• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 334
  • 138
  • 9
  • 8
  • 5
  • 5
  • 3
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 528
  • 528
  • 528
  • 312
  • 311
  • 271
  • 160
  • 114
  • 74
  • 69
  • 62
  • 61
  • 54
  • 51
  • 47
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
441

"Avaliação da estrutura das unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica neonatal do município de São Paulo" / Quality assessment of pediatric and neonatal intensive care unit in Sao Paulo

Daniela Carla de Souza 18 September 2003 (has links)
Apesar da importância das unidades de terapia intensiva pediátricas e neonatais (UTIP/UTIN) na assistência à criança criticamente enferma, pouco se conhece da estrutura destas unidades no município de São Paulo (SP). No período de agosto/00 a julho/02 foi realizado estudo descritivo da estrutura das UTIP/UTIN do município de SP. Das 107 unidades identificadas, 85 (79,4%) concordaram em participar através do preenchimento de questionário. Observou-se uma distribuição desproporcional das UTIs e dos leitos (1 leito/604 crianças - 1 leito/6.812 crianças; média: 1 leito/2.085 crianças). As 85 unidades totalizaram 1067 leitos, dos quais 969 estavam em atividade. A média do número de leitos por unidade foi 11,7 (4-60). Em relação a recursos materiais, equipamentos essenciais para o funcionamento de uma UTI estavam indisponíveis. Quanto aos recursos humanos, mais de 70% dos critérios mínimos foram cumpridos. Observou-se diversidade na distribuição dos leitos de UTIP/UTIN no município de SP / Despite the importance of pediatric and neonatal intensive care units (PICU/NICU) to the care of severally ill children, the knowledge of the structure of these units is scarce in Sao Paulo. From Aug/00 to July/02 it was conducted a descriptive study about structure of PICU/NIUC in the city of Sao Paulo. We identified 107 PICU/NICU and 85 (79.4%) agreed to participate. We noticed an irregular distribution of the ICU in relation to the pediatric population in each district (1bed/604 children - 1 bed/6.812 children, mean 1 bed/2.085 children). The 85 units made a total of 1067 beds of which 969 were considered active. The mean number of beds per ICU was 11.7 (4-60). Some basic requirements for a PICU were found to be unavailable in quite a number of units. Regarding human resources, more than 70% of standards were accomplished. We concluded that exists a substantial diversity in PICU/NICU structure in Sao Paulo
442

The experiences neophyte professional nurses allocated in critical care unit in their first year post graduation in Kwa-Zulu Natal

Chiliza, Marilyn Thabisile 16 February 2015 (has links)
The purpose of the study was to explore and describe the lived experiences of neophyte professional nurses working in ICU during their first year post graduation with the aim to discover strategies to support the nurse in critical care unit. An explorative, descriptive, interpretative qualitative design was conducted to uncover the nurse’s experiences. A purposive sampling was used which is based on belief that the researcher’s knowledge about the population can be used to hand pick sample elements. Data was collected through in-depth unstructured interviews and written narratives. Collaizi’s method of data analysis was used. The study findings revealed that neophyte professional nurses experienced difficulties and challenges in adjusting to the unit because of lack of mentors emanating from the shortage of staff. Nurses experienced mixed feelings regarding the relationship with colleagues in terms of support received. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)
443

A collaborative approach towards enhancing synergy in a critical care unit in Gauteng

De Kock, Juliana 22 April 2014 (has links)
In today’s world healthcare all over the world is profoundly challenged by rapid technological advancements, violence, terrorism, diverse cultures, proliferating chronic diseases, and the worst nursing shortage. In addition to these complex and daunting challenges healthcare continue to focus the attention on hospitals to review and modify the way care is delivered to patients. As key role players and consistent members of the multidisciplinary team critical care nurses are uniquely positioned to modify and review the quality of patient care through synergy between the patients’ needs, the nurses’ competencies, and the critical care environment. A collaborative approach towards enhancing synergy in a CCU was undertaken in a CCU in a private hospital in Gauteng. The study was guided by the American Association for Critical Care Nurses Synergy Model for Patient Care and conducted within the critical social theory paradigm. The nature of the research was descriptive, explorative and contextual and both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used. Action research cycles were followed to assess existing synergy between the patients’ needs, the nurses’ competencies and the characteristics of the environment in the CCU. An action plan was formulated and implemented towards enhancing synergy in the CCU. The implemented plan was adjusted based on observations and reflections following each of the five cycles of the project / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)
444

Evaluation of impact of antimicrobial stewardship in limiting the spread of antimicrobial resistance in Gauteng Province

Nkosi, Bongani Eustance 05 1900 (has links)
The threat of antimicrobial resistance particularly in the intensive care unit has become a global issue. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobial stewardship in limiting the spread of antimicrobial resistance in the hospital’s ICU. The study further determined the deficiencies of the ASP and recommended strategies to remedy the identified deficiencies. A quasi-experimental descriptive quantitative design was used in this study. The study was conducted at the intensive care unit of an academic hospital. A structured questionnaire was used to extract information from patients’ medical records. This evaluation showed that the antimicrobial stewardship program had a sufficient impact on the appropriate use of antimicrobials in the hospital’s ICU. While there were a small (19.05 %) number of patients inappropriately prescribed antimicrobials, a moderate (35.59%) number of patients developed hospital acquired infections during the study period. In addition, the results revealed a lack of the facility’s leadership commitment to antimicrobial stewardship, which is crucial for ensuring the availability of human, financial and information technology resources Through the evaluation of the program the deficiency in the program’s performance can be identified and optimised. For the studied facility, the performance of the program could be improved by gaining the support of the facility leadership. The present study endorses the evaluation of health promotion initiatives to improve patients’ safety and outcome in healthcare institutions. Keywords / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)
445

Études épidémiologiques régionales et nationales des infections virales respiratoires sévères de l’enfant : intérêts pour la prise en charge préventive et curative / Regional and national epidemiological studies on respiratory viral infections in children : preventive and curative interests

Fléchelles, Olivier 30 November 2018 (has links)
Les virus respiratoires induisent de nombreuses et fréquentes pathologies en pédiatrie avec une morbidité importante. Ces virus sont bien connus car étudiés depuis longtemps mais ils sont en évolution constante. L’apparition des antibiotiques, des antiviraux, des soins intensifs, de la vaccination, les connaissances sur l’hygiène ont transformé l’impact de ces virus sur les populations humaines. Nos modes de vie principalement citadins favorisent la diffusion virale locale par le regroupement de presque tous les enfants dans des crèches ou des écoles. De même l’explosion récente des moyens de transport en particulier aérien qui ont reliés physiquement tous les pays du monde entre eux et qui accentuent la diffusion virale mondiale. Faut-il appliquer les mêmes raisonnements dans tous les pays du monde pour lutter contre ces infections ? Cette thèse apporte de nouvelles connaissances sur ce sujet en se focalisant sur les virus influenza et le virus respiratoire syncytial :1) Pendant la pandémie H1N1 au Canada, la mise en évidence de l’augmentation des hospitalisations des enfants asthmatiques, paradoxalement moins souvent ventilés durant leurs séjours en réanimation pédiatrique.2) L’intérêt de la vaccination contre le virus pandémique H1N1 pour diminuer le recours à la ventilation assistée chez les enfants hospitalisés en réanimation pédiatrique.3) Le Canada n’a pas connu de 3ème vague pandémique en raison d’une campagne vaccinale massive qui bien que tardive, a été efficace même 1 an plus tard.(4) La saisonnalité de la bronchiolite dans les régions tropicales est très différente de celle retrouvée dans les pays tempérés et nécessite de réajuster les recommandations de prise en charge à l’aune des données localesEn décrivant la cinétique et l’impact de la pandémie grippale de 2009 sur les enfants hospitalisés en soins intensifs pédiatriques au Canada d’Octobre 2009 à Mars 2011, en comparant cette cohorte à une cohorte similaire en France Hexagonale, et en décrivant 2 épidémies de VRS en Martinique en 2007 et 2008 pour confronter ces données avec celles décrites dans les pays tempérés, ce travail illustre combien nos connaissances doivent toujours être remises en question du fait de l’évolution du climat, de l’évolution de la société et de l’évolution des connaissances médicales / Respiratory viruses are responsible for much pediatric pathology with significant morbidity. These viruses are well known for a long time but are subject to constant changes. The development of antibiotics, antivirals, intensive care, vaccination, knowledge on hygiene has modified the impact of these viruses on human populations. Our predominantly urban lifestyles support local viral spread by bringing almost all children together in nurseries or schools. In the same way, the large use of modern transport facilities especially air transport (which connect all continents between them) facilitate the world viral spread. In this new environment, should we apply the same medical reasoning all over the world to fight against these infections? This thesis brings new knowledge on this topic, focusing on influenza virus and syncytial respiratory virus:1) During Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, hospitalizations of children with asthma increase, but they were least often to be ventilated during their pediatric intensive care stay.2) The value of vaccination against the pandemic virus to reduce the use of assisted ventilation in children hospitalized in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit.3) Canada did not experience a third pandemic wave in 2010 because of a massive vaccination campaign that, even late, was effective one year later.4) The bronchiolitis season in the tropics is different from what we know in temperate countries. It is mandatory to adjust management recommendations in the light of regional data.By describing the kinetics and impact of the 2009 influenza pandemic on children in pediatric intensive care in Canada from October 2009 to March 2011, comparing this cohort to a similar cohort in France, and comparing 2 epidemics of VRS in Martinique (French West Indies) in 2007 and 2008 with those that have been carried out in temperate countries, this thesis is an example why we have to constantly question our knowledge because of climate change, change in society and medical knowledge evolution.
446

Estudo do volume pulmonar fetal na predição da morbidade neonatal em pacientes com lesão pulmonar congênita / Ultrasound assessment of fetal lung volume for prediction of neonatal morbidity in congenital lung malformation

Freitas, Rogério Caixeta Moraes de 10 August 2016 (has links)
Introdução: A maioria dos fetos com lesão pulmonar congênita (LPC) são assintomáticos e apresentam baixa morbidade ao nascimento. No entanto, alguns neonatos apresentam desconforto respiratório e necessitam receber de cuidados especiais neste período. Decidir quais casos com LPC precisam nascer em um centro de referência é um desafio. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi predizer a morbidade neonatal em fetos com LCP sem hidropisia avaliados pela ultrassonografia tridimensional (US3D). Método: Estudo observacional, entre janeiro de 2005 e janeiro de 2016, com fetos com LPC e sem hidropisia. Os volumes pulmonares foram mensurados pela US3D, técnica VOCAL, em dois períodos: entre 20 e 28 semanas (1o momento) e entre 29 e 34 semanas (2o momento). A variação intra e inter-operador foi analisada para os volumes pulmonares. As relações volumétricas testadas foram: volume pulmonar observado / esperado (VPTo/e); volume da lesão pulmonar / circunferência cefálica (LVR) e volume da lesão / volume pulmonar observado (VL/VPTo). As relações volumétricas foram usadas na predição da morbidade neonatal (admissão em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal (UTI), necessidade de intubação (IOT); necessidade de cirurgia no período neonatal por sintomatologia respiratória). Regressão logística múltipla e curva ROC foram aplicadas para determinar a acurácia na predição dos resultados. Resultados: Dos 45 fetos não hidrópicos com LPC incluídos no estudo, 18 (40%) foram admitidos na UTI, 14 (31,1%) necessitaram de IOT, e sete (15,6%) cirurgia neonatal. A variação intra e inter-operador para os volumes pulmonares apresentou boa reprodutibilidade e não houve diferença estatística (p > 0,05). No 1o momento (IG: 20 - 28 semanas) observou-se que todas as relações volumétricas (1oVPTo/e, 1oLVR e 1oVL/VPTo) foram preditoras para admissão na UTI e necessidade de IOT. No 2o momento (IG: 29 - 34 semanas), apenas o 2oVPTo/e, e, 2oVL/VPTo foram preditores para IOT. Nenhuma das razões volumétricas (VPTo/e, LVR e VL/VPTo) foram preditoras para a cirurgia neonatal. No 1º momento, o melhor preditor para UTI foi 1º VPTo/e (ASC 0,86; p < 0,001) e para IOT foi 1º VL/VPTo (ASC 0,94; p < 0,001). Os cut-off escolhidos para a admissão na UTI foi 1º VPTo/e<0,53 (s:91,7%; e:70,8%; a:77,8%); e para IOT foi 1º VL/VPTo > 1,18 (s:91,7%; e:62,5%, a:72%). Para o 2o momento, a melhor relação volumétrica preditora para admissão na UTI foi 2º VL/VPTo (ASC 0,92; p < 0,001) e para necessidade de IOT foi 2º VPTo/e (ASC 0,87; p < 0,001). O cutoff escolhido foi 2ºVL/VPTo > 0,42 para a admissão na UTI (s:94,1%; e:82,3%; a:88%); e 2ºVPTo/e < 0,50 para IOT (s:92,9%; e:75%; a:82,3%). Conclusão: As relações volumétricas pulmonares mensuradas pela US3D podem predizer as morbidades neonatais em fetos não hidrópicos com LPC. O VPTo/e e VL/VPTo foram os melhores preditores da morbidade neonatal. Esses dados podem auxiliar no aconselhamento aos pais e na escolha do local mais adequado para o parto / Introduction: Most fetuses with congenital lung malformation (CLM) are asymptomatic and have low morbidity. However, some newborns present respiratory discomfort and need special care. Therefore, decide which cases need to be delivered in a referring center is challenging. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to predict neonatal morbidity in non-hydropic fetuses with CLM assessed by threedimensional ultrasonography (3DUS). Method: Observational study, between January 2005 and January 2016, involving non-hydropic fetuses with CLM. The fetal lung volumes were assessed by 3DUS, by VOCAL technique, in two moments: between 20 and 28 weeks (1st moment) and between 29 and 34 weeks (2nd moment). Intra- and inter-operator variabilities were also evaluated in estimating fetal lung volumes by 3DUS. The following volumetric ratios were assessed: observed / expected normal fetal lung volume (oeTLV), fetal lung lesion volume ratio (LVR), and lesion-to-lung volume ratio (LLV). The lung volumetric ratios were used for the prediction of neonatal morbidity (admission to NICU, need of orotracheal intubation (OTI), or need for lung surgery in neonatal period due to respiratory symptoms). Multivariate regression analyses and receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) were applied to determine the best volumetric ratio to predict the neonatal morbidity. Results: Forty-five non-hydropic fetuses with CLM were selected for the study. Eighteen (40%) were admitted to the NICU, 14 (31.1%) needed intubation and seven (15.6%) needed neonatal surgery. The variation intra and inter-operator for lung volumes showed good reproducibility and no statistical difference (p>0.05). In the 1st moment (GA: 20 - 28 weeks), all 3DUS ratios (1st oeTLV, 1st LVR, and 1st LLV) demonstrated strong prediction for NICU admission and need of intubation. In the 2nd moment (GA: 29 - 34 weeks), only 2nd oeTLV and 2nd LLV correlated with need of intubation. None of the volumetric ratios (oeTLV, LVR and LLV) were predictive of neonatal surgery. In the 1st moment the best volume ratio for the prediction of NICU admission was 1st oeTLV (AUC 0.86, p < 0.001) and for the need of intubation was 1st LLV (AUC 0.94, p < 0.001). The cut-off chosen for NICU admission was 1st oeTLV < 0.53 (sensitivity 91.7%, specificity 70.8%, accuracy 77.8%); and for the prediction of the need of intubation was 1st LLV > 1.18 (sensitivity 91.7%, specificity 62.5%, accuracy 72%). In the 2nd moment, the best volume ratio for the prediction of NICU admission was 2nd LLV (AUC 0.92, p < 0.001) and the prediction of the need of intubation was 2nd oeTLV (AUC 0.87, p < 0.001). The cut-off chosen for the prediction of NICU admission was 2ndLLV > 0.42 (sensitivity 94.1%, specificity 82.3%, accuracy 88%); and for the prediction of the need of intubation was 2nd oeTLV < 0.50 (sensitivity 92.9%, specificity 75%, accuracy 82.3%). Conclusion: Lung volume ratio measured by 3DUS can predict neonatal morbidity in nonhydropic fetuses with CLM. The oeTLV and LLV were the best predictors of neonatal morbidity. These findings can be useful in counseling parents and in choosing the most appropriate place for delivery
447

Redução automática versus manual da pressão de suporte no desmame de pacientes em pós-operatório: estudo controlado e randomizado / Automatic versus manual pressure support reduction in the weaning of post-operative patients: a randomized controlled trial

Taniguchi, Corinne 29 September 2008 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: A redução automática da pressão de suporte (PS) baseada na freqüência respiratória, ou MRV (mandatory rate ventilation) é um modo ventilatório disponível no ventilador Taema-Horus. A hipótese do estudo é que o MRV utilizado no desmame é tão efetivo quanto o desmame manual em pacientes em pós-operatório na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). MÉTODOS: Ao chegar à UTI, após a cirurgia, os pacientes eram randomizados em dois grupos: desmame manual ou automático. O desmame manual consistiu na redução manual da PS a cada 30 minutos mantendo a relação freqüência respiratória sobre volume corrente menor do que 80, até a PS de 5-7 cmH2O. O desmame automático baseou-se na freqüência respiratória alvo de 15 respirações por minuto (o ventilador diminui automaticamente, a PS em 1 cmH2O a cada 4 ciclos respiratórios, se o paciente mantiver a freqüência respiratória abaixo deste valor). O objetivo primário do estudo foi comparar a duração do processo de desmame. Secundariamente verificamos o nível de PS, freqüência respiratória, volume corrente, índice de freqüência respiratória sobre volume corrente, pressão positiva expiratória final, fração inspirada de oxigênio e saturação de oxigênio requeridos durante o processo de desmame. Verificamos também necessidade de reintubação e necessidade de ventilação não invasiva nas primeiras 48 horas após a extubação. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os 53 pacientes selecionados em cada grupo quanto ao sexo (p=0541), idade (p=0,585) e tipo de cirurgia (p=0,172). Dezenove pacientes foram excluídos durante o protocolo (quatro no grupo manual e quinze no grupo automático, p<0,05). Nove pacientes do grupo automático foram excluídos do protocolo por não se adaptarem ao modo de desmame automático. Oitenta e sete pacientes concluíram o estudo, quarenta e nove pacientes foram desmamados manualmente e trinta e oito automaticamente. A duração do processo de desmame foi de 205,41±181,27 minutos (de 30 a 840 minutos) no grupo manual, e 157,33±129,98 minutos (de 30 a 545 minutos) no grupo automático. Não houve diferença estatística significante quanto ao tempo de desmame entre os dois grupos. O nível de PS foi maior (p<0,001) e freqüência respiratória foi menor (p=0,0098) no modo MRV comparado ao modo manual, durante o processo de desmame. Não houve necessidade de reintubação em nenhum dos grupos. Houve necessidade de ventilação não invasiva em dois pacientes do grupo manual (p=0,505), ambos sofreram cirurgia cardíaca. CONCLUSÃO: A redução automática da PS foi efetiva e pode ser utilizada no desmame de pacientes no pós-operatório na unidade de terapia intensiva, se o paciente se adaptar ao algoritmo do MRV / Introduction: Automatic pressure support reduction based on a target respiratory frequency or MRV is available in the TAEMA-HORUS ventilator for the weaning process in the ICU setting. We hypothesized that MRV is as effective as manual weaning in post-operative ICU patients. Methods: There were 106 patients selected, in the post-operative period in a prospective, randomized, controlled protocol. When the patients arrived in the ICU after surgery, they were randomly assigned to traditional weaning, consisted of the manual reduction of pressure support every thirty minutes, keeping the RR/TV(L) < 80 till 5-7 cmH20 of PSV. Alternatively, they were assigned to automatic weaning, referring to MRV set with a respiratory frequency target of 15 breaths per minute (the ventilator automatically decreased the PSV level by 1 cmH20 every 4 respiratory cycles, if the patients RR was less than 15 per minute). The primary endpoint of the study was the duration of the weaning process. Secondary endpoints were levels of pressure support, respiratory rate, tidal volume (mL), RR/VT (L), PEEP levels FiO2 and SpO2 required during the weaning process, the need for reintubation and the need for non-invasive ventilation in the 48 hours after extubation. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the 53 patients selected for each group regarding gender (p=0.541), age (p=0.585) and type of surgery (p=0.172). Nineteen patients were excluded during the trial (4 in the PSV group and 15 in the MRV group, p<0.05). Eighty-seven patients concluded the study, forty-nine patients were weaned manually and thirtyeight automatically. The weaning duration process was 205.41 ± 181.27 minutes (30 to 840 minutes) for the manual group and 157. 33± 129.98 minutes (30 to 545 minutes) for MRV group (p=0.167). PSV levels were significantly higher and RR was lower in MRV compared to that of the PSV manual reduction (p<0.05). Reintubation was not required in either group. NIV was necessary for two patients, in the manual group after cardiac surgery (p=0.505). Conclusion: The automatic reduction of pressure support was effective and can be useful for weaning patients in the post-operative period in the ICU, if the patient is receptive to the MRV algorithm
448

Avaliação do impacto da implantação de rotina de cuidados com cateter de drenagem ventricular externa em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neurológica / Evaluation of the impact of implantation of a routine of care of the external ventricular drainage catheter in a neurological intensive care unit

Camacho, Eduardo Fernandes 01 April 2011 (has links)
Introdução: a derivação ventricular externa (DVE) envolve um cateter colocado no espaço ventricular cerebral para drenar o liquor (LCR) excessivo. As complicações mais comuns dessa prática incluem hemorragia em sítio de inserção, obstrução do cateter, desconexão do sistema e infecção com indicadores que variam de 1% a mais de 27%. Objetivo: analisar os indicadores de infecção relacionada à DVE e avaliar o impacto da intervenção na rotina de cuidados com cateter de DVE. Casuística e Método: estudo quase-experimental realizado na UTI Neurológica do Instituto Central do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Foram avaliados os dados de infecção em pacientes submetidos à DVE em duas etapas: pré-intervenção que ocorreu de abril de 2007 a julho de 2008 e intervenção que ocorreu de agosto de 2008 a julho de 2010. Na primeira etapa, foram realizadas observações do cuidado com DVE e aplicado questionário para avaliar o conhecimento dos profissionais. Na segunda etapa, foram realizados treinamentos da rotina de cuidados, higiene das mãos e biossegurança com intervalos de cinco, seis e sete meses e após um ano de intervenção foi realizado uma observação da higiene das mãos. Foram excluídos todos os pacientes que apresentaram traumatismo cranioencefálico com fratura exposta, presença de fístula liquórica, hidrocefalia congênita e presença de infecção ativa no sistema nervoso central. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por 30 dias após a retirada da DVE e considerou-se infecção relacionada à DVE os agentes microbiologicamente identificados em LCR de acordo com o critério do CDC. Foram realizadas cinco observações do cuidado com DVE, uma observação da higiene das mãos, uma elaboração da rotina de cuidados, três treinamentos com aulas expositivas e uma intervenção na redução do tempo de permanência do cateter de DVE, totalizando cinco intervenções. Resultados: Durante o estudo, 178 pacientes foram submetidos a 194 procedimentos correspondendo a 1217 cateteres-dia. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 48 anos, sendo 62,4% do gênero feminino. A mortalidade global entre os pacientes foi de 34,8%. Antibioticoprofilaxia foi administrada em 80,4% dos procedimentos. Os agentes Gram-negativos foram identificados em 71,4% no período pré-intervenção e de 60% no período de intervenção. Os agentes Gram-positivos foram identificados em 14,3% no período pré-intervenção, de 20% no período de intervenção e infecção polimicrobiana foi identificada em 14,3% no período pré-intervenção e de 20% no período de intervenção. Os indicadores de infecção relacionada à DVE durante o estudo foram reduzidos de 9,5% para 4,8% por paciente (redução de 50,5%), de 8,8% para 4,4% por procedimento (redução de 50%) e a densidade de incidência de 14,0 para 6,9 infecções por 1.000 cateteresdia (redução de 49,2%) (p=0,027). Após a quarta intervenção, não foi identificada nenhuma infecção microbiologicamente confirmada durante doze meses consecutivos. Conclusão: Observou-se redução sustentada dos indicadores de infecção relacionada à DVE e diante desses resultados, a intervenção educacional continuada mostrou ser uma ferramenta útil na redução desses indicadores. / Introduction: an external ventricular drain (EVD) involves the placement of a catheter into the cerebral ventricular space in order to drain excessive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The most common complications of this practice include hemorrhage at the insertion site, obstruction of the catheter, disconnection of the system, and infection with indicator values that vary from 1% to more than 27%. Objective: to analyze the indicators of EVD-related infection and assess the impact of intervention on the routine of care of the EVD catheter. Cases and Method: the quasi-experimental study was carried out at the Neurological Intensive Care Unit of the Central Institute at the Clinics Hospital of the University of São Paulo School of Medicine. Data regarding infection from patients submitted to EVD were analyzed in two phases: pre-intervention, which occurred from April 2007 to July 2008, and intervention, which occurred from August 2008 to July 2010. During the first stage, observations were made as to the care given to the EVD and a questionnaire was applied to evaluate the level of knowledge of the healthcare professionals. During the second stage, training was given as to a routine of care, hand hygiene, and biosafety, with intervals of five, six, and seven months; one year after the intervention, observation of hand hygiene was performed. Excluded were all patients presenting with cranioencephalic trauma with exposed fractures, presence of CSF leakage, congenital hydrocephalus, and presence of active infection of the central nervous system. Patients were followed for 30 days after EVD removal and EVDrelated infections were considered those caused by agents microbiologically identified in the CSF according to CDC criteria. We conducted five observations of the care taken with the EVD, one observation of hand hygiene, one preparation of a routine of care, three training sessions with expository classes, and one intervention to reduce the time the EVD catheter remained in place, with a total of five interventions. Results: during the study, 178 patients were submitted to 194 procedures, corresponding to 1217 catheters-day. The mean age of the patients was 48 years, and 62.4% of them were females. Global mortality among the patients was 34.8%. Prophylaxis with antibiotics was given in 80.4% of the procedures. Gramnegative agents were identified in 71.4% of the cases during the preintervention period, and 60% during the intervention period. Gram-positive agents were identified in 14.3% of the cases during the pre-intervention period, and 20% during the intervention period, and 14.3% of them were polymicrobial infection in the pre-intervention period, and 20% during the intervention period. The values of EVD-related infection indicators during the study fell from 9.5% to 4.8% per patient (a 50.5% reduction), from 8.8% to 4.4% per procedure (a 50% reduction), and the density of incidence dropped from 14.0 to 6.9 infections per 1,000 catheters-day (a 49.2% reduction) (p=0.027). After the fourth intervention, no microbiologically confirmed infection was identified throughout twelve consecutive months. Conclusion: we observed a sustained reduction in EVD-related infection and in light of these results, continued educational intervention proved to be a useful tool in reducing these indicators.
449

Validação de um modelo suíno da síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (SDRA) grave e persistente / Validation of severe and persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) porcine model

Gomes, Susimeire 11 December 2014 (has links)
A Sindrome do Desconforto Respiratório Agudo (SDRA) apresenta alta taxa de mortalidade em UTI. Sua principal característica é alteração da permeabilidade da membrana alvéolo capilar, com liberação de agentes inflamatórios, disfunção de surfactantes e da aeração pulmonar, queda da complacência e dos níveis de oxigenação. Frequentemente evolui com necessidade de suporte ventilatório. Vários modelos experimentais foram propostos na tentativa de reproduzir as mesmas característica da SDRA encontradas em pacientes, porém com pouco sucesso. Tem sido difícil reproduzir modelos estáveis, e por períodos prolongados. Assim, o nosso objetivo foi validar um novo modelo de SDRA, submetido a um período de observação e estabilização de 40 horas de ventilação mecânica protetora, testando a reprodutibilidade das principais características da apresentação clínica da SDRA. Realizamos o estudo em suínos, divididos em 3 grupos : SHAM (não submetido a Lesão), LESÃO (submetido a lavagem total pulmonar e ventilação lesiva por 3 horas) e VMP40 (submetido a Lesão e 40hs de ventilação protetora segundo a estratégia ARDSNET). Observamos que os níveis de PaO2 e complacência tiveram queda significativa após a lesão mantendo esta queda ao final de 40 horas. Os níveis de citocinas IL1, IL8 e IL6 tiveram um aumento significativa logo após a lesão, mantendo aumento significativo de IL1 e IL8 nas 40 horas de observação. Os níveis de polimorfonuclear no bal também tiveram um aumento significante, mantido nas 40 horas. Uma significativa alteração da permeabilidade alveolo-capilar foi demonstrada pelo aumento de proteínas no lavado broncoalveolar, aumento da água extravascular pulmonar, e aumento da relação peso seco/úmido que foram persistentes após 40hs da estratégia protetora ARDSnet. A lesão histológica foi evindenciada pela presença de todos os componentes clássicos: membrana hialina, hemorragia alveolar, infiltrado inflamatório e edema alveolar, também mantidos por 40hs. Conclusão: O modelo desenvolvido apresentou características clínicas e fisiopatológicas similares a pacientes com SDRA grave, mantidas por um período de 40 horas de ventilação protetora, mostrando assim que este modelo pode ser utilizado para estudos de SDRA e estratégias de ventilação mecânica protetora por período prolongado / The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) has high mortality in the ICU. Its main features comprise the disruption of the alveolo-capillary membrane with permeability alterations, release of inflammatory agents, and physiological dysfunctions like surfactant function degradation, loss of compliance and reduced PaO2 levels demanding ventilatory support. Several experimental models were developed in an attempt to simulate the same characteristics of ARDS in patients, but could not reproduce the complex, florid characteristics or the persistent damage for long periods. This study aimed to validate a new ARDS model in our laboratory, submited to an stabilization/observation period of 40 hours period of protective mechanical ventilation (according to the protective ARDSnet strategy), during which we tested the persistence of the main physiopathological characteristics of ARDS. We conducted the study in pigs divided into 3 groups : SHAM (not injured), INJURY (total lung lavage and injurious mechanical ventilation for 3hs) and MVP40 (injury protective mechanical ventilation for aditional 40hs-ARDSNET strategy). Respiratory-system compliance and PaO2 significantly decreased after injury, with a persistent drop till the end of 40hs. The levels of IL1, IL6 and IL8 cytokines presented a significant increase immediately after injury, with persistent levels of IL1 and IL8 after 40hs. Polymorphonuclear cells in the BAL were also increased after injury, with persistent levels after 40 hours. Gross alterations in the alveolo-capillary permeability were demonstrated by increased levels of proteins in the bronchoalveolar lavage, increased extravascular lung water and an increased wet/dry lung-weight ratio that remained elevated after 40hs of protective strategy. Histological injury was confirmed by visualization of hyaline membranes, frequent alveolar hemorrhage, alveolar edema and massive inflammatory infiltration. Conclusion: The proposed model reproduced the clinical and phisiopathological alterations found in patients with ARDS. The alterations persisted for at least 40hs of protective ventilation strategy. Thus, this model can be used for long term studies of ARDS and protective ventilation strategies
450

Avaliação da correlação entre a tomografia de impedância elétrica e o volume corrente aplicado durante o suporte ventilatório mecânico invasivo / Evaluation of the correlation between electrical impedance tomography and tidal volume applied during mechanical invasive ventilatory support

Hirota, Adriana Sayuri 12 December 2018 (has links)
Introdução: A tomografia de impedância elétrica (TIE) é uma técnica de imagem não invasiva que mensura o potencial elétrico na superfície torácica através de eletrodos colocados ao redor do tórax. Essas medidas são transformadas em uma imagem bidimensional da distribuição da impedância elétrica no tórax. Esse instrumento detecta modificações da densidade pulmonar e distribuição do volume corrente. Entretanto, é necessário melhor avaliação da sua eficiência em estimar o volume corrente (VT) a cada ciclo ventilatório. O objetivo do estudo é avaliar a correlação do volume estimado pela TIE com o VT aplicado durante o suporte ventilatório mecânico. Métodos: Inicialmente, foram estudados cinco suínos da raça Landrace. Os animais foram sedados, intubados e monitorados com a TIE. Foram aplicados volumes incrementais (100, 250, 500, 750 e 1000 mL) com a seringa de precisão em ZEEP e com PEEP de 5, 10 e 20 cmH2O, antes e depois da promoção de lesão pulmonar com lavagem com solução salina. Posteriormente, outros cinco animais foram monitorados com a tomografia computadorizada de tórax por raios X (TC) e a TIE. Foram aplicados volumes incrementais (250, 500 e 1000 mL) com a seringa de precisão em ZEEP e com PEEP de 10 e 20 cmH2O, também antes e depois da promoção de lesão pulmonar. A amplitude da variação de impedância mensurada pela TIE foi convertida em volume e foi calculado o volume de ar na TC. Análises de correlação e concordância foram realizadas com o programa \"R\" (© R Foundation for Statistical Computing). Resultados: Em ZEEP, o coeficiente de correlação entre os volumes estimado pela TIE e calculado pela TC foram, respectivamente, 0,90 e 0,96 na comparação com a seringa de precisão. O coeficiente de determinação entre a TIE e a seringa de precisão foi progressivamente reduzindo (0,90; 0,89 e 0,81 com PEEP de 5; 10 e 20, respectivamente) com o aumento do volume pulmonar promovido pela elevação da PEEP. A TC mostrou um deslocamento progressivo do conteúdo aéreo no sentido caudal com o aumento do volume pulmonar. Conclusões: Há uma boa correlação entre o volume estimado pela TIE e o VT aplicado durante o suporte ventilatório mecânico quando utilizados volumes e pressões usuais na prática clínica / Rationale: Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a noninvasive imaging tool that reconstructs a cross-sectional image of the lung\'s regional conductivity using electrodes placed circumferentially around the thorax. It is able to detect changes of lung air content and tidal volume (VT) distribution. However, better evaluation of its capacity to quantify VT variations is necessary. The aim of our study was to assess the correlation between volume estimated by EIT and tidal volume applied at different positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEP). Methods: Initially, in an experimental study five mechanically ventilated pigs monitored by EIT were studied. VT increments (100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mL) were applied with a calibrated syringe at zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP) and PEEP levels of 5, 10 and 20 cmH2O before and after lung-injury (induced by saline lavage). Another five pigs was monitored by EIT and x-ray computed tomography (CT). VT increments (250, 500 and 1000 mL) were applied with a calibrated syringe at zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP) and PEEP levels of 10 and 20 cmH2O before and after lung-injury. Lung air volume was calculated at CT scan and the amplitude of impedance change measured by EIT was converted to volume (mL). Correlation and agreement analysis was performed at \"R\" program (© R Foundation for Statistical Computing). Results: At ZEEP, volume estimated by EIT and volume calculated at CT obtained r2 = 0.90 and 0.96 respectively, when compared to calibrated syringe. The coefficient of correlation between EIT and calibrated syringe impaired (0.90; 0.89 and 0.81 with PEEP of 5; 10 and 20, respectively) with increase of the lung volume due to increased PEEP. CT showed a progressive displacement of the air content to the caudal thoracic levels with the increase of the lung volume. Conclusion: EIT is able to estimate tidal volume during mechanical ventilatory support when used volumes and pressures usually applied at bedside

Page generated in 0.1025 seconds