts and assumptions of Western society, that wants to solve the "problems” of the guarani. Thus, it is necessary that public policies have not already defined projects. Another necessary advance would be more communication and coordination among government agencies so that the various areas of action of these institutions may have a joint performance and, so, considering the concepts guarani, where land, health, habitation, agriculture, nature, wellness are integrated. It’s starting a new phase in the evolution of indigenous rights, their integration in the legislation and its implementation through public policies, developed under the Ethnodevelopment, a reality that is present in the metropolitan region, in the implementation of health and agriculture policies. While undergoing this reality, the guarani show much strength and autonomy in relation to Western standards of living and welfare. The guarani, seeking their rights, activate its network of institutions, with wich they established reciprocal interpersonal relationships, seeking to guarantee the right to mbyá reko. It is understood that only when we understand, from dialogue and respect, mbyá reko and of what the Guarani world is done, it will be possible to develop appropriate public policies to guarani reality, to be implemented in an integrated way to the State policies, effecting the construction of a plural and multicultural country.

Os guarani possuem concepções diferentes da sociedade não indígena dos conceitos de sociedade, natureza, território e saúde, o que caracteriza sua cosmologia perspectivista, que compreende essas noções de maneira integrada. Esses conceitos e lógicas guarani caracterizam o seu modo de ser guarani ou mbyá reko. Visando a compreensão da relação estabelecida entre o Estado e o modo de ser guarani, a partir das políticas públicas, essa dissertação objetivou compreender as interfaces e descompassos entre o modo de ser guarani, as políticas públicas e os direitos dos povos indígenas na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Este objetivo desdobrou-se em: a) caracterizar o modo de ser guarani e a rede de instituições na região metropolitana; b) caracterizar as instituições e políticas públicas de habitação, saúde, ambiente e agricultura, relacionadas aos guarani; e, c) analisar as interfaces e descompassos entre as políticas públicas efetivadas na região metropolitana em relação aos direitos e demandas guarani. Para atingir tal objetivo, fez-se o uso dos referenciais do Etnodesenvolvimento, os quais baseiam-se nos princípios da ética discursiva e da simetrização da posição dos pesquisadores/mediadores e dos povos indígenas. A metodologia constou da etnografia dos espaços públicos onde se acompanhou o desenvolvimento de programas e ações institucionais na região metropolitana em parceria com os coletivos guarani, entre novembro de 2009 e setembro de 2010. Nestas ocasiões pôde-se identificar as demandas, reivindicações e lógicas guarani sobre as políticas públicas, bem como a relação entre os guarani, técnicos e pesquisadores, formadora do tecido social das redes entre os guarani e instituições. Também foram realizadas quatorze entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os pesquisadores e técnicos das instituições e lideranças guarani que atuam nesta rede. A análise dos dados foi realizada através de abordagem qualitativa, utilizando-se a análise de conteúdo; também foi elaborada a rede entre instituições e os guarani, através do Software Ucinet 6 for Windows, versão 6.325; e Netdraw versão 2.28. A situação guarani na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre é de falta de terras, convivendo em uma região rururbana com uma complexidade de atores sociais que não estão conscientes da questão indígena. Contudo, a proximidade com a capital, facilita o acesso a técnicos, pesquisadores e instituições capacitados e comprometidos com a efetivação dos direitos guarani, permitindo o estabelecimento e fortalecimento de sua rede de instituições. Nela são reconhecidas doze instituições, com maior proximidade, que atuam em uma realidade de escassez de recursos, cujos gestores buscam estabelecer o diálogo com os guarani, a partir dos princípios do Etnodesenvolvimento. Em relação ao diálogo das políticas públicas com o modo de ser guarani, ressalta-se que o maior descompasso relaciona-se ao fato das políticas públicas partirem de pressupostos e conceitos da sociedade ocidental para solucionar os “problemas dos guarani”. Nesse sentido, é necessário que as políticas públicas não apresentem projetos já delimitados. Outro avanço necessário seria uma maior comunicação e articulação entre os órgãos públicos, para que as diversas áreas de ação desses possam ter uma atuação conjunta, assim considerando os conceitos guarani, onde terra, saúde, habitação, agricultura, natureza, bem-estar estão integrados. Está-se iniciando uma nova fase na evolução dos direitos indígenas, com sua integração à Legislação e sua concretização através de políticas públicas, desenvolvidas no âmbito do Etnodesenvolvimento, o que está presente na região metropolitana na implementação das políticas de saúde e agrícola. Embora submetidos a esta situação, os guarani demonstram muita resistência e autonomia em relação aos padrões ocidentais de vida e bem estar. Os guarani, buscando seus direitos, acionam sua rede de instituições, estabelecidas através de relações de reciprocidade interpessoais, buscando a garantia do direito ao mbyá reko. Entende-se que apenas quando se compreender, através da convivência, diálogo e respeito, o mbyá reko e do que o mundo guarani é feito é que se poderão desenvolver políticas públicas adequadas ao modo de ser guarani, a serem implementadas de forma integrada às políticas de Estado, efetivando a construção de um país plural e multicultural. / The guarani have different conceptions of non-indigenous society of the concepts of society, nature, health and territory, which characterizes its perspectival cosmology, which includes such notions in an integrated manner. These concepts and logical guarani characterize its “mode of being” or mbyá reko. Aiming the understanding of the relationship established between State and guarani “mode of being”, through public policy, this dissertation sought to understand the interfaces and mismatches between the mode of being guarani, public policies and the rights of indigenous peoples in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre. This objective was divided into: a) describe the mode of being guarani and the network between the guarani and institutions in the metropolitan region, b) characterize institutions and public policies on habitation, health, environment and agriculture, related to the guarani and c) analyze the interfaces and mismatches between public policies in the metropolitan region in relation to the rights and demands guarani. To achieve this objective, it was used the referential of Ethnodevelopment, which are based on the principles of discoursive ethics and the symmetrization of the position of researchers / mediators and indigenous peoples. The methodology consisted of an ethnographic study of public spaces where were accompanied the development of institutional programs and activities in the metropolitan region in partnership with the collective guarani, between November 2009 and September 2010. On these occasions it was possible to identify the demands, claims and guarani logical about the public policies, and the relationship between the guarani, technicians and researchers, teacher of the social networks between the guarani and institutions. Fourteen semi-structured interviews were also conducted with researchers, technicians from the institutions and guarani leaders, who work in this network. Data analysis was performed using a qualitative approach, using content analysis; a network between institutions and the guarani was also elaborated, through the software Ucinet 6 for Windows, version 6325, and Netdraw version 2.28. The situation guarani in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre is the lack of land, living in a rururban region with a complexity of social actors who are not aware of indigenous issues. However, the proximity to the capital, facilitates access to technicians, researchers and institutions trained and committed about the effectuation of the guarani rights, allowing the establishment and strengthening of its institutions network. It is recognized twelve institutions, with close proximity, acting in a reality of scarce resources, whose representatives are seeking to establish dialogue with the guarani, from the principles of Ethnodevelopment. Regarding the public policy dialogue with the guarani mode of being, it is emphasized that the biggest gap is related to the fact that public policies are panned from the concepts and assumptions of Western society, that wants to solve the "problems” of the guarani. Thus, it is necessary that public policies have not already defined projects. Another necessary advance would be more communication and coordination among government agencies so that the various areas of action of these institutions may have a joint performance and, so, considering the concepts guarani, where land, health, habitation, agriculture, nature, wellness are integrated. It’s starting a new phase in the evolution of indigenous rights, their integration in the legislation and its implementation through public policies, developed under the Ethnodevelopment, a reality that is present in the metropolitan region, in the implementation of health and agriculture policies. While undergoing this reality, the guarani show much strength and autonomy in relation to Western standards of living and welfare. The guarani, seeking their rights, activate its network of institutions, with wich they established reciprocal interpersonal relationships, seeking to guarantee the right to mbyá reko. It is understood that only when we understand, from dialogue and respect, mbyá reko and of what the Guarani world is done, it will be possible to develop appropriate public policies to guarani reality, to be implemented in an integrated way to the State policies, effecting the construction of a plural and multicultural country.

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