Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T14:09:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Manoel Guedes Neto.pdf: 697645 bytes, checksum: f06d98f12325a82247de1378e091a57c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-24 / The central problem of this research concerns the international experience of students and the development of intercultural competence. Due to the lack of national models, the goal is to provide a measuring instrument validated for the assessment of intercultural competence in students. This proposal is related to trends in the internationalization of the academic students as part of the globalization process. With a quantitative approach, we seek to indicate the criteria of reliability and validity for the administration of the instrument with the sample of 268 college students. Additionally, this research indicates the multivariate techniques used, adopting the technique of factor analysis and logistic regression in order to set the data analysis. These choices carried out a factor analysis in order to determine whether the six constructs proposed by the original instrument are also potentially applicable for the Brazilian reality (such extraction accounted for 41.22% of the total variability). Then exploratory analysis was performed with the aim of proposing a range of intercultural competence based on the profile of the sample of 268 Brazilian college students (obtained an extraction of 14 factors that accounted for 62.31% of the total variability of the instrument). Additionally, the results of the logistic regression revealed that the constructs of tolerance to uncertainty, self-efficacy and willingness to engage are the properties affected by the exchange experience. / O problema central dessa pesquisa diz respeito à experiência internacional dos estudantes universitários e ao desenvolvimento de competências interculturais. Devido à inexistência de modelos nacionais, o objetivo consiste em disponibilizar um instrumento de medida validado para a avaliação de competências interculturais em estudantes universitários. Essa proposta está relacionada às tendências de internacionalização do quadro estudantil acadêmico como parte do processo de globalização. De abordagem quantitativa, são indicados os critérios de confiabilidade e validade utilizados na administração do instrumento junto à amostra de 268 estudantes universitários. Adicionalmente, são apresentadas as técnicas de análise multivariada utilizadas; nesse sentido, adotou-se a técnica de análise de fatores e a regressão logística de modo conjunto para a análise dos dados. Por meio de tais escolhas realizou-se uma análise fatorial no intuito de verificar se os seis construtos propostos pelo instrumento original também são potencialmente válidos para a realidade brasileira (tal extração representou 41,22% da variabilidade total). Em seguida, realizou-se análise exploratória com o objetivo de propor uma escala de competências interculturais pautada no perfil da amostra dos 268 estudantes universitários (obteve-se a extração de 14 fatores que representaram 62,31% da variabilidade total do instrumento). Adicionalmente, pelos resultados da regressão logística, revelou-se que os construtos da tolerância à incerteza, autoeficácia e vontade de se envolver são as características afetadas pela experiência do intercâmbio.

The present study holds as a goal presenting the process of translation and validation to the Brazilian context the reduced version of the Index Race-Related Stress (IRRS) Scale of Discriminatory Experiences towards African-descent (SDEA), which measures the stressors motivated by racism related to the experience of the African-descent people. The stress is a phenomenon resulting from continuous evaluations of stimulus perceived through the pressures of the environment, psychological pressures and biological misfits which come from the activation of adaptive resources in front of the stressing situation. It is noticed that the racism and discrimination give a favorable context to the creation and maintenance of the stressing events, in other words, the discriminatory experiences bring cumulative negative situations which interfere in the adaptation of the individual. The original scale original, Index Race-Related Stress (IRRS), comprehends three factors related to the Cultural Racism (ten items), Institutional Racism (six items) and Individual Racism (six items) with items that talk about the statements related to the experiences of the subjects towards the racism. The initial part of the validation was the translation process, reverse translation and semantic analysis, attested by five judges. Initially it was realized the first pre-test with fifteen graduation students, checking the comprehension and clearance of the items. Students from different graduation courses from public and private universities from the state of Sergipe participated in the study, from both genders and ages varying from 17 to 35 years old. In order to distinguish the European-descent and African-descent students, it was used an indicator of social approximation of social groups taking into consideration the color of the skin, which presented eight points, because the skin color appears as the main criterion to the process of validation of the Scale of Discriminatory Experiences towards African-descent (SDEA). In the end of the collecting process, the study counted on 220 graduation students who categorized themselves in the social group of the African-descents and 300 who categorized themselves as inserted in the social group of the European-descents. Afterwards, exploratory factorial analysis with promax rotation procedures were performed, just like analysis of reliability and commonalities, besides the item-scale correlation, the statistical analysis of the socio-demographic variables and the validity concurrent to the scale of perceived stress (PSS-10). In the results, two factors with Alfa of Cronbach between 0,90 were found and factorial charges varying from 0,448 to 0,771to the total score, these results did not correspond to the original structure due to the transcultural aspect. The SDEA validated version resulted in 22 items, revealing itself as bifactorial and with one total factor, being this one the most adequate theoretical and empirical structure. The factors were denominated as: Factor I- Collective Experiences of Racial Discrimination and Factor II- Individual Experiences of Racial Discrimination which reflect on discriminatory experiences in collective and individual contexts. At last, it was performed the concurrent validity between the SDEA and PSS-10, the results demonstrated positive and meaningful correlation to both Factors, although the Factor I has presented the significance a little above p < 0,05. On the other hand, the total score resulted in positive and meaningful correlation as it was expected. The values of SDEA versus PSS-10 revealed bigger punctuations being proportional to the greatest scores of the scale of perceived stress. In resume, it is suggested that the final version of the SDEA translated to Portuguese and composed by 22 items is adequate to the context of the Brazilian researches. / O presente estudo tem como objetivo apresentar o processo de tradução e validação, para o contexto brasileiro a versão reduzida da Index Race-Related Stress (IRRS) Escala de Experiências Discriminatórias contra Negros (EEDN), que mensura os estressores motivados pelo racismo relacionados às experiências dos negros. O estresse é um fenômeno resultante de contínuas avaliações de estímulos percebidos através de pressões do ambiente, psicológicas e desajustes biológicos que suscitam da ativação de recursos adaptativos diante da situação estressora. Nota-se que o racismo e a discriminação fornecem um contexto favorável para a criação e manutenção dos eventos estressores, ou seja, as experiências discriminatórias acarretam em situações negativas acumulativas que interferem na adaptação do sujeito. A escala original Index Race-Related Stress (IRRS) compreende três fatores relacionados ao Racismo Cultural (dez itens), Racismo Institucional (seis itens) e Racismo Individual (seis itens), com itens que versam sobre as declarações acerca das experiências dos sujeitos sobre o racismo. A etapa inicial de validação foi o processo de tradução, tradução reversa e análise semântica, atestado por 5 juízes. Inicialmente foi realizado o pré-teste com 15 estudantes de graduação, averiguando-se a compreensão e clareza dos itens. Participaram do estudo estudantes oriundos de diversos cursos de graduação de universidades públicas e privadas do Estado de Sergipe, de ambos os sexos e idades variando entre 17 e 35 anos. Para distinguir os estudantes brancos e negros, utilizou-se um indicador de aproximação social de grupos sociais em virtude da cor da pele, possuindo oitos pontos, pois a cor da pele configurou como critério principal para o processo de validação da Escala de Experiências Discriminatória contra Negros (EEDN). Ao final do processo de coleta, o estudo contou com 220 estudantes de graduação que se autocategorizaram no grupo social dos negros e 300 que se autocategorizaram como inseridos no grupo social dos brancos. Em seguida, realizaram-se procedimentos de análise fatorial exploratória com rotação promax, análises de confiabilidade e das comunalidades, além da correlação item-escala, análise estatística das variáveis sociodemograficas e validade concorrente com a escala de estresse percebido (PSS-10). Nos resultados encontrou-se 2 fatores com Alfa de Cronbach entre 0,90 e cargas fatoriais variando de 0,448 a 0,771 para o escore total, esses resultados não corresponderam a estrutura original em decorrência do aspecto transcultural. A versão EEDN validada resultou em 22 itens, revelando-se bifatorial e com um fator total, sendo essa a mais adequada estrutura teórica e empírica. Os fatores foram denominados como: Fator I- Experiências Coletivas de Discriminação Racial e Fator II- Experiências Individuais de Discriminação Racial que refletem acerca das experiências discriminativas no contexto coletivo e individual. Por fim, realizou-se a validade concorrente entre a EEDN e PSS-10, os resultados demonstraram correlação positiva e significativa para ambos os Fatores, embora o Fator II tenha apresentado significância pouco acima 0,05. Por sua vez, o escore total resultou em correlação positiva e significativa ocorrendo conforme o esperado. Os valores da EEDN versus PSS-10 revelou maiores pontuações sendo proporcionais aos maiores escores da escala de estresse percebido. Em suma, sugere-se que a versão final da EEDN traduzida para o português e composta por 22 itens é adequada ao contexto das pesquisas brasileiras

Introdução: A Neuropatia Periférica Induzida pela Quimioterapia (NPIQ) é um efeito adverso comum e debilitante ocasionado pela infusão de agentes quimioterápicos neurotóxicos como os taxanos, as platinas, alcalóides da vinca, bortezomibe e talidomida. A administração destas medicações aumentam a sobrevida do paciente, porém, aproximadamente, 30% a 40% desenvolvem NPIQ, o que afeta negativamente o tratamento planejado e a qualidade de vida ao interferir nas atividades diárias do paciente. A NPIQ manifesta-se com sintomas sensitivos (parestesia, disestesia, dor entre outros), motores (fraqueza, alterações na marcha e no equilíbrio, dificuldade nas habilidades motoras finas e outros) e neurovegetativos (constipação, retenção urinária, disfunção sexual e alterações na pressão sanguínea). Até o momento não foi concebido um instrumento que avalie a dor neuropática na NPIQ e, além disso, não há instrumento validado com essa finalidade no Brasil. Objetivos: Realizar a tradução e adaptação transcultural do instrumento Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy Assessment Tool (CIPNAT) para a língua portuguesa do Brasil e testar as propriedades psicométricas da versão adaptada em uma amostra de pacientes oncológicos, que apresentavam NPIQ. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo metodológico com coleta de dados transversal. Para o processo de tradução e adaptação do instrumento, adotou-se o referencial teórico metodológico proposto por Beaton e colaboradores (2000). A coleta de dados ocorreu em dois hospitais referência no tratamento oncológico da cidade de São Paulo. Resultados: Obteve-se uma amostra de 245 participantes, sendo que, 135 (55,1%) apresentavam neoplasia maligna de intestino, 162 (66,1%) usavam um quimioterápico da classe análogos da platina, 125 (51%) manifestavam dormência nas mãos com gravidade média de 6,71 e angústia média de 7,0 (numa escala de 0-10), impactou negativamente nas Atividades de Vida Diária (AVD) como a prática de exercícios, o trabalho e atividades de lazer. Para testar a validade de construto convergente fez-se uma correlação de Spearmam da versão adaptada do CIPNAT com os instrumento NPSI e DN4 e, obteve-se uma moderada correlação. Não foi possível atingir a validade discriminante. A análise fatorial exploratória com rotação varimax identificou dois fatores, sendo estes, sintomas sensitivos e sintomas motores. Em relação a confiabilidade, alcançou-se um alfa de Cronbach de 0,87, considerado satisfatório. O teste-reteste demonstrou uma forte correlação entre a primeira e segunda avaliação pelo CIPNAT, sendo considerado estável. Conclusão: A análise psicométrica do CIPNAT foi adequada. Desta forma, estará disponível um instrumento válido e confiável que rastreia, caracteriza, avalia e mensura a NPIQ e seu impacto nas AVDs para que a enfermagem oncológica promova uma assistência segura e com qualidade / Background: Chemotherapy Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN) is a common and debilitating adverse effects caused by the infusion of neurotoxic chemotherapeutics such as taxanes, platines, vinca alkaloids, bortezomib and thalidomide. The administration of these medications increase patient survival, however, approximately 30% to 40% develop CIPN, which negatively affects the planned treatment and the quality of life by interfering with daily activities of the patient. The CIPN manifests itself with sensory symptoms (paresthesia, dysesthesia, pain and others), motors (weakness, changes in gait and balance, difficulty with fine motor skills and others) and neurovegetative (constipation, urinary retention, sexual dysfunction and changes in blood pressure). So far, it has not been a tool designed to evaluate the neuropathic pain in CIPN and furthermore, there is no validated instrument for this purpose in Brazil. Aims: To perform the translation and cultural adaptation of Chemotherapy- Induced Peripheral Neuropathy Assessment Tool instrument (CIPNAT) into Portuguese of Brazil and test the psychometric properties of the adapted version in a sample of cancer patients with CIPN. Methods: This is a methodological study with cross data collection. For the process of translation and adaptation of the instrument, it was adopted the methodological theoretical framework proposed by Beaton et al (2000). Data collection occurred in two referral hospitals in the oncological treatment of São Paulo. Results: There was obtained a sample of 245 participants, and that 135 (55.1%) had colorectal neoplasm, 162 (66.1%) used a platinum chemotherapeutic agent, 125 (51%) manifested numbness in the hands with medium gravity of 6.71 and average distress of 7.0 (on a scale of 0-10), impacted negatively on the activities of Daily Living (ADLs) such as exercise, work and leisure activities. To test the convergent validity has made a Spearman\' correlation of the adapted version of CIPNAT with NPSI and DN4 instrument and, was obtained a moderate correlation. Could not achieve the discriminant validity. Exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation identified two factors, which are, sensory symptoms and motor symptoms. Regarding reliability, it was reached a Cronbach\'s alpha of 0.87, satisfactory. The test-retest showed a strong correlation between the first and second evaluation by CIPNAT and is considered stable. Conclusion: The psychometric analysis of CIPNAT was adequate. Thus, it will be available a valid and reliable instrument that tracks, features, evaluates and measures the CIPN and its impact on ADL for the oncology nursing promotes safe and quality care

El objetivo principal de esta tesis es evaluar la efectividad de un programa de gestión de casos frente a un programa de atención estándar en personas con esquizofrenia. El objetivo principal se operacionalizó en tres objetivos consecutivos. Del objetivo preliminar surge el Estudio 1 que revisa la literatura sobre la gestión de casos. La gestión de casos ha experimentado importantes cambios y los modelos tradicionales están en desuso. Los resultados de las revisiones metanalíticas sobre la eficacia de la gestión de casos son heterogéneos. Las características de los pacientes y la fidelidad al programa podrían estar asociadas a los efectos de la gestión de casos. Se sugiere el desarrollo de estrategias de gestión de casos que ofrezcan diferentes grados de intensidad según las necesidades del paciente. Del objetivo intermedio surgen los estudios 2, 3 y 4. Estos estudios se han centrado en la validación, en población con esquizofrenia, de la World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version, la Disability Assessment Schedule Short Form y la DUKE-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire. Las tres escalas muestran puntuaciones fiables y válidas, y son instrumentos útiles para la valoración psicosocial de esta población. Del objetivo específico se derivan los estudios 5 y 6. El estudio 5 incide en el conocimiento de las necesidades de los pacientes con esquizofrenia asignados a un programa de gestión de casos. Se hace una propuesta de criterios y de variables a considerar cuando se incluya a un paciente en dicho programa así como de reconfiguración del mismo. El estudio 6 analiza la efectividad de un programa de gestión de casos frente a un programa de atención estándar. El grupo de pacientes en gestión de casos muestra peor funcionamiento y mayor uso de servicios que el grupo en programa estándar en la evaluación inicial. Al seguimiento, ambos grupos mejoran y el grupo en gestión de casos alcanza niveles similares a los del grupo en atención estándar en la mayoría de variables. Esta tesis profundiza en el conocimiento de dos modalidades de tratamiento comunitario del Servicio Catalán de Salud. Ambas son efectivas y podrían ofrecerse consecutivamente según necesidades del paciente. / The psychiatric deinstitutionalization leaded to an increase of community resources for persons with Severe Mental Illness (SMI). These resources include the so-called case management programs that aim to organize, coordinate and integrate the resources available for patient care through continuous contact with one or more key workers. The Mental Health Strategy of the Spanish National Health System (2007) recommends case management programs for the coordination, access and use of mental health resources. However, these programs are not implemented throughout and there are differences between Autonomous Communities. In Catalonia, these programs are available at Adult Mental Health Mental Health Care Centres of the State Mental Health Network of the Catalan Health Service. Specifically, the Severe Mental Illness Specific Care Program, known as PAE-TMS, covers the health care for most patients with SMI so it is particularly important to assess its effectiveness. This PhD thesis addresses this issue and its main objective is to assess the effectiveness of the PAE-TMS versus a standard treatment program (STP) in persons with schizophrenia. This objective was operationalized in three consecutive objectives: 1) preliminary objective: literature review of case management; 2) intermediate objective: validation of assessment instruments in persons with schizophrenia, and 3) specific objective: to improve knowledge of the needs of patients with schizophrenia included in the PAE-TMS and analyze its effectiveness. Each goal is associated with one or more studies. The preliminary objective leads to study 1. It reviews the literature regarding the origins, principles, tasks, models and effects of case management programs. This study shows that case management has undergone major changes over time and that the traditional models seem not to be in use, as evidenced by the most recent models. The results of meta-analytic reviews of the effectiveness of case management programs are diverse. Recent studies suggest that some variables, such as patient characteristics and fidelity to the program, may be associated with the effectiveness of case management. It is suggested, therefore, the development of case management strategies that may offer different degrees of intensity depending on patients’ needs. The intermediate goal leads to studies 2, 3 and 4. These studies are psychometric and have focused on the validation in persons with schizophrenia of the following instruments: the World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version, the Disability Assessment Schedule Short Form and the DUKE-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire. The three instruments showed good psychometric properties. Their scores are reliable and valid and, therefore, are useful and appropriate for the assessment of quality of life, disability and social support in persons with schizophrenia. The specific goal leads to studies 5 and 6. The study 5 provides a better understanding of the needs of patients with schizophrenia assigned to the PAE-TMS or the STP. We suggest criteria and variables that may be considered when assigning a patient to the PAE-TMS. Considering these variables, we suggest a reconfiguration of the program by means of the addition of evidence-based elements. The study 6 assesses the effectiveness of the PAE-TMS versus the STP. At baseline, the group of patients in the PAE-TMS showed a profile characterized by worse clinical and psychosocial functioning and greater use of services than patients in the STP. At one year follow-up, both groups improved and the group in the PAE-TMS achieved a similar level to that in the STP group in most outcomes. This PhD thesis provides a deeper insight into two modalities of care that target the care of most of persons with SMI in the Catalan Health Service. The PAE-TMS and the STP are effective and could be offered consecutively according to patients’ needs.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:30:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5826.pdf: 1477811 bytes, checksum: 7e98346cb582d2360d7e7ca4a0cb751a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-20 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / School victimization may favor the occurrence of traumatic symptoms and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This Doctoral Thesis had the following objectives: validate the American retrospective instrument Student Alienation and Trauma Survey - R (SATS-R), to Brazil, in terms of construct and content validity; characterize how violence is expressed at school, identifying the main types of violence, the worst school events experienced by students, the frequency and duration of these events, main perpetrators, as well as victims' characteristics (age, grade and type of school); investigate the occurrence of traumatic symptoms, especially PTSD, after the worst school experience; analyze the association between PTSD symptoms and variables associated with the worst school experience, and investigate the relationship between the explanatory variables (individual characteristics and aversive school experiences), and development of PTSD symptoms, using an ordinal logistic regression model. The study included 691 students (54.8% female and 45.2% male), of a public university in São Paulo State, Brazil, who responded to Portuguese versions of the Student Alienation and Trauma Survey-R (SATS-R) and the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist - Civilian Version (PCL-C). In terms of content validity, the following procedures were conducted: translation, back-translation, semantic equivalence, instrument analysis by experts in the field, and a sample assessment of the target population; for construct validity, an exploratory factor analysis was conduct and Cronbach's alpha was calculated. The study results indicate the feasibility of using the instrument in the Brazilian context for research purposes. Frequency of victimization types reported by participants were: relational violence (at least one item reported by 85.2%); verbal violence (77.7%); physical violence (50.8%); unfair discipline (43.1%); property violence (33.4%); witnessing violence (27.9%); and sexual violence (21.4%). The most frequent types of worst school experiences described were: relational (35.7%), and verbal violence (27.4%). Girls experienced more episodes of verbal, relational and sexual violence, and boys experienced more physical violence and unfair discipline, and the aggressors were mostly male students. The mean age when these worst experiences occurred was 12.3 years, and although most events occurred at low frequency and with short duration, a considerable percentage of participants indicated a duration of "years", particularly in verbal and relational victimization cases. Most participants indicated that they were greatly bothered by their worst school experience, and 7.8% had PTSD symptons after experiencing this event. The percentage of participants with clinically significant scores on the subscales ranged from 4.7% (somatic symptoms) to 20% (hypervigilance), and described symptoms frequently in the literature, such as depression, hopelessness, cognitive difficulties and traumatic event recollection. Significant variables for the regression model were: age, duration and discomfort after the worst experience; relational violence; and verbal violence. In general, student who expressed the greatest discomfort, reported traumatic experiences that were longer in duration, occured when they were older, and the greater the number of verbal and relational victimization events experienced, the greater the possibility of presenting clinically significant symptoms of PTSD. Despite the limitations of the retrospective methodo, the study obtained interesting results which coincide with the literature, drawing attention to the long-term effects of school victimization. In addition, these results may contribute to the development of new research on the topic, as well as offering treatment parameters for victims who were traumatized in school, improving school violence prevention programs. / A vitimização escolar pode favorecer a ocorrência de sintomas traumáticos, como de Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático (TEPT). A presente Tese de Doutorado teve os seguintes objetivos: buscar evidências de validade de conteúdo e de constructo do instrumento retrospectivo norte-americano Student Alienation and Trauma Survey R (SATS-R), para o Brasil; caracterizar como a violência se expressa na escola, identificando os principais tipos de violência, as piores experiências escolares vivenciadas por estudantes, a frequência e a duração desses eventos, os agressores principais, bem como as características das vítimas (idade, série e tipo de escola); investigar a ocorrência de sintomas traumáticos, principalmente TEPT, nos estudantes, após a vivência da pior experiência escolar; analisar a associação dos sintomas de TEPT a variáveis relacionadas à pior experiência escolar; e investigar o relacionamento de variáveis explicativas (características do indivíduo e das experiências escolares aversivas vivenciadas) e o desenvolvimento de sintomas de TEPT, por meio de um modelo de regressão logística ordinal. Participaram do estudo 691 estudantes (54,8% do sexo feminino e 45,2% do masculino), de uma universidade pública do interior do estado de São Paulo, que responderam a versões brasileiras dos instrumentos Student Alienation and Trauma Survey e Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Civilian Version (PCL-C). Para a validação de conteúdo, foram feitas: tradução, retrotradução, equivalência semântica, análise do instrumento por profissionais da área e avaliação por amostra da população alvo; para a validação de constructo foi realizada análise fatorial exploratória e cálculo do alfa de Cronbach do instrumento. Os resultados do estudo apontaram para a viabilidade da utilização do instrumento no contexto brasileiro para fins de pesquisa. A frequência dos tipos de vitimização relatados pelos participantes foi: violência relacional (ao menos um item relatado por 85,2%), violência verbal (77,7%) violência física (50,8%), disciplina injusta (43,1%), violência contra o patrimônio (33,4%), presenciar violência (27,9%) e violência sexual (21,4%). Os tipos de piores experiências mais frequentes descritos foram violência relacional (35,7%) e verbal (27,4%). As meninas sofreram mais episódios de violência verbal, relacional e sexual e os meninos violência física e disciplina injusta, sendo que os agressores foram, em sua maioria, estudantes e do sexo masculino. A idade média de ocorrência das piores experiências foi 12,3 anos e, embora a maior parte dos eventos tenha ocorrido em baixa frequência e com curta duração, porcentagem considerável dos participantes apontou duração de anos nos casos de vitimização verbal e relacional, principalmente. A maior parte dos participantes apontou ter se incomodado muito com a pior experiência escolar, sendo que 7,8% apresentaram indicação de TEPT após a vivência dessa experiência. A porcentagem de participantes com escores clinicamente significativos nas subescalas variou de 4,7% (sintomas somáticos) a 20% (hipervigilância), sendo frequentes sintomas comumente descritos na literatura como depressão, desesperança, dificuldades cognitivas e rememoração do evento traumático. As variáveis significativas para o modelo de regressão realizado foram: idade, duração e incômodo após a pior experiência, violência relacional e violência verbal. De forma geral, quanto maior o incômodo do estudante, maior a duração da experiência, maior a idade e quanto mais eventos vivenciados de vitimização relacional e verbal, maior a possibilidade de apresentação de sintomas clinicamente significativos de TEPT. Apesar das limitações da metodologia retrospectiva, foram obtidos resultados interessantes que coincidem com a literatura, chamando a atenção para os efeitos a longo prazo da vitimização escolar. Além disso, o estudo pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas sobre o tema, bem como oferecer parâmetros de tratamento às vítimas que apresentem sintomas decorrentes de experiências traumáticas na escola, podendo aprimorar, também, programas de prevenção à violência escolar.

This study applied the stages of transformative learning to faculty perceptions and application of best practices to online learning. Research questions included: Can transformative learning theory constructs be used to identify potential barriers in faculty development and delivery of online instruction?; How does the stage of transformative learning of online faculty relate to their perceptions about online learning and their application of best practices?; Is there a correlation between stage of transformative learning and the amount of experience with online instruction a faculty member has? Principal component analysis and cluster analysis support a four-component solution. The four constructs equate to Mezirow's four stages of learning: transforming frames of reference through critical reflection of assumptions, validating contested beliefs through discourse, taking action on one's reflective insight, and critically assessing it. Multiple regression analyses were run to predict faculty perceptions on the identified components. Three of these were statistically significant based on years of experience teaching online, the number of professional development workshops taken on online teaching, or both. While the instrument appears to be a valid measurement of transformation of frame of reference, examination of previously contested beliefs, and critical assessment of action, further efforts will be needed before this is a fully validated instrument.

Work-based and employee-driven informal learning, training and development have been increasing in importance in the last few decades. Concurrently, organizations seek to measure the extent to which they develop a culture and structure that supports individual learning and organizational learning. This study develops and validates a scale that can measure the extent to which an organization is perceived to provide online learning that is personalized for its employees and perceived to recognize skills and competencies acquired through non-degree and other pathways. This research can provide organizations with the ability to measure and benchmark attributes of their learning culture that are important to work-based and lifelong learning as well as talent recruitment and management.