O presente trabalho tem por objetivo aplicar a análise de confiabilidade estrutural a um edifício alto submetido à ação do vento considerando o conforto humano na avaliação dos modos de falha. Para isso, foram consideradas como variáveis aleatórias: a velocidade máxima do vento no topo do edifício cuja distribuição de probabilidade é a distribuição de Gumbel para máximos e o módulo de elasticidade do concreto com modelo de probabilidade normal. Realizou-se a análise para dois modos de falha: o deslocamento excessivo no topo do edifício, com base na NBR 15575-2/2013, e a aceleração máxima para verificação do conforto humano de acordo com a NBR 6123/2013. Posteriormente, foi realizada uma análise conjunta dos modos de falha aplicados em série. O método utilizado foi o FORM – First Order Reliability Method com algoritmo HLRF, implementado em ambiente Matlab, para o edifício teórico CAARC. Verificou-se grandes discrepâncias entre a probabilidade de falha para os dois modos considerados. Para a aceleração máxima, encontrou-se valores práticos de ponto de projeto e probabilidade de falha. No entanto, o deslocamento horizontal de 3 centímetros resultou em uma probabilidade de falha extremamente alta para valores de velocidade de vento baixos, concluindo-se que, para o edifício alto do problema, o limite normativo tende a ser facilmente extrapolado. À vista disso, o parâmetro de deslocamento horizontal baseado na altura total do edifício também foi estudado. Tal análise resultou em uma probabilidade de falha maior que a da aceleração, no entanto, apresentando valores de ponto de projeto consistentes. / The present work aims to apply structural reliability analysis to a tall building subjected to wind load considering human comfort in the evaluation of failure modes. For this purpose, the following random variables were considered: the maximum wind speed at the top of the building whose probability distribution is the Gumbel distribution for maximum and the modulus of elasticity of concrete with normal distribution. The analysis was conducted for two failure modes: excessive displacement on the top of the building, which is based on NBR 15575/2013, and the maximum acceleration for verification of the human comfort according to NBR 6123/2013. A joint analysis of failure modes applied in series was performed. The method used was the FORM - First Order Reliability Method with HLRF algorithm, implemented in Matlab environment, for the theoretical building CAARC. Large discrepancies between the failure probabilities of the two modes considered were found. For maximum acceleration, the design point value and the failure probability found were practical results. However, the horizontal displacement of 3 centimeters resulted in an extremely high probability of failure for low wind speed values, concluding that, for the tall building of the problem, the code limit tends to be easily extrapolated. Hence, the horizontal displacement parameter based on the total height of the building was also studied. Such analysis resulted in a failure probability greater than the acceleration one, however, presenting consistent design point values.

The topic Modern Approaches to Designing Electrical Equipment with a Focus on Railway Construction responds to the decision of the Government of the Czech Republic to introduce the BIM method for government over-the-counter contracts from 1 January 2022. The government evaluated the BIM method as an effective tool for digitizing the construction industry. The diploma thesis deals with the method of designing high-current equipment, technologies and distribution on railways according to this new method. The work summarizes information about the present method of design, used high-current electrical equipment on the railway, the near and distant future of railway operation, the organization of administration and maintenance of equipment. It discusses the principle of the BIM method and basic software solutions supporting design activities according to this new method. The Promis.e software published by Bentley is also described in detail, which supports the design of electrical equipment for linear structures according to this method. The BIM method is a means of fulfilling the essence of Construction 4.0. It uses uniform data formats, a common data environment, working with non-graphic information. In the second part of the diploma thesis, the drawing documentation for the sample project of high-current distribution of the railway station was prepared. It was first created using AutoCAD software. After that, the sample project demonstrates the basic principles of the BIM method using Promis.e software. Furthermore, this project is evaluated, both methods of design are compared. The procedure of introducing the BIM method for the design of electrical equipment in a specific design company is proposed and other possible steps in working with the Promis.e software are discussed. The way of creating a and adding element libraries is described. At the end of the diploma thesis it is stated that to successfully master the design work according to the BIM method, it is necessary to have experience with design work in the field, know the principles of the BIM method, choose a suitable software solution, continuously and thoroughly manage these tools and train staff. Under these conditions, it will be possible to make full use of the potential of the BIM method.

Building Information Modelling (BIM) as a Model-based design facilitates to investigate multiple solutions in the infrastructure planning process. The most important reason for implementing model-based design is to help designers and to increase communication between different design parties. It decentralizes and coordinates team collaboration and facilitates faster and lossless project data exchange and management across extended teams and external partners in project lifecycle. Infrastructure are fundamental facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of a community or society, such as transportation, roads, communication systems, water and power networks, as well as power plants. Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) as the digital representation of the world are systems for maintaining, managing, modelling, analyzing, and visualizing of the world data including infrastructure. High level infrastructure suits mostly facilitate to analyze the infrastructure design based on the international or user defined standards. Called regulation1-based design, this minimizes errors, reduces costly design conflicts, increases time savings and provides consistent project quality, yet mostly in standalone solutions. Tasks of infrastructure usually require both model based and regulation based design packages. Infrastructure tasks deal with cross-domain information. However, the corresponding data is split in several domain models. Besides infrastructure projects demand a lot of decision makings on governmental as well as on private level considering different data models. Therefore lossless flow of project data as well as documents like regulations across project team, stakeholders, governmental and private level is highly important. Yet infrastructure projects have largely been absent from product modelling discourses for a long time. Thus, as will be explained in chapter 2 interoperability is needed in infrastructure processes. Multimodel (MM) is one of the interoperability methods which enable heterogeneous data models from various domains get bundled together into a container keeping their original format. Existing interoperability methods including existing MM solutions can’t satisfactorily fulfill the typical demands of infrastructure information processes like dynamic data resources and a huge amount of inter model relations. Therefore chapter 3 concept of infrastructure information modelling investigates a method for loose and rule based coupling of exchangeable heterogeneous information spaces. This hypothesis is an extension for the existing MM to a rule-based Multimodel named extended Multimodel (eMM) with semantic rules – instead of static links. The semantic rules will be used to describe relations between data elements of various models dynamically in a link-database. Most of the confusion about geospatial data models arises from their diversity. In some of these data models spatial IDs are the basic identities of entities and in some other data models there are no IDs. That is why in the geospatial data, data structure is more important than data models. There are always spatial indexes that enable accessing to the geodata. The most important unification of data models involved in infrastructure projects is the spatiality. Explained in chapter 4 the method of infrastructure information modelling for interoperation in spatial domains generate interlinks through spatial identity of entities. Match finding through spatial links enables any kind of data models sharing spatial property get interlinked. Through such spatial links each entity receives the spatial information from other data models which is related to the target entity due to sharing equivalent spatial index. This information will be the virtual properties for the object. The thesis uses Nearest Neighborhood algorithm for spatial match finding and performs filtering and refining approaches. For the abstraction of the spatial matching results hierarchical filtering techniques are used for refining the virtual properties. These approaches focus on two main application areas which are product model and Level of Detail (LoD). For the eMM suggested in this thesis a rule based interoperability method between arbitrary data models of spatial domain has been developed. The implementation of this method enables transaction of data in spatial domains run loss less. The system architecture and the implementation which has been applied on the case study of this thesis namely infrastructure and geospatial data models are described in chapter 5. Achieving afore mentioned aims results in reducing the whole project lifecycle costs, increasing reliability of the comprehensive fundamental information, and consequently in independent, cost-effective, aesthetically pleasing, and environmentally sensitive infrastructure design.:ABSTRACT 4 KEYWORDS 7 TABLE OF CONTENT 8 LIST OF FIGURES 9 LIST OF TABLES 11 LIST OF ABBREVIATION 12 INTRODUCTION 13 1.1. A GENERAL VIEW 14 1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT 15 1.3. OBJECTIVES 17 1.4. APPROACH 18 1.5. STRUCTURE OF THESIS 18 INTEROPERABILITY IN INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING 20 2.1. STATE OF INTEROPERABILITY 21 2.1.1. Interoperability of GIS and BIM 23 2.1.2. Interoperability of GIS and Infrastructure 25 2.2. MAIN CHALLENGES AND RELATED WORK 27 2.3. INFRASTRUCTURE MODELING IN GEOSPATIAL CONTEXT 29 2.3.1. LamdXML: Infrastructure Data Standards 32 2.3.2. CityGML: Geospatial Data Standards 33 2.3.3. LandXML and CityGML 36 2.4. INTEROPERABILITY AND MULTIMODEL TECHNOLOGY 39 2.5. LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING APPROACHES 41 INFRASTRUCTURE INFORMATION MODELLING 44 3.1. MULTI MODEL FOR GEOSPATIAL AND INFRASTRUCTURE DATA MODELS 45 3.2. LINKING APPROACH, QUERYING AND FILTERING 48 3.2.1. Virtual Properties via Link Model 49 3.3. MULTI MODEL AS AN INTERDISCIPLINARY METHOD 52 3.4. USING LEVEL OF DETAIL (LOD) FOR FILTERING 53 SPATIAL MODELLING AND PROCESSING 58 4.1. SPATIAL IDENTIFIERS 59 4.1.1. Spatial Indexes 60 4.1.2. Tree-Based Spatial Indexes 61 4.2. NEAREST NEIGHBORHOOD AS A BASIC LINK METHOD 63 4.3. HIERARCHICAL FILTERING 70 4.4. OTHER FUNCTIONAL LINK METHODS 75 4.5. ADVANCES AND LIMITATIONS OF FUNCTIONAL LINK METHODS 76 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSED IIM METHOD 77 5.1. IMPLEMENTATION 78 5.2. CASE STUDY 83 CONCLUSION 89 6.1. SUMMERY 90 6.2. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 92 6.3. FUTURE WORK 93 BIBLIOGRAPHY 94 7.1. BOOKS AND PAPERS 95 7.2. WEBSITES 101

Диссертационное исследование посвящено разработке рекомендаций для улучшения рабочего процесса проектирования инженерных сетей ОВ. В работе рассматриваются: этапы разработки цифровой модели здания, основы технологии проектирования, рекомендации по разработке систем отопления и вентиляции средствами программы Autodesk Revit и Linear, а также методика по разработке и реализация алгоритма, автоматизирующего процесс формирования документации. / The dissertation research is devoted to the development of recommendations for improving the workflow of designing engineering networks of the OB. The paper discusses: the stages of developing a digital building model, the basics of design technology, recommendations for the development of heating and ventilation systems using the Autodesk Revit and Linear programs, as well as a methodology for developing and implementing an algorithm that automates the process of generating documentation.

Introduction – This thesis in Building Engineering at Jönköping University, in collaboration with Tyréns Sweden AB, examines the issues surrounding 3D models as construction documents from a legal perspective and investigates how digitization affects stakeholders in the construction industry. The goal of the study is to explore a relevant and interesting research area in order to contribute to knowledge development and the advancement of new theories or methods in the field. Method – The study will employ qualitative research, including primary data collection through interviews, to address the research questions posed in the report. The authors have chosen this method to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the respondents' perspectives and identify important themes and patterns. The interviews were conducted with participants from various sectors of the construction industry to obtain a broader picture of the subject. Results – The study revealed that there are certain legal barriers to the use of 3D models as drawing documentation. These barriers are related to a lack of knowledge and uncertainty in handling the models. This includes issues of copyright, liability, and evidential value. There is a need to update current regulations to facilitate the management of digital models. Analysis – The analysis of the results clarifies that industry standards and clearer guidelines would prevent uncertainties and address knowledge gaps in the use of BIM and 3D models. An industry standard could have facilitated a smoother transition to a more digitized construction industry. There is also a need for education in the field for professionals and decision-making stakeholders. Discussion – The discussion focuses on possible solutions to the identified problems, such as the development of standards and guidelines, education, and regulatory updates. There is also a need to raise awareness about the legal aspects of using 3D models in the construction industry, as the uncertainty regarding their legal status is high. Legally, it is possible to use 3D models as contractual documents, but the study shows that concerns about the legal aspects are a reason for the weak implementation. Keywords – 3D model, 3D design, BIM, Building Information Modeling, construction documents, contractual law, and copyright. / Introduktion – Detta examensarbete inom Byggnadsteknik vid Jönköpings Tekniska högskola i samarbete med Tyréns Sverige AB undersöker problematiken med 3D-modeller (tredimensionell modell) som bygghandlingar ur ett juridiskt perspektiv och undersöker hur digitaliseringen påverkar aktörer inom konstruktion. Studiens mål är att undersöka ett relevant och intressant forskningsområde för att bidra till kunskapsutveckling och utveckling av nya teorier eller metoder inom området. Metod – Studien kommer att använda kvalitativ forskning som inkluderar primärdatainsamling genom intervjuer för att besvara frågeställningarna i rapporten. Författarna har valt denna metod för att uppnå en omfattande förståelse av respondenternas perspektiv och identifiera viktiga teman och mönster. Intervjuerna genomfördes med respondenter från olika delar av byggbranschen för att få en bredare bild av ämnet. Resultat – Studien visade att det fanns vissa juridiska hinder för användningen av 3D-modeller som ritningsunderlag. Dessa hinder kopplas till bristande kunskap och osäkerhet i hantering av modellerna. Detta inkluderar frågor om upphovsrätt, ansvar och bevisvärde. Det finns ett behov att uppdatera dagens regelverk för att lättare hantera digitala modeller. Analys – I analys av resultatet klargörs det att en branschstandard och tydligare riktlinjer skulle förebygga osäkerheterna och förebygga kunskapsluckor för användandet av BIM och 3D-modeller. En branschstandard hade kunnat leda till en säkrare övergång till en mer digitaliserad byggbransch. Det finns också ett behov av utbildning inom området för yrkesverksamma och beslutsfattande aktörer. Diskussion – Diskussionen fokuserar på möjliga lösningar på de identifierade problemen, så som utveckling av standarder och riktlinjer, utbildning och uppdatering av regelverk. Det finns också ett behov av att öka medvetenheten om de juridiska aspekterna av användningen av 3D-modeller inom byggbranschen då osäkerheten av den juridiska statusen är hög. Juridiskt sett går det att använda sig av 3D- modeller som kontraktshandling, men studien visar att oron för det juridiska är en anledning till den svaga implementeringen. Nyckelord – 3D-modell, 3D-projektering, BIM, Building Information Modeling,, bygghandling, kontraktsha juridik och upphovsrätt

Tesis por compendio / [ES] El acero es un material esencial para la industria de la construcción; en consecuencia, su consumo y producción per cápita ha aumentado considerablemente, entre otros factores debido al crecimiento de la población y las demandas de industrialización de los países en vías de desarrollo. El acero ofrece ciertas ventajas sobre otros materiales de construcción, por ejemplo, comportamientos estructurales adecuados, alto grado de prefabricación y velocidad de ejecución. En este mismo sentido, el uso del acero como material de construcción ha incrementado la complejidad de los proyectos, particularmente en cuanto a la gestión de la información, ya que se hace imperativo asegurar la información de calidad y oportuna para los diferentes actores que intervienen en el flujo de trabajo. Por otro lado, La fragmentación de las distintas fases que componen un proyecto de construcción en acero da como resultado un uso ineficiente de la información. Para hacer frente a este uso ineficiente, es necesario incluir metodologías como el modelado de información de construcción (BIM) que facilita la colaboración entre los diferentes profesionales y técnicos involucrados en el ciclo de vida de los proyectos de construcción. Generalmente BIM se ha asociado con una mayor productividad y cooperación entre los equipos. Sin embargo, los beneficios de usar BIM en el proceso de construcción en acero no se han explorado exhaustivamente, más aún, cuando BIM es aplicado no existe una homogeneidad de su aplicación a lo largo de las fases de un proyecto de construcción en acero; como resultado, sus beneficios se reducen. Por lo tanto, existe la necesidad de investigar, desarrollar y proponer una integración BIM que genere una comunicación y coordinación entre las diferentes fases de los proyectos de construcción en acero, de tal manera de asegurar que los entregables cumplan con los requisitos inicialmente establecidos del proyecto. La presente tesis doctoral propone un modelo de integración de los procesos BIM llamado BIM para el diseño, fabricación y montaje en edificios de acero (BIM-DFE) con el fin de mejorar la comunicación y desempeño en las distintas etapas de este tipo de proyectos. Estos beneficios operativos tienen como finalidad conseguir incrementos importantes de productividad para los proyectos de construcción. Si bien esta investigación está orientada a proyectos de edificación en acero, el modelo BIM-DFE propuesto se podría extrapolar en futuras investigaciones asociadas a diferentes materiales con procesos similares como el hormigón, la madera o cualquier material prefabricado para la industria de la construcción. / [CA] L'acer és un material essencial per a la indústria de la construcció; com a resultat, el seu consumi la producció per càpita han crescut considerablement, a causa del creixement de la població i l'augment de les demandes d'industrialització als països en desenvolupament, entre altres factors. L'acer ofereix certs avantatges respecte a altres materials de construcció, com ara el baix pes, comportaments estructurals adequats, un alt grau de prefabricació i un augment de la construcció velocitat. No obstant això, l'ús de l'acer com a material de construcció ha augmentat la complexitat de projectes, especialment pel que fa a la gestió de la informació, perquè és imprescindible garantir una informació de qualitat i oportuna als diferents actors implicats en el flux de treball. L'ús ineficient de la informació provoca la fragmentació durant la construcció, per fer front a aquesta fragmentació, cal incloure la modelització de la informació de l'edifici (BIM) que faciliti la col·laboració entre els diferents actors implicats en el cicle de vida de l'edifici. BIM s'ha associat amb una millora de la productivitat i la cooperació entre els equips. No obstant això, els beneficis d'utilitzar BIM en el procés de construcció d'acer no s'han explorat de manera exhaustiva, encara més quan s'utilitza BIM no presenta continuïtat al llarg de les fases d'un projecte de construcció d'acer; com a resultat, els seus beneficis es redueixen. Per tant, cal investigar, desenvolupar i proposar una integració BIM que generi una comunicació, coordinació i gestió contínua entre les fases de la construcció d'acer, i garantir els lliuraments que concloguin amb un edifici que compleixi els requisits inicialment establerts del projecte. La present tesi doctoral proposa un model d'integració BIM anomenat BIM per al disseny, fabricació i muntatge en edificis d'acer (BIM-DFE) per millorar la comunicació, la integració, els processos d'adquisició comprensibles i els processos de producció definits per les parts crítiques de la indústria siderúrgica. Aquests beneficis operatius poden donar lloc a beneficis per als projectes de construcció d'acer. Tot i que aquesta recerca està orientada a projectes de construcció d'acer, el model BIM-DFE proposat es pot extrapolar a diferents materials amb processos similars com el formigó, la fusta o qualsevol material prefabricat per a la indústria de la construcció. / [EN] Steel is an essential material for the construction industry; as a result, its consumption and production per capita have grown considerably, owing to population growth and increasing demands for industrialization in developing countries, among other factors. Steel offers certain advantages over other construction materials, such as low weight, adequate structural behaviors, a high degree of prefabrication, and increased construction speed. However, the use of steel as a construction material has increased the complexity of projects, particularly in terms of information management, because it is imperative to ensure quality and timely information for the different actors involved in the workflow. The inefficient use of information results in fragmentation during construction, to cope with such fragmentation, it is necessary to include building information modeling (BIM) that facilitate collaboration between the different actors involved in the building life cycle. BIM has been associated with improved productivity and cooperation among teams. However, the benefits of using BIM in the steel building process have not been explored comprehensively, even more when BIM does not exhibit continuity throughout the phases of a steel construction project; as a result, its benefits are curtailed. Therefore, there is a need to investigate, develop, and propose BIM integration that generate continuous communication, coordination and management between steel building phases, in order to ensure deliverables that conclude with a building that meets the initially established project requirements. The present PhD thesis proposes a BIM integration model called BIM for design, fabrication and erection in steel buildings (BIM-DFE) to improve communication, integration, comprehensible procurement processes, and production processes defined by critical stakeholders in the steel industry. These operating benefits can result in benefits for steelbuilding projects. Although this research is oriented to steel-building projects, the proposed BIM-DFE model can be extrapolated to different materials with similar processes such as concrete, wood or any prefabricated material for the construction industry / Avendaño Bernal, JI. (2023). BIM for Steel Buillding Projects BIM-DFE [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/202062 / Compendio

Цель работы − разработка методических рекомендаций по проведению проверки цифровой информационной модели раздела АР, КР и ПБ формата ifc для ГАУ СО «Управление государственной экспертизы». Для достижения поставленной цели были поставлены следующие задачи: построить модель и наполнить ее требуемой информацией, используя возможности ПО Revit; выделить основные принципы подготовки ЦИМ к экспертизе; проверить информацию из модели в формате IFC с помощью ПО Tangl Control. Сформировать проверки валидации и верификации; сформировать методические рекомендации, описывающие проведение проверки ЦИМ АР и КР в ПО Tangl Control экспертизой. / The purpose of the work is to develop methodological recommendations for checking the digital information model of the section AR, KR and PB in the ifc format for the State Autonomous Institution SO “Office of State Expertise”. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: build a model and fill it with the required information using the capabilities of Revit software; highlight the basic principles of preparing CIM for examination; check the information from the model in IFC format using Tangl Control software. Create validation and verification checks; create methodological recommendations describing the verification of CIM AR and KR in Tangl Control software by expert examination.

Diploma thesis deals with comparing of current awards by Classification of building structures and works and awards by Functional parts. It is possible to calculate Building life cycle costs by Functional parts. This is definately the advantage of the system because the calculation cannot be done by Classification of building structures and works. A new law on public procurement deals with Building life cycle costs as an evaluation criterion. So it is recommended to use Functional parts awards. The other goal of the thesis is to find bridges between Functional parts and the issue of BIM. BIM is a trend of global construction industry.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Environmental planning is very cumbersome work for environmentalists, government agencies like USDA and NRCS, and farmers. There are a number of conflicts and issues involved in such a decision making process. This research is based on the work to provide a common platform for environmental planning called WRESTORE (Watershed Restoration using Spatio-Temporal Optimization of Resources). We have designed a system that can be used to provide the best management practices for environmental planning. A distributed system was designed to combine high performance computing power of clusters/supercomputers in running various environmental model simulations. The system is designed to be a multi-user system just like a multi-user operating system. A number of stakeholders can log-on and run environmental model simulations simultaneously, seamlessly collaborate, and make collective judgments by visualizing their landscapes. In the research, we identified challenges in running such a system and proposed various solutions. One challenge was the lack of fast optimization algorithm. In our research, several algorithms are utilized such as Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Learning Automaton (LA). However, the criticism is that LA has a slow rate of convergence and that both LA and GA have the problem of getting stuck in local optima. We tried to solve the multi-objective problems using LA in batch mode to make the learning faster and accurate. The problems where the evaluation of the fitness functions for optimization is a bottleneck, like running environmental model simulation, evaluation of a number of such models in parallel can give considerable speed-up. In the multi-objective LA, different weight pair solutions were evaluated independently. We created their parallel versions to make them practically faster in computation. Additionally, we extended the parallelism concept with the batch mode learning. Another challenge we faced was in User Modeling. There are a number of User Modeling techniques available. Selection of the best user modeling technique is a hard problem. In this research, we modeled user's preferences and search criteria using an ANN (Artificial Neural Network). Training an ANN with limited data is not always feasible. There are many situations where a simple modeling technique works better if the learning data set is small. We formulated ways to fine tune the ANN in case of limited data and also introduced the concept of Deep Learning in User Modeling for environmental planning system.