Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:25:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia Amorim Santos.pdf: 2784839 bytes, checksum: 737841f79a10611fa48fdd45afbc767c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-31 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Innovation can be a variable in order to increase growth and business performance. Therefore, many companies proactive to constant market changes, to access complementary assets, satisfy customers and pursue growth and sustainable competitive advantage are practicing open innovation, which is a new paradigm that uses techniques and tools to develop a network of collaborative innovation. According to the assumptions of open innovation, companies can seek and develop resources for enterprises in innovation, internally or externally, regardless of their location; in addition, they can use internal and external paths for its commercialization, considering the value capture and generation. Thus, open innovation has become the cornerstone for this study that sought to identify strategies for innovation and growth applied by Brazilian companies in the metallurgical sector in order to identify it (open innovation) as a factor that contributes to growth. To that end, we have adopted a strategy of exploratory and qualitative research. For data collection, in-depth interviews were used with executives from six companies in the metallurgical sector in Brazil. It was concluded that companies in the Brazilian metallurgical sector adopt open innovation for prospecting radical innovations and exploitation of incremental innovations that include partnerships with customers and universities, internal R & D and strategic alliances with national and international companies, projected on their growth strategies for product development and business diversification, with internal and external mechanisms. It is worth noting that these companies do not adopt the approach in its fullness, not taking advantage of the various possibilities for the search and acquisition of resources, and especially their forms of marketing, thus not getting more benefits with this approach and limiting its growth. One can also show that the market conditions and the strategic profile of the companies influence the strategic choices regarding the adoption of more open and flexible strategies for business opportunities. / A inovação pode ser uma variável para incrementar o crescimento e o desempenho empresarial. Por isso, muitas empresas proativas às mudanças constantes do mercado, para acessar os ativos complementares, satisfazer os clientes e buscar o crescimento e a vantagem competitiva sustentável, estão praticando a inovação aberta, que é um novo paradigma que utiliza técnicas e ferramentas para o desenvolvimento de uma rede de inovação colaborativa. Segundo os pressupostos da inovação aberta, as empresas podem buscar e desenvolver os recursos para os empreendimentos em inovação interna ou externamente, independentemente de sua localização; além disso, podem utilizar caminhos internos e externos para a sua comercialização, tendo em vista a captura e geração de valor. Dessa forma, a inovação aberta tornou-se a pedra angular para este estudo, que buscou identificar as estratégias de inovação e de crescimento praticadas pelas empresas do setor metalúrgico brasileiro a fim de identificá-la (inovação aberta) como fator que contribui para o crescimento. Para tanto, foi adotada uma estratégia de pesquisa exploratória e qualitativa. Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizadas entrevistas em profundidade com executivos de seis empresas do setor metalúrgico brasileiro. Concluiu-se que as empresas do setor metalúrgico brasileiro adotam a inovação aberta para a prospecção de inovações radicais e exploração de inovações incrementais, que abarcam parcerias com clientes e universidades, P&D interno e alianças estratégicas com empresas nacionais e internacionais, projetadas em suas estratégias de crescimento de desenvolvimento de produtos e de diversificação dos negócios, com mecanismos internos e externos. Cabe destacar que essas empresas não adotam a abordagem em sua plenitude, deixando de aproveitar as diversas possibilidades para a busca e aquisição de recursos, e principalmente suas formas de comercialização, deixando, portanto, de obter maiores benefícios com essa abordagem e limitando seu crescimento. Pôde-se evidenciar também que as condições do mercado e do perfil estratégico das empresas influenciam as escolhas estratégicas quanto à adoção de estratégias mais flexíveis e abertas às oportunidades de negócios.

Small businesses and small business networks have become increasingly important over the past two decades. However, limited empirical research has been carried out on the interactions of these small businesses, specifically within supportive networks. This research focuses on the interaction of firms and organizations within a successful small business innovation network, and how innovative business practices are developed. Innovation network theory was used as a lens to view the dynamics within an innovation network comprised entirely of small businesses and organizations. For this research, a qualitative case study was undertaken, with an emergent wine region in Southern California targeted as an ideal case in which to study a small business innovation network. This research showed that in this instance of a small business innovation network, a hub firm, as defined by innovation network theory does not exist to orchestrate and manage the interactions within the network. Thereby, an adapted model for small business innovation networks is proposed and the results from this qualitative case study are mapped using this adapted theory. The results show a constellation of firms and organizations at the core of the network composition, undertaking deliberate and emergent strategies that affect the outcome and success of all members of the small business innovation network. The research identified a significant sense of place embedded in the regional culture and the importance of effective regional planning in positively impacting the success of the small business innovation network.

Abstract  Title: Network construction and innovation performance – the variation of search depth and search breadth in Open Innovation networks.  Authors: Robin Cianelli, Jenny Nilsson and Sarah Wennström  Supervisor: Henrik Sällberg  Department: School of Management, Blekinge Institute of Technology  Course: Bachelor’s thesis in Business Administration, 15 credits  The study aimed to investigate how companies construct there open innovation networks and how they in turn affects the innovation presentation. It was distinguishing between the product innovation and the process innovation to investigate if the companies constructed different open innovation networks for different innovation types. This was investigated by looking at how many different extern collaborators the companies were using and how deep these collaborations were. The studies hypotheses were that the search depth and the search width would have a positive influence on the innovation presentation and that the search depth and the search width would have a greater impact for the product innovation than the process innovation. To investigate this a selection of 91 small and middle big Swedish companies in the manufacturing industry where asked to answer a web survey and our collected data was processed by multiple regression analyzes. The results showed that search depth and width in open innovation networks had a positive influence on the innovation performance when the company wanted to do product innovations, but only search depth showed a significant positive correlation for process innovation. This could be explained with the fact that processes innovations are very complex and can look very different even within the same industry. / Abstrakt  Titel: Nätverkskonstruktion och innovationsprestation - Variationen av sökdjup och sökbredd i öppna innovationsnätverk  Författare: Robin Cianelli, Jenny Nilsson och Sarah Wennström  Handledare: Henrik Sällberg  Institution: Managementhögskola, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola  Kurs: Kandidatarbete i Företagsekonomi, 15 högskolepoäng  Studien ämnade undersöka hur företag konstruerar sina öppna innovationsnätverk och hur det i sin tur påverkar innovationsprestationen. Det särskildes mellan produktinnovation och processinnovation för att undersöka om företagen konstruerade olika öppna innovationsnätverk för olika innovationstyper. Detta undersöktes genom att se till hur många olika externa samarbetspartners företagen använde sig av och hur djupa dessa samarbeten var. Studiens hypoteser var att sökdjup och sökbredd skulle påverka innovationsprestationen positivt och att sökdjup och sökbredd skulle ha större påverkan för produktinnovation än för processinnovation. För att undersöka detta fick ett urval på 91 svenska små till medelstora företag i tillverkningsbranschen svara på en webbenkät och vår insamlade data bearbetades sedan med multipla regressionsanalyser. Resultatet visade att sökdjup och sökbredd i öppna innovationsnätverken påverkade innovationsprestationen positivt när företaget ville innovera inom produkt, men att enbart sökdjup kunde uppvisa ett signifikant positivt samband för processinnovation. Detta förklarades med att processinnovationer är väldigt komplexa och kan skilja sig väldigt även inom samma bransch.

Small businesses and small business networks have become increasingly important over the past two decades. However, limited empirical research has been carried out on the interactions of these small businesses, specifically within supportive networks. This research focuses on the interaction of firms and organizations within a successful small business innovation network, and how innovative business practices are developed. Innovation network theory was used as a lens to view the dynamics within an innovation network comprised entirely of small businesses and organizations. For this research, a qualitative case study was undertaken, with an emergent wine region in Southern California targeted as an ideal case in which to study a small business innovation network. This research showed that in this instance of a small business innovation network, a hub firm, as defined by innovation network theory does not exist to orchestrate and manage the interactions within the network. Thereby, an adapted model for small business innovation networks is proposed and the results from this qualitative case study are mapped using this adapted theory. The results show a constellation of firms and organizations at the core of the network composition, undertaking deliberate and emergent strategies that affect the outcome and success of all members of the small business innovation network. The research identified a significant sense of place embedded in the regional culture and the importance of effective regional planning in positively impacting the success of the small business innovation network.

Utifrån en föränderlig omvärld har allt fler organisationer insett att de inte kan agera oberoende av omgivningen. Förändringarna beskrivs ofta i termer av mer intensiv konkurrensen, kortare livscykler för produkter och tjänster samt ständig teknikutveckling. Internet och den digitala transformationen har dessutom skapat en övergång till den digitala ekonomin vilket omvandlat grundläggande antaganden för flertalet affärsmodeller. Den intensifierade konkurrensen, teknologiska utvecklingen och ökade rörligheten av kunskap har resulterat i att allt fler organisationer måste analysera sitt sätt att organisera och styra innovationsarbetet för att öka innovationsförmågan. Mot bakgrund av de förändrade spelreglerna bör det ifrågasättas om interna innovationsprocesser är den mest framgångsrika strategin för att generera förutsättningar för en ökad innovationsförmåga. I linje med detta visar en tydlig trend under de senare åren att allt fler organisationer utforskar och efterfrågar kunskap från ett omfångsrikare spektrum av källor än tidigare. Detta åskådliggörs genom hur allt fler organisationer utnyttjar kunskapsflöden från nätverk utanför den egna organisationens gränser. Innovationsprocesser som fångar kunskapsflöden utifrån ett nätverkssynsätt ger upphov till nya potentiella fördelar för innovationsförmågan. En av de möjliga fördelarna beskrivs som kombinationen av interna och externa kunskaper. Förskjutningen från interna till mer öppna innovationsprocesser, innebär dock att innovationsstyrningen måste förändras. Med öppna innovationsprocesser har det uppdagats nya utmaningar, något som till stor del grundas i den bärande idén om involvering av flertalet individer. En central utmaning handlar om att styra öppna innovationsprocesser utan formell auktoritet över samtliga individer. Syftet med denna studie har därmed varit att identifiera och analysera vad som kännetecknar öppna innovationsprocesser och styrningsaspekterna för att öka innovationsförmågan. Utifrån en litteraturstudie upprättades ett styrningskoncept för att analysera, förklara och utveckla begrepp inom öppna innovationsprocesser. Styrningskonceptet kan beskrivas som ett paraply under vilket författaren samlar praktiska aspekter som kan utnyttjas på olika sätt för att styra en öppen innovationsprocess med målsättningen att öka innovationsförmågan. Den empiriska delen omfattar en fallstudie innehållande nio stycken intervjuer av innovationsstyrningen inom Lindholmen Science Park. Det är en internationell samverkansmiljö för forskning och innovation. Resultatet påvisar vikten av en flexibel styrning där fokus riktas mot ständig följsamhet gentemot den externa kontexten. Dessutom poängteras ledningen av till synes oförenliga paradoxer, där vikten av att vara ”både och” för att hantera olika motsatsförhållanden konstateras som viktigt. Dessutom fastslås betydelsen av ledare som frigör den inneboende innovationskraften genom nyfikenheten att lära och ett varaktigt fokus på att etablera relationer för att bygga tillit. / Based on a changing environment, more organizations have realized that they cant act independently of the environment. The changes are often described in terms of more intense competition, shorter life cycles for products and services and constant technology development. Internet and digital transformation has also created a transition to the digital economy which transforms assumptions for most business models. Intensified competition, technological development and increased mobility of knowledge, has resulted in that more organizations need to analyze the way they organize and manage innovation efforts to increase the capacity for innovation. In view of the changing rules of the game, it should be questioned whether internal innovation processes are the most successful strategy to generate conditions for increased innovation capabilities. In line with this, a clear trend in recent years points out that more organizations explore and demand knowledge from a wider range of sources than before. This is illustrated by how more organizations utilize knowledge flows from networks beyond the boundaries of their own organization. Innovation processes that capture knowledge flows based on a networking perspective gives new potential benefits for the innovation capabilities. One of the possible benefits is described as the combination of internal and external knowledge. However, the shift from internal to more open innovation processes, means that the innovation management must change. With open innovation processes, new challenges has been discovered, largely based on the supportive idea of involving more individuals. A central challenge is to control open innovation processes without formal authority over all individuals. Thus, the purpose of this study has been to identify and analyze what characterizes open innovation processes and governance aspects in order to increase the innovation capabilities. Based on a literature study, a management concept was established to analyze, explain and develop concepts in open innovation processes. The management concept can be described as an umbrella under which the author brings together practical aspects that can be utilized in different ways to manage an open innovation process with the aim of increasing innovation capabilities. The empirical part comprises a case study containing nine interviews of the innovation management within Lindholmen Science Park. It is an international environment for research and innovation. The result demonstrates the importance of flexible governance, focusing on constant compliance with the external context. In addition, the management of seemingly incompatible paradoxes is poached, where the importance of dealing with different opposites is found important. In addition, the result underline the importance of leaders who releases the inherent power of innovation by curiosity for learning and a sustained focus on establishing relationships to build trust.

本文試圖將澳門博彩產業的發展分為三個不同時期，包括︰1849年至1999年的澳葡政府時期、1999年至2009的開放賭牌與澳門政府介入的澳門特區政府時期，以及2009年後，北京政府對澳門產業重新定位的珠三角經濟區時期。分析澳門回歸中國後，殖民地的角色改變、國內外的環境與需求的變化下，政府、企業、學術單位等的三個角色，在不同的時期下是如何的合作以及互動。 本文假設，在1999年後，澳門政府的角色明顯轉變，國家透過大量的政策工具，使澳門的博彩業快速轉型為全面性的旅遊博彩業，澳門政府扮演著「主導者」跟「執行者」的角色。而2009年後，北京政府對澳門產業有了新的定位，北京政府便回到國家「主導者」的角色，而澳門政府則成了地方「執行者」。 但本文認為，由於2009年後，北京政府擔任產業「主導者」，卻與過去「一國兩制」下的國家角色有矛盾；加上跨國資本階層力量遠大於澳門政府力量，而且過去的營利模式與政府的產業方向有衝突，導致2009年後，國家機器的角色失靈，澳門博彩業並不如理想中的發展。直到2012年，北京政府在國內的反貪腐行動，卻間接把澳門產業發展拉回正軌。 最後本文假設，1999年後在澳門政府的引導之下，澳門博彩業成功跨出國際市場，加速全球資金、人才、技術等在澳門的流動，使博彩業走向全球化；同時間，澳門政府在本地利用國家政策，促使跨國企業、學術單位、賭場三者，在澳門形成了在地化的知識網絡，使澳門博彩業幾年之間在技術上快速創新升級。而到了2009年後，澳門的在地知識網絡，也隨著國家對產業的需求而轉變。

L’importance que revêt la localisation des entreprises dans le fonctionnement et la compétitivité de celles-ci amène à porter l’attention sur la problématique des clusters et l’influence qu’ils peuvent avoir sur la production de connaissances. À travers une perspective théorique qui repose sur la prise en compte des travaux portant sur les districts industriels et ceux plus récents, sur les clusters, nous mettons en évidence une évolution conceptuelle du phénomène de la localisation des entreprises. La place qu’occupe la production de connaissances constitue désormais un élément central des travaux récents qui portent sur les districts et les clusters industriels. Notre examen des dynamiques de fonctionnement de ces systèmes permet d’affirmer que la production de connaissances est une caractéristique centrale des clusters ainsi que leur principal avantage compétitif. Étroitement liée aux réseaux inter-organisationnels, la production de connaissances n’est pas un phénomène naturel, elle découle des mécanismes intrinsèques aux clusters, qu’on cherche à mettre en évidence. Pour ce faire, notre méthodologie qui emprunte les principaux repères de l’analyse stratégique des organisations conduit à l’étude du fonctionnement concret d’un réseau local d’innovation, constitué d’entreprises et d’institutions locales présentes dans le cluster montréalais de l’aérospatiale. Un réseau constitué par l’intermédiaire du Consortium de Recherche et d’Innovation en Aérospatiale du Québec, une institution centrale dans le fonctionnement de ce cluster. / The importance of the location of firms in their operational dynamic and competitiveness, leads us to focus our attention on the problem of clusters and the influence they can have on knowledge spillovers. Through a theoretical perspective based on the consideration of work on industrial districts and recently on clusters, our approach leads us to highlight a conceptual evolution of the phenomenon of the business location. The place of knowledge spillovers has become a central element of recent studies that focus on industrial districts and clusters. Our examination of the organizational dynamics of these systems allows us to assert that knowledge spillovers are a central feature of clusters as well as their main competitive advantage. Although closely related to inter-organizational networks, knowledge spillovers are not a natural phenomenon, it arises from mechanisms intrinsic to clusters, mechanisms we seek to highlight. To do so, our methodology that borrows the main landmarks of the strategic analysis of organizations leads us to study the practical operation of a network of local innovation, consisting of local companies and institutions present in the Montreal cluster of aeronautics. This network was established through the Consortium for Research and Innovation in Aerospace in Quebec (CRIAQ), a central institution in the operation of the cluster.

Die kompetenzzellenbasierte Vernetzung ist ein wissenschaftlicher Ansatz für die Kooperation elementarer Leistungseinheiten, der eine neue Perspektive für kleine und mittelständische Unternehmen darstellt, wie diese im globalen Wettbewerb mit Konzernen bestehen können. Die Arbeit beschreibt die systematische Generierung von Produktinnovationen ohne Kundenauftrag aus Initiativen innerhalb des Netzes. Als Grundlage für den Aufbau von Wettbewerbsvorteilen durch die Kooperation wird ein Verfahren zur Clusterbildung eingeführt, das beschreibt, wie sich Kompetenzzellen anhand der Charakteristik ihrer Kompetenzen effektiv zu einem Cluster verbinden lassen. Der beschriebene Innovationsprozess umfasst dann sowohl die methodische Suche nach neuen, marktgerechten Produktkonzepten, die im Produktentwicklungsprozess konstruiert werden, als auch die Technologieentwicklung, bei der neues Wissen für die Definition zukünftiger Produkte generiert wird. Für Letztere wird ein Ansatz zur Auswahl der Beteiligten beschrieben, die anhand einer annähernd objektiven Bewertung der Innovationsfähigkeit erfolgt. Der Nachweis der Funktionsfähigkeit des Verfahrens wird am Beispiel eines Forschungsinstitutes erbracht. / The competence-cell-based networking is a scientific approach to the cooperation of elementary performance units representing a new perspective for small and medium-sized enterprises of how they can stand in the global competition with large concerns. This thesis describes the systematic generation of product innovations without customer orders through initiatives within the network. As a basis for gaining competitive advantages through this cooperation, a clustering method is introduced. It explains how competence cells can be joined effectively to a cluster by means of their characteristics. The described innovation process comprises the methodical search for new, market-oriented product concepts which will be designed in the product development process. Furthermore, it comprehends also the technology development, with which new knowledge for the definition of future products is generated. For the latter, an approach for selecting the required participants is described, which is accomplished by a nearly objective evaluation of the innovative capability. The functionality of the method was verified by an example of a research institute. / Las redes basadas en células de competencia son un planteamiento científico enfocado a la cooperación de unidades funcionales elementales que representan una nueva perspectiva para las pequeñas y medianas empresas para poder subsistir en la competencia global contra grandes consorcios. La tesis describe la generación sistemática de innovaciones de producto, sin órdenes de cliente, a partir de iniciativas dentro de la misma red. Como base para la creación de ventajas competitivas a través de la cooperación se introduce un nuevo procedimiento para formar agrupaciones, el cual describe como se pueden agrupar de forma efectiva células de competencia por medio de sus características. El proceso de innovación descrito comprende tanto la búsqueda metódica de nuevos conceptos de productos orientados al mercado, que se diseñaran en el proceso del desarrollo de productos; así como también el desarrollo de tecnología, con el que se genera nuevo conocimiento para la definición de futuros productos. Para este último, se describe un método para la selección de los participantes necesarios que se efectúa por medio de la valoración aproximadamente objetiva de su capacidad para innovar. La funcionalidad del modelo propuesto se comprobó por medio de un ejemplo de un instituto de investigación.

Ett framgångsrikt innovationsarbete möjliggör för framtagningen och utvecklingen av nya och befintliga digitala produkter och tjänster. Digital innovation driver ett behov av att agera och samarbeta med andra företag och organisationer, vilket innebär att involveringen av externa aktörer kan leda till att utmaningar uppstår. Genom vår litteraturstudie har vi identifierat utmaningar, och undersökt hur dessa kan hanteras genom en kvalitativ intervjustudie, syftet med studien blir därför att genom en litteraturstudie skapa förståelse för vilka utmaningar som finns, samt identifiera hur dessa utmaningar kan hanteras genom en intervjustudie. De primära deltagarna i studien är anställda på ett etablerat och ledande företag som arbetar med digital innovation. Vi kommer att studera hur dessa utmaningar kan hanteras utifrån följande frågeställning: Hur kan utmaningar med involveringen av externa aktörer i digital innovation hanteras? Studiens resultat bidrar med föreslagna angreppssätt för att hantera utmaningar med involveringen av externa aktörer. / Successful innovation work enables the development of new and existing digital products andservices. Digital innovation drives a need to act and collaborate with other companies andorganizations, which means that involving external actors can lead to challenges. Through ourliterature study, we have identified challenges and investigated how these can be handledthrough qualitative interview studies. The purpose of the study is to create an understanding ofthe challenges that exist through a literature study, and to identify suggestions on how thesechallenges can be handled through interview studies. The primary participants in the study areemployees of an established and leading digital innovation company. We will study how thesechallenges can be addressed based on the following question: How can challenges with theinvolvement of external actors in digital innovation be handled? The study's results contributewith proposed approaches to succeed in dealing with challenges in the involvement of externalactors.