La cinématique de l’articulation du genou est complexe. Elle est déterminée par des paramètres géométriques et des paramètres mécaniques. Les paramètres géométriques sont principalement définis par la géométrie des os, des surfaces articulaires et par les insertions des différents tissus mous. Les paramètres mécaniques sont définis par les caractéristiques des tissus mous exprimés par les lois qui relient les distances entre leurs insertions et les efforts qu’ils génèrent. Les muscles, tendons et ligaments sont caractérisés par leur constante de raideur et leur pré-tension à une position donnée de l’articulation du genou : l’extension totale. Cette thèse analyse à l’aide d’un modèle multi-corps rigides le comportement de l’articulation du genou. La première partie de la thèse décrit la constitution du modèle. La seconde partie positionne le modèle dans des conditions aux limites. La troisième partie présente les résultats du modèle et les compare à différentes publications de la bibliographie. La quatrième et dernière partie fait varier les différents paramètres mécaniques et quantifie leur influence sur la cinématique du genou. Une synthèse des résultats permet de mettre en évidence les paramètres les plus influents sur la rotation interne/externe du tibia par rapport au fémur et sur l’avancée/recul du fémur par rapport au tibia pendant le mouvement de flexion du genou. / Knee kinematic is complex. It depends of geometric parameters and mechanical parameters. Geometric parameters are mainly defined by bone geometry, articular surfaces and by several soft tissues insertions. Mechanical parameters are defined by soft tissues characteristics designed by laws which link distances between their insertions and generated forces. Muscles, tendons, and ligaments are characterized by linear stiffness and pre-load at one specific position of knee joint: full extension. This work analyzes with rigid-body simulation tool, the knee joint comportment. First part of this work describes model construction. Second part places model inside external loads and constrains. Third part shows model results and compares them to several bibliographies. Last and forth part tests several values of each mechanical parameter. This part evaluates influence of parameter to knee kinematic. Synthesis of results helps to show most influent parameters on internal/external rotation of tibia relative to femur and on femur anterior/posterior displacement during knee flexion movement.

Este trabalho foi realizado tendo como objetivo o estudo do ponto invariante com a temperatura (ZTC - Zero Temperature Coefficient) para transistores com estrutura SOI FinFET em relação aos efeitos de tensionamento e radiação, através da utilização de dados experimentais e de um modelo analítico. Foram analisados primeiramente os parâmetros básicos de tensão de limiar e transcondutância, nos quais está baseado todo o modelo e verificado a influência dos efeitos do tensionamento e da radiação nos mesmos, para analisar o comportamento da tensão de porta no ponto ZTC em dispositivos do tipo n. Foram utilizados dispositivos com três dimensões de largura de aleta (fin) diferentes, 20nm, 120nm e 370nm e comprimento de canal de 150nm e de forma comparativa em dispositivos de 900nm, em quatro lâminas diferentes, sem/com tensionamento e/ou sem/com radiação. A tensão de limiar sofre grande influência do tensionamento, enquanto a radiação tem menor efeito na tensão de limiar na faixa estudada, passando a ter maiores significâncias nos dispositivos tensionados com maior largura de aleta. A transcondutância também sofre maior influência do efeito de tensionamento, sendo neste parâmetro a alteração pelo efeito da radiação muito menor. Contudo estes dois parâmetros geram outros dois parâmetros essenciais para análise do ZTC, que são obtidos através das suas variações em relação a temperatura. A variação da tensão de limiar em relação à temperatura e a degradação da transcondutância também pela temperatura (ou fator c: degradação da mobilidade pela temperatura), influenciam diretamente na eventual variação do ponto de ZTC com a temperatura. Quando estas influências são pequenas ou atuam de forma a compensarem-se mutuamente, resultam em valores de ZTC mais constantes com a temperatura. A tensão de limiar influência direta e proporcionalmente no valor da tensão de ZTC em amplitude, enquanto a degradação da mobilidade (transcondutância) atua mais na constância do ZTC com a temperatura. Com base nestes mesmos parâmetros e com ajustes necessários no modelo foram estudados dispositivos com as mesmas características físicas, porém, do tipo p, onde os resultados encontrados tiveram relação a característica de funcionamento deste outro tipo, ficando claro a inversão da significância dos efeitos quanto a variação da temperatura. O modelo simples e analítico utilizado para o estudo do ZTC foi validado para esta tecnologia, já que foi encontrado valores de erro entre valores experimentais e calculados com um máximo de 13% incluindo toda a faixa de temperatura e a utilização dos efeitos de radiação e tensionamento, tendo mostrado valores discrepantes somente para alguns casos de largura da aleta maiores, que mostraram ter uma pequena condução pela interface canal/óxido enterrado antes da condução na primeira interface, não prevista no modelo. / This work was performed with the aim of the study of the invariant point with temperature (called ZTC - Zero temperature Coefficient) for transistors made with SOI FinFET structure in relation to the mechanical stress and irradiation effects, through of the use of experimental data and an analytical model. Were first analyzed the basics parameters as threshold voltage and transconductance, in which all the model is based and was verified the influence of the mechanical stress and irradiation effects on these parameters, for analyze the gate voltage\'s behavior on ZTC point in n type devices. Were used devices with three different width fin dimensions, 20nm 120nm and 370nm and channel length of 150nm and in a comparative way with 900nm length devices, in four different waffles, with/without mechanical stress and/or with/without irradiation. The threshold voltage suffers big influence from stress, while the irradiation has less effect on the threshold voltage in the studied band, becoming to have more significance on the stressed devices with larger fin width. The transconductance also suffers more influence of the stress effect, being on this parameter the variation caused by irradiation effect smaller. However, these two parameters generate others two essentials parameters for the ZTC analysis, they are obtained through of the previous parameters variation by the temperature. The threshold voltage variation by the temperature and the tranconductance degradation by the temperature (or c factor: mobility degradation by the temperature), influence directly on the eventual variation of the ZTC point by the temperature. When these influences are small or act by the way to compensate mutually, result at ZTC values more constant with the temperature. The threshold voltage influence direct proportionality on the ZTC voltage\'s value at amplitude, while the mobility (transconductance) degradation act more on ZTC stability with the temperature. Based in these same parameters and with necessaries adjusts on the model, were studied devices with the same physic characteristics, but of the p type, where the founded results had relation with the work characteristics of this other type, becoming clear the inversion of significance of the effects by the temperature variation. The simple and analytical model used for the ZTC study was validated for this technology, since it was found error values between experimental data and calculated data with a maximum of 13%, shown discrepant values only for some cases of larger fin widths, that shown to have a small conduction by the channel/buried oxide interface before of the first interface\'s conduction, not previewed in the model.

Cette thèse interroge la présence et les métamorphoses du son dans l’œuvre de Seamus Heaney, avec pour perspective la confrontation de l’expérience du texte imprimé à celle d’un corpus audio. En nous penchant sur les essais, les poèmes et les enregistrements commercialisés de l’auteur, nous retraçons le parcours des influx sonores depuis la perception des ondes dans l’environnement jusqu’à l’émission de la voix en passant par leur recréation dans le texte. Parler d’« influx sonores », c’est raviver la métaphore aquatique dans la catachrèse des « ondes », mais aussi inviter à détecter des courants souterrains et à prendre en compte leur réception et leur absorption par l’auditeur autant que leur diffusion.Afin de montrer que chaque poème constitue un événement sonore à part entière, nous analysons le processus par lequel l’environnement sonore est transformé en un paysage sonore poétique, à son tour placé dans de nouveaux environnements par le biais de la performance orale. L’éclairage apporté par les Sound Studies nous permet de souligner le caractère dynamique mais aussi la fugacité du son, d’identifier et de discuter les propriétés conductrices d’une écriture qui accueille aussi le silence en son sein, ainsi que de conceptualiser, avec Heaney, la notion d’écoute. Nos micro-lectures sont aussi des micro-écoutes qui vont jusqu’à tenir compte de la dimension phonétique des textes, notre étude de la voix poétique étant complétée par une analyse de la voix physique. En considérant le graphotexte, le phonotexte et l’audiotexte comme trois modes d’existence non-hiérarchisables d’un même poème, nous cherchons à approfondir et nuancer les recherches sur la prosodie de Heaney, qui dépasse de loin la versification classique, voire formaliste, à laquelle on l’a souvent assimilée. / This thesis questions the presence and metamorphoses of sound in the works of Seamus Heaney, ultimately bringing the experience of the printed text and that of audio recordings into comparison. Based on a study of the author’s essays, poems and commercialised recordings, it retraces the trajectory of sound influxes from the perception of soundwaves in the environment to the emission of the voice, via their recreation in writing. The phrase “sound influx” is meant to revive the aquatic metaphor in the catachretic compound “soundwave.” It also invites to detect undercurrents by ear and study them from the perspective of the listener, taking into account their reception and absoption as much as their broadcasting.In order to show that each poem is a sound event of its own kind, it analyses the process through which the sonic environment is turned into a poetic soundscape which then becomes part of other environments when orally performed. Borrowing concepts from Sound Studies, it highlights the dynamic but elusive nature of sound, identifies and questions the conductive properties of a writing that also makes room for silence, and reflects, along with Heaney, on listening as a notion.The close-readings developed here are also close-listenings that take into account the phonetic dimension of texts, the study of the poetic voice being completed by an analysis of the poet’s physical voice. Considering the graphotext, the phonotext and the audiotext as three equally significant incarnations of one poem, aims at bringing a nuanced perspective on Heaney’s prosody as it is too often reduced to formal – if not formalist – versification.

Cette thèse présente une contribution théorique et empirique à la recherche sur la représentation politique des groupes d’intérêt. Plus précisément, son objectif est de développer une analyse de la question la plus importante dans ce domaine, notamment celle de l’influence de groupes d’intérêt sur les politiques de la Commission Européenne. La nature multiforme de l’influence a été présentée dans le premier chapitre, avec un appui sur le rôle des fonctionnaires publics, le contexte politique et les caractéristiques des groupes d’intérêt. Le succès du lobbying a été comparé à travers de différents DGs de la Commission mais aussi à travers des différents contextes politiques avec des différents degrés de saillance et conflit. Les résultats de recherche confirment le rôle primordial des fonctionnaires publics dans les changements des politiques publiques au niveau de la Commission Européenne. Les recherches sur l’influence des groupes d’intérêt doivent prendre en compte le chevauchement de préférences exprimées par les décideurs politiques et les groupes d’intérêt pour mieux comprendre le succès de leur lobbying. En plus, les groups de business ont plus d’influence politique auprès des fonctionnaires qui travaillent dans les directions qui s’appuient sur les politiques économiques. Les résultats soulignent aussi l’importance des variables institutionnelles qui définissent le contexte dans lequel l’influence est exercée. Autrement dit, si certains groupes d’intérêt sont influents dépend du cadre institutionnel, et plus généralement du contexte politique dans lequel l’influence est utilisé. / This study is an account of interest group representation and lobbying success in the European Union. The questions I address are when and why interest groups succeed (or fail) to obtain their preferred policy outcome in the European Commission decision-making process. Lobbying success cannot be exclusively perceived as a function of the political resource exchanges between interest group coalitions and EU institutions. Instead, I argue that policy influence is a complex process that is under the control of policymakers. While multiple actors can effectively influence policy, public officials have a central-veto player-role in the process. They can also accommodate or reject interest group demands for other reasons than information exchange, such as their own ideological preferences, institutional embeddedness or the policy context. I argue that lobbying success can be better explained by a convergence between policymaker preferences, interest group preferences, and the policy context in which their preferences emerge. Thus, I focus on the role of policymakers as the predominant actors with formal agency capacities to change policy. Interest group scholars rely on methodological diversity, combining process tracing and survey designs, to establish the policy preferences of relevant political actors. By using such an approach, the results presented here paint a more refined picture of lobbying success, which depends much more on policymaker preferences than previous studies have considered. This conclusion should encourage scholars in the field to pay more attention to strong and weak ties within policy elite networks in an effort to better understand lobbying success.

Partant du constat de la progression expresse des sports de nature dans nos sociétés et de leur décontextualisation aux zones urbaines, nous cherchons à traduire en un modèle les évolutions de ces équipements dédiés. L’objectif est double : une logique de recherche appliquée et une logique scientifique. La première motivation est d’apporter des clefs de lecture aux professionnels et élus afin de bien anticiper sur les équipements de demain et leur gestion. Le deuxième objectif est d’apporter une modeste contribution à la théorie de la diffusion de Rogers, sur les produits de loisirs, catégorie de produits à forte sensibilité inter individuelle. À travers une approche comparative internationale,opérée sur 3 disciplines aux ancrages distincts (escalade, eau vive et parcours acrobatique en hauteur),nous appréhendons les relations entre les paramètres liés à la demande et à l’offre, et ce aux différents stades du cycle de vie des produits. Dans cet environnement complexe et multidisciplinaire, nous cherchons ici à mieux comprendre les déterminants du processus de diffusion des activités sportives et des équipements liés. Il nous importe, également, d’évaluer comment ce modèle de diffusion ressemble aux modèles reconnus dans d’autres secteurs d’activité et enfin, de vérifier deux hypothèses: H1) La demande guide l’innovation et la diffusion plus que l’offre ; H2) L’ artificialisation des sports de nature contribue à développer la pratique. / Based on the observation that lifestyle and nature sports did evolved drastically over the past decades,to such a point we can see them moving to new settings among urban areas, we will try to translateinto a model, these evolutions of purposed build facilities. The aim is dual : on one hand it is obvious that those findings will help decision makers belonging to private and public domains, forecasting the future of such facilities and their management. On the other hand, it is interesting to see how the diffusion theory model of Rogers does apply to products and services, with such a dependence topersonal influence, as leisure and tourism products can be. Looking through three different sports(indoor rock climbing, artificial white water activities and urban acrobatic parks), we will analyze the combination of demand and supply factors at each stage of the product life cycle, in order to find outwhich one influences the other. Among this environment with multiple entries and prospectives, we aim at gaining a better understanding of the diffusion process of sports services and facilities among urban areas, evaluating how the diffusion process matches existing diffusion models of technological innovation and checking, in the meantime, two hypothesis: H1) Demand guides the innovation and its diffusion ; H2) Artificialization contributes to developing the sport itself.

Résumé Cette étude s’intéresse aux influences de la langue maternelle (l’arabe), sur l’apprentissage du français chez les apprenants libyens dans un milieu institutionnel : le département de français à l’université de Benghazi et de Tripoli en Libye. Elle se penche sur les erreurs morphosyntaxiques en productions écrites que commettent les apprenants libyens en français langue étrangère, et sur les difficultés interlinguales dont souffrent ces apprenants. L’objectif de cette étude, c’est d’identifier et de classer les erreurs commises par les étudiants libyens dans leurs productions écrites, puis d’étudier et d’analyser les causes de celles-ci, afin de chercher des procédures pour les corriger. Elle vise à amener une réflexion sur l’enseignement de la langue française en Libye et sur les possibilités d’améliorer quelques-unes des démarches d’enseignement utilisées au sein de ces départements de français. Elle vise aussi à proposer une analyse des différents aspects de l’enseignement du français langue étrangère qui peuvent être transposés dans le cadre libyen, à proposer des idées pédagogiques, et à aborder enfin les différentes théories en relation avec cet enseignement. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, nous avons tout d’abord retracé l’évolution de l’enseignement de la langue française en Libye. Ensuite, nous avons abordé quelques notions ayant une importance remarquable dans notre travail d’étude. Nous avons abordé dans un second temps différents points de vue concernant certaines études réalisées en apprentissage (ou acquisition) d’une langue étrangère. Par la suite, nous avons examiné les fonctionnements morphosyntaxiques opératoires de certains constituants des phrases en arabe en comparant avec le français. Nous avons présenté notre corpus, les modalités de classements et certaines des erreurs relevées dans les copies des apprenants. Enfin, et grâce aux résultats livrés par cette analyse, nous avons été amené à présenter quelques perspectives et propositions didactiques qui peuvent être utiles à l’enseignement de la langue française en Libye, et à ouvrir des possibilités pour l’amélioration des démarches d’enseignement utilisées dans ce pays. / Abstract This study investigates the influence of native language (Arabic) on the learning of French among Libyan learners in an institutional setting : the French department at the University of Benghazi and Tripoli in Libya. It examines the morphosyntactic errors the learners commit in their written productions, and the interlingual difficulties they face. The purpose of this study is to identify and classify those errors, and to investigate their causes so as to offer procedures to correct them. The study aims to bring a reflection on the teaching of French in Libya and the opportunities to improve some of the teaching approaches that are used in the departments of French language. It also aims to discuss or present a number of strategies in teaching French as a foreign language that could be implemented in the Libyan context, and to address various theories linked to this teaching. To achieve these goals, we first traced the evolution of the teaching of French language in Libya. Then we discussed a number of concepts of major significance for our study. We discussed in a second time different views on certain studies in learning (or acquisition) of a foreign language. Next, we examined the morphosyntactic characteristics of some linguistic features of Arabic in comparison with French. We presented our corpus, our ranking methods, and the errors identified in the learners’ submissions. Following the conclusions drawn from the latter analysis, we presented some didactic strategies that may be useful for the teaching of French language in Libya or that may add new perspectives to existing approaches.

The current study aimed to simultaneously examine cognitive, social and personality development in a cross-sectional sample of 3rd, 4th and 5th grade children to explore the interplay among these processes and how they relate to changes in children's understanding of alcohol. To replicate previous work, this study comprehensively examined relative increases in types of expectancies as a function of development. Results demonstrated that children in higher grades held more positive, negative and sedating expectancies of alcohol and positive alcohol expectancies increased more than negative alcohol expectancies. Improved performance on cognitive measures were associated with positive alcohol expectancy endorsement, indicating that children's ability to incorporate positive beliefs about alcohol, which are conflicting with information typically taught to children in this age range, may be related to their ability to form and articulate concepts with age. Among male participants, sensation seeking increased with age and was strongly associated with positive ideas about alcohol use, such as wanting to experiment with alcohol or planning to drink as an adult. Social influences on alcohol expectancies included exposure to drinking. When children's parents drank more, they had higher positive, negative and sedating alcohol expectancies, indicating that they had a greater understanding of all potential consequences of drinking, while children whose friends drank had higher positive but not other types of expectancies. Additionally, children who turned to adults for advice held increasing levels of negative and sedating alcohol expectancies across age, while children who sought support from their peers showed higher levels of positive and arousing expectancies across age groups. The interplay between cognitive development and risk factors such as social awareness of alcohol, source of social influence, and sensation seeking personality begins to demonstrate key relationships to alcohol expectancies in late childhood. These social and personality risk factors are likely to play an even greater role in early adolescence as children move to middle school and experience puberty. This study provides a basis for future elaboration of the roles these constructs play in an individual's ability to understand the multifaceted expectations that are held in our society about the effects of alcohol on human behavior.

Si les pouvoirs publics ont en charge la gestion des déchets ménagers, la réussite de la politique de revalorisation repose sur l'adoption par chacun des pratiques domestiques adaptées. L'enjeu pour les institutions concernées est alors que le plus grand nombre participe au dispositif de tri mis en place. Pour ce, les collectivités territoriales multiplient les communications à destination de leurs administrés. Ces opérations d'information et de sensibilisation revêtent le plus souvent la forme d'une éducation au geste juste, ne favorisant pas la responsabilisation du citoyen. Par ailleurs, elles sont de forme persuasive et reposent sur l'hypothèse d'un homme rationnel qui agirait en fonction de ses idées, savoirs et croyances. Les liens entre attitudes et comportements sont aussi complexes que discutés ; de nombreuses études et arguments plaident en faveur d'un homme rationalisant. La psychologie de l'engagement s'inscrit dans ce paradigme et préconise la réalisation « libre » d'un comportement comme le meilleur prédicteur des comportements et attitudes futurs. Autrement dit, elle préconise l'obtention d'un acte préparatoire dans l'objectif d'obtenir de l'individu qu'il réalise à la suite le comportement attendu. Nous expérimenterons ici différentes techniques d'influence issues de ce paradigme. Des observations réalisées en marge de ces expériences nous conduiront à reconsidérer le modèle d'une influence unilatérale proposé par cette théorie. Aussi, en appréhendant les phénomènes d'influence dans leur complexité, nous développerons des modalités de communication participative au sein desquelles le sujet sera appelé à devenir acteur et l'administré à devenir citoyen

This dissertation research is focused on how we, as researchers, ‘influence’ others researchers. In particular, I am concerned with the notion of what constitutes the ‘influence’ of a scholar and how ‘influence’ is conferred upon scholars. This research is concerned with the construct called ‘scholarly influence’. Scholarly influence is of interest because a clear “theory of scholarly influence” does not yet exist. Rather a number of surrogate measures or concepts that are variable are used to evaluate the value of one’s academic work. ‘Scholarly influence’ is broken down into ‘ideational influence’ or the influence that one has through publication and the uptake of the ideas presented in the publication, and ‘social influence’ or the influence that one has through working with other researchers. Finally through the use of the definition of ‘scholarly influence’ this dissertation tries to commence a definition of ‘quality’ in scholarly work.

The key to successful leadership today is influence, not authority. However in order to be successful in influencing others, a manager must be able to know what their subordinates think. With the knowledge of subordinate¡¦s perceptions, managers can perfect their use of influence tactics and then be able to easily perform influence on others. One of the most important aspects that can influence perspectives is culture. In Hofstede¡¦s (1980) study it was found that Chinese societies are high in power distance and can be classified as collective societies. This is the result of Confucianism, which spreads values of social order and harmony. In this society, relationships are extremely important. Another characteristic of the Chinese is that they are elitists, and have a deep-rooted belief that education can raise a person to higher levels in society, thus we can see the importance of having expertise. Because of the high power distance which implies inequality and love of power, and collectivity which implies the difference in treatment between in-group and out-group members, it can be inferred that the Chinese tend to have Machiavellian personality. Thus we can see that the three main factors that influence the acceptableness of different influence tactics are expertise, relationships and Machiavellianism. The purpose of this study is to examine influence tactics from the subordinate¡¦s perspective, and to explore the relationship between expertise, personal relationships, Machiavellianism and influence strategies. The results show that (1) the closeness of the relationship is the most important factor to consider when choosing influence tactics, the closer the relationship, the more tactics one can use, both hard and soft tactics would be acceptable, (2) If the manager is known as having expertise, it would be best to use soft tactics, however subordinates will also accept hard tactics from managers who have a higher education level, (3) there was no significant relationship between influence tactics and Machiavellianism.