abstract: Empathy is a critical component of high-quality healthcare. When present in the clinical encounter, empathy is important to physicians (empathy is correlated with reductions in physician anxiety and burnout) and to patients (empathy is correlated with better medical decision making, enhanced trust, and improved treatment adherence). Unfortunately, there is an empathy gap in healthcare–physicians often miss opportunities to demonstrate empathy to their patients. This leaves patients feeling unheard, less likely to bring up details important to their care, and less likely to follow treatment guidelines from physicians, thus disrupting the physician-patient relationship. Luckily, communicating with empathy is a skill that can be taught and learned. With the right tools, learners can strengthen their empathic muscle and become better prepared for responding in difficult situations. The present thesis aims to validate a new tool for teaching empathy to medical trainees. This tool, an empathic communication guide, is drawn from social work as well as medical expertise. It is catered specifically to how medical trainees are accustomed to learning and provides the actual words to say in order to respond with empathy in difficult situations. A group of 8 palliative care fellows at MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas received a copy of this guide and participated in an accompanying communication workshop. To gauge empathic responding ability, fellows completed pre- and post- surveys and patient simulations. These data were analyzed using a combination of novel and established methods for quantifying empathic behaviors. Fellows’ empathic communication skill significantly improved after exposure to the guide opening avenues for future study and application. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Social Work 2020

Service integration is central to current government strategy for promoting positive outcomes for young people with educational and additional needs, yet evidence to support the efficacy of this strategy remains elusive. A review of the literature finds that many of the facilitators of successful multi-agency working are at the intra-group level. These barriers and facilitating factors are organised into an Eco-systemic Model of Multi-Agency Working (EMMA) which addresses leadership processes, group-level interactions and problem-solving processes. The first stage of the study generates data for intervention materials to be used in the second stage. This is achieved by comparing the purposes and practices of each group at different systemic levels. This stage of the study also provides baseline questionnaire data for the second stage of the study. Consideration is given to the sources of conflict within each group, the strategies used to resolve these conflicts and the levels of hierarchical and systemic thinking within the participating multi-agency groups. The resulting analysis is found to fit well within the EMMA model and the distinctiveness of each of the systemic levels as well as their interdependence is discussed. Suggestions are made for improved multi-agency practices and new directions for the educational psychologist in facilitating improved practice are explored. Paper II Abstract In the first phase of this two-stage study, self-organised learning principles were proposed as a useful knowledge base upon which to draw when facilitating change in multi-agency groups. In this second phase, this hypothesis is put to the test. Data from the first phase is used in combination with wider research findings to design feedback materials for participating groups. Evidence gathered from ensuing meeting transcripts, interviews and questionnaire data is compared with baseline data gathered in the first phase to assess the impact of this intervention on group functioning. Evidence is presented of improved clarity of purpose, improved group functioning and early signs of improved outcomes, though results are highly variable between groups. Different levels of group functioning were found to be inter-dependent, lending support to an eco-systemic model of multi-agency working. Trait-based models of leadership and conflict resolution are challenged. It is argued that improving outcomes for young people is dependent upon the healthy functioning of multi-agency groups and that investing resources in reflective learning in multi-agency groups is a worthwhile step towards securing better outcomes for young people.

INTRODUÇÃO: Este estudo tem como foco a educação de profissionais da saúde. Para responder às complexas necessidades dos fazeres e saberes em saúde deve haver a superação do modelo curricular fragmentado e exclusivamente uniprofissional. Políticas e programas de educação e saúde têm reorientado o processo de formação dos profissionais que atuam no cuidado em saúde a partir da ênfase na integralidade da atenção à saúde, participação no controle social e de currículos integrados e comprometidos com a melhoria das condições de vida da população. OBJETIVO: Compreender os significados da vivência multiprofissional na atividade de ensino ‘Práticas Integradas em Saúde I’ em cenários de prática do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS)/Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), analisando seu potencial para a educação interprofissional. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de um estudo de caso de abordagem qualitativa, cujo campo de investigação foi a atividade de ensino integradora dos cursos da saúde – disciplina Práticas Integradas em Saúde I – da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). A produção de dados foi constituída pela análise documental, formulário online, entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas com egressos, estudantes de graduação e gestor universitário (n=24), grupo focal com professores (n=11) e observação participante com registros em diário de campo. A amostra foi intencional definida pelo critério da saturação e densidade do material textual. Os dados foram interpretados pela análise temática de conteúdo de Bardin com o apoio do software ATLAS.ti (Visual Qualitative Data Analysis). O estudo teve aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da UFRGS e da Prefeitura Municipal de Porto Alegre. RESULTADOS: A disciplina integradora é um movimento contra-hegemônico ao modelo de formação uniprofissional. Seu aspecto inovador está expresso pelo caráter multiprofissional, oportunizando a convivência entre estudantes de graduação, professores universitários e profissionais da saúde de diferentes núcleos profissionais em cenários de prática do SUS. Essa inte(g)ração possibilitou aprendizagens sobre as diferentes profissões da saúde, organização de um trabalho em equipe pautado na colaboração , reconhecimento do trabalho na Estratégia de Saúde da Família, com destaque para o processo de trabalho do Agente Comunitário de Saúde, expressando valores da educação interprofissional (EIP). A disciplina integradora fomenta espaços de aproximação com o SUS, por meio da vivência nos territórios com equipes multiprofissionais da APS. Desafios pedagógicos de organização das atividades nos cenários de prática (planejamento das tutorias) e limitação de tempo e de espaços institucionalizados para o compartilhamento das experiências entre os estudantes que representam diferentes profissões foram destacados. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: A disciplina integradora apresenta-se como um potente cenário para o desenvolvimento da EIP na graduação. Para a consolidação da proposta de inte(g)ração da disciplina, momentos presenciais para o compartilhamento das percepções sobre a vivência no território entre os estudantes e professores devem ser garantidos, assim como espaços de educação permanente e continuada para os professores que dela participam. É fundamental que a Universidade invista na ampliação das atividades de ensino compartilhadas entre os cursos da saúde, e que a comunidade acadêmica se comprometa e se envolva na inte(g)ração. / INTRODUCTION: The present study aims the Health Professionals Education. To respond the complex needs of health practices and knowledge there must be an overcoming of the fragmented and exclusively uni professional curriculum model. Education and health policies and programs have redirected the process of training the different professions that work with health care giving emphasis on the integrality of attention to health, participation in social control, also with committed and integrated pedagogical programs, in order to improve the living conditions of the population. OBJECTIVE: To understand the meanings of multi professional experience in the teaching activity – ‘Integrated Practices in Health I’ - in practical scenarios of the Unified Health System/ Primary Health Care, analyzing its potential for inter professional education. METHODOLOGY: It is a case study with a qualitative approach whose field of research was the integrated teaching activity of the Health Courses - discipline ‘Integrated Practices in Health I’ - of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Data production consisted of documentary analysis, online forms, individual semi- structured interviews with graduates, undergraduate students and University manager (n=24), focus group with professors (n=11) and participant observation with field diary registration. The sample was intentional defined by the standard of saturation and density of the textual data. The data were interpreted by Bardin thematic analysis of content with support of the software ATLAS.H (Visual Qualitative Data Analysis). The study was approved by Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) and Porto Alegre City Hall. RESULTS: The integrative discipline is a counter-hegemonic movement to the uniprofessional training model. Its innovative aspect is expressed by the multi professional character allowing the coexistence between undergraduate students, university professors and health professionals from different professional backgrounds of the Unified Health System practice scenarios. This integration made it possible for students to learn about different health professions, the organization of a teamwork based on collaboration, the recognition of teamwork in the Family Health Strategy with emphasis on the work process of the Community Health Agent, expressing values of the inter professional education. In addition the integrative discipline encourages approaching spaces with the Unified Health System through living in territories with Primary Health Care multi professional teams. Pedagogical challenges of organizing activities in practice scenarios (planning the tutorials) and limitation of time and institutionalized spaces to share experiences among students, representing different professions were highlighted. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: Integrative discipline presents itself as a potent scenario for the development of Inter professional education. For the consolidation of the proposal of a integrative discipline, face-to-face moments for sharing the living perceptions in the territory between students and professors must be assured, as well as spaces of permanent and continued education for the professors that are part in the project. It is essential that the University make investments in the expansion of teaching activities shared among the Health Courses, and that the academic community engages and engages with interaction.

Aim:  To describe and develop understanding of  the patient’s first encounter with the involved persons at the scene of an accident and at the emergency department; with a special focus on describing the meaning of emergency care of patients in these caring contexts.  Method: The thesis uses a reflective lifeworld research (RLR) approach founded on phenomenological philosophy. The purpose with this approach is to describe the essential meaning and the variations of a phenomenon. Interviews with a lifeworld perspective were used for data collection and analyzed according to the RLR approach for searching for the essence of the phenomenon.  The four essences in the studies (I-IV) establish a general structure for the phenomenon. Findings:  Emergency care is characterized by an organisation, whose goal and resources are focused on life-saving, and that encounters a human being with needs of emergency care as well as existential support. The responsibility in emergency care means an intertwining of doing and being.  The one who is in charge takes responsibility for performing or “doing” medical actions, and by “being” close and present in the situation the patient can at the same time feel an existential support. The responsibility for the injured or ill body is handed over to a chain of persons with more and more specialized competence and resources. This hand-over entails a relief for all involved but fails in one link in the chain, namely to explicitly hand back  the responsibility to the patient.  When the patient’s condition allows the distance to be larger the responsibility pales and the existential support decreases. A gap between doing and being arises where the patient is left to regain control and independence. The intertwining of doing and being, which appears as soon as the one in charge is close and present to the patient, facilitates the hand-over to the patient who in a natural way is able to receive the responsibility with possibilities to be able to conclude the encounter. Conclusions: A new understanding of emergency care appears which entails more than just life support measures.  Emergency care includes different ways of communication in order to hand over the responsibility and complete the care chain back to the patient in a safe way. The results highlight the importance of empowering patients with a confirming, communicative contact throughout the whole caring process in order for them to retain their identity. There are also implications for educating students and personnel in inter-professional communication and work. In order to assist the intertwining between doing and being there are needs for the development of supportive structures for inter-professional reflection, which in turn would improve the interaction between patients and professionals in their encounter.

The overall aim of this thesis was to evaluate clinical pharmacist interventions with the focus on methods aiming to improve the quality of drug therapy and increase patient safety. Adverse drug events caused by medication errors, suboptimal dosages and inappropriate prescribing are common causes of drug-related morbidity and mortality. Clinical pharmacists integrated in multi-professional health-care teams are increasingly addressing these issues. A randomised controlled trial (RCT) was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of clinical pharmacists’ interventions in reducing morbidity and use of hospital care for patients 80 years or older. The results showed that the intervention group had fewer visits to hospital and that the intervention was cost-effective. In a subsequent study based on the population in the RCT, the appropriateness of prescribing was assessed using three validated tools. The results indicated improved appropriateness of prescribing for the intervention group as a result of the intervention. The tools and the number of drugs at discharge were then tested for validity in terms of causal links between the scores at discharge and hospitalisation. No clear correlations between high scores for the tools or a high number of drugs and increased risk of hospitalisation could be detected. During the inclusion period of the RCT a survey based study was conducted where the perceived value of ward-based clinical pharmacists, from the perspective of hospital-based physicians and nurses as well as from general practitioners (GPs) was evaluated. The respondents were positive to the new collaboration to a high degree and stated increased patient safety and improvements in patients’ drug therapy as the main advantages. In the last study the frequency and severity of prescription and transcription errors, when patients enrolled in the multidose-dispensed medications (MDD) system are discharged from hospital, was investigated. The results showed that errors frequently occur when MDD patients are hospitalised.

Hensikten: med denne studien er å få kunnskap om lærernes og ledelsens oppfatninger av, og erfaringer med, tverrprofesjonelt samarbeid. Deres oppfatning av behovet for, og muligheter for, å implementere tverrprofesjonelt samarbeid i arbeidet med skolens psykososiale miljø, søkes også belyst. I tillegg undersøkes om motivasjon for et strukturert samarbeid påvirkes av tidligere erfaringer. Metode:Fenomenografi ble brukt som tilnærmingsmetode og fokusgruppeintervju som datainnsamlingsmetode. 15 ansatte i en ungdomsskole, fordelt på tre fokusgrupper, deltok i studien. Resultat:Det ble identifisert tre beskrivelseskategorier og seks delkategorier. Begrepet tverrprofesjonelt samarbeid oppfattes som lite kjent. Samarbeid med andre profesjoner beskrives som lite, til dels besværlig og preget av tilfeldigheter. Skolens rolle i forpliktende samarbeid oppfattes å forvanskes ved at det i utgangspunktet stilles mange krav til skolen. Det er vanskelig å prioritere mellom fagopplæring og tema som sorterer under sosial kompetanse og trivselsgivende tiltak. Motivasjon for samarbeid begrunnes i behov for økt kunnskap om faktorer som påvirker elevenes individuelle og totale opplevelse av skolen. De fokusgruppene som har hatt befatning med et strukturert tverrprofesjonelt samarbeid tilkjennegir en mer positiv holdning til samarbeid med andre profesjoner. Formelle rammer oppfattes som en begrensende faktor for samarbeid. Konklusjoner: Funn i studien indikerer et behov for å avklare meningsinnhold i begrep som beskriver samarbeid mellom ulike profesjoner og sektorer. Metoder og formelt grunnlag for å utvikle et godt psykososialt miljø i et tverrprofesjonelt perspektiv etterlyses. Det å ha en positiv erfaring fra et strukturert tverrprofesjonelt samarbeid, øker motivasjonen for ytterligere samarbeid. / Purpose: This study aimed to increase knowledge about teachers' and management's perceptions of, and experiences with, the concept of interprofessional collaboration. The study also sought to determine perceptions about the need and opportunity for implementing interprofessional collaboration in their work environment. Finally, the studie investigated whether past experiences influence motivation for structured cooperation. Method: This study used a fenomenografic approach and interviewed 15 employees of a Norwegian junior high school. Study participants were divided into three focus groups; participants from the management, teachers with experience from structured interprofessional collaboration and teachers without such experience. Results: Data analysis identified three categories and six subcategories. All participants described interprofessional collaboration as not well known and collaboration with other professions is described as rare, sometimes difficult, and random. They perceived the school's role in committed cooperation as difficult because it increases demands on the school. The study participants find prioritization between vocational training and topics that fall under the social skills difficult. Motivation for cooperation is based on a need for increased knowledge about the factors that influence students' individual and overall experience of school. Focus groups having greater experience with a structured interprofessional collaboratio, showed a more positive attitude toward cooperate with other professions. Participants perceived formal frameworks as a limiting factor for collaboration. Conclusions: This study showed a need to clarify the meaning of the term interprofessional collaboration. The school should work to develop a good psychosocial environment in an interprofessional perspective. A positive experience with structured interprofessional collaboration, increases motivation for further cooperation. / <p>ISBN 978-91-86739-35-5</p>

INTRODUÇÃO: Este estudo tem como foco a educação de profissionais da saúde. Para responder às complexas necessidades dos fazeres e saberes em saúde deve haver a superação do modelo curricular fragmentado e exclusivamente uniprofissional. Políticas e programas de educação e saúde têm reorientado o processo de formação dos profissionais que atuam no cuidado em saúde a partir da ênfase na integralidade da atenção à saúde, participação no controle social e de currículos integrados e comprometidos com a melhoria das condições de vida da população. OBJETIVO: Compreender os significados da vivência multiprofissional na atividade de ensino ‘Práticas Integradas em Saúde I’ em cenários de prática do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS)/Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), analisando seu potencial para a educação interprofissional. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de um estudo de caso de abordagem qualitativa, cujo campo de investigação foi a atividade de ensino integradora dos cursos da saúde – disciplina Práticas Integradas em Saúde I – da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). A produção de dados foi constituída pela análise documental, formulário online, entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas com egressos, estudantes de graduação e gestor universitário (n=24), grupo focal com professores (n=11) e observação participante com registros em diário de campo. A amostra foi intencional definida pelo critério da saturação e densidade do material textual. Os dados foram interpretados pela análise temática de conteúdo de Bardin com o apoio do software ATLAS.ti (Visual Qualitative Data Analysis). O estudo teve aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da UFRGS e da Prefeitura Municipal de Porto Alegre. RESULTADOS: A disciplina integradora é um movimento contra-hegemônico ao modelo de formação uniprofissional. Seu aspecto inovador está expresso pelo caráter multiprofissional, oportunizando a convivência entre estudantes de graduação, professores universitários e profissionais da saúde de diferentes núcleos profissionais em cenários de prática do SUS. Essa inte(g)ração possibilitou aprendizagens sobre as diferentes profissões da saúde, organização de um trabalho em equipe pautado na colaboração , reconhecimento do trabalho na Estratégia de Saúde da Família, com destaque para o processo de trabalho do Agente Comunitário de Saúde, expressando valores da educação interprofissional (EIP). A disciplina integradora fomenta espaços de aproximação com o SUS, por meio da vivência nos territórios com equipes multiprofissionais da APS. Desafios pedagógicos de organização das atividades nos cenários de prática (planejamento das tutorias) e limitação de tempo e de espaços institucionalizados para o compartilhamento das experiências entre os estudantes que representam diferentes profissões foram destacados. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: A disciplina integradora apresenta-se como um potente cenário para o desenvolvimento da EIP na graduação. Para a consolidação da proposta de inte(g)ração da disciplina, momentos presenciais para o compartilhamento das percepções sobre a vivência no território entre os estudantes e professores devem ser garantidos, assim como espaços de educação permanente e continuada para os professores que dela participam. É fundamental que a Universidade invista na ampliação das atividades de ensino compartilhadas entre os cursos da saúde, e que a comunidade acadêmica se comprometa e se envolva na inte(g)ração. / INTRODUCTION: The present study aims the Health Professionals Education. To respond the complex needs of health practices and knowledge there must be an overcoming of the fragmented and exclusively uni professional curriculum model. Education and health policies and programs have redirected the process of training the different professions that work with health care giving emphasis on the integrality of attention to health, participation in social control, also with committed and integrated pedagogical programs, in order to improve the living conditions of the population. OBJECTIVE: To understand the meanings of multi professional experience in the teaching activity – ‘Integrated Practices in Health I’ - in practical scenarios of the Unified Health System/ Primary Health Care, analyzing its potential for inter professional education. METHODOLOGY: It is a case study with a qualitative approach whose field of research was the integrated teaching activity of the Health Courses - discipline ‘Integrated Practices in Health I’ - of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Data production consisted of documentary analysis, online forms, individual semi- structured interviews with graduates, undergraduate students and University manager (n=24), focus group with professors (n=11) and participant observation with field diary registration. The sample was intentional defined by the standard of saturation and density of the textual data. The data were interpreted by Bardin thematic analysis of content with support of the software ATLAS.H (Visual Qualitative Data Analysis). The study was approved by Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) and Porto Alegre City Hall. RESULTS: The integrative discipline is a counter-hegemonic movement to the uniprofessional training model. Its innovative aspect is expressed by the multi professional character allowing the coexistence between undergraduate students, university professors and health professionals from different professional backgrounds of the Unified Health System practice scenarios. This integration made it possible for students to learn about different health professions, the organization of a teamwork based on collaboration, the recognition of teamwork in the Family Health Strategy with emphasis on the work process of the Community Health Agent, expressing values of the inter professional education. In addition the integrative discipline encourages approaching spaces with the Unified Health System through living in territories with Primary Health Care multi professional teams. Pedagogical challenges of organizing activities in practice scenarios (planning the tutorials) and limitation of time and institutionalized spaces to share experiences among students, representing different professions were highlighted. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: Integrative discipline presents itself as a potent scenario for the development of Inter professional education. For the consolidation of the proposal of a integrative discipline, face-to-face moments for sharing the living perceptions in the territory between students and professors must be assured, as well as spaces of permanent and continued education for the professors that are part in the project. It is essential that the University make investments in the expansion of teaching activities shared among the Health Courses, and that the academic community engages and engages with interaction.

INTRODUÇÃO: Este estudo tem como foco a educação de profissionais da saúde. Para responder às complexas necessidades dos fazeres e saberes em saúde deve haver a superação do modelo curricular fragmentado e exclusivamente uniprofissional. Políticas e programas de educação e saúde têm reorientado o processo de formação dos profissionais que atuam no cuidado em saúde a partir da ênfase na integralidade da atenção à saúde, participação no controle social e de currículos integrados e comprometidos com a melhoria das condições de vida da população. OBJETIVO: Compreender os significados da vivência multiprofissional na atividade de ensino ‘Práticas Integradas em Saúde I’ em cenários de prática do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS)/Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), analisando seu potencial para a educação interprofissional. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de um estudo de caso de abordagem qualitativa, cujo campo de investigação foi a atividade de ensino integradora dos cursos da saúde – disciplina Práticas Integradas em Saúde I – da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). A produção de dados foi constituída pela análise documental, formulário online, entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas com egressos, estudantes de graduação e gestor universitário (n=24), grupo focal com professores (n=11) e observação participante com registros em diário de campo. A amostra foi intencional definida pelo critério da saturação e densidade do material textual. Os dados foram interpretados pela análise temática de conteúdo de Bardin com o apoio do software ATLAS.ti (Visual Qualitative Data Analysis). O estudo teve aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da UFRGS e da Prefeitura Municipal de Porto Alegre. RESULTADOS: A disciplina integradora é um movimento contra-hegemônico ao modelo de formação uniprofissional. Seu aspecto inovador está expresso pelo caráter multiprofissional, oportunizando a convivência entre estudantes de graduação, professores universitários e profissionais da saúde de diferentes núcleos profissionais em cenários de prática do SUS. Essa inte(g)ração possibilitou aprendizagens sobre as diferentes profissões da saúde, organização de um trabalho em equipe pautado na colaboração , reconhecimento do trabalho na Estratégia de Saúde da Família, com destaque para o processo de trabalho do Agente Comunitário de Saúde, expressando valores da educação interprofissional (EIP). A disciplina integradora fomenta espaços de aproximação com o SUS, por meio da vivência nos territórios com equipes multiprofissionais da APS. Desafios pedagógicos de organização das atividades nos cenários de prática (planejamento das tutorias) e limitação de tempo e de espaços institucionalizados para o compartilhamento das experiências entre os estudantes que representam diferentes profissões foram destacados. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: A disciplina integradora apresenta-se como um potente cenário para o desenvolvimento da EIP na graduação. Para a consolidação da proposta de inte(g)ração da disciplina, momentos presenciais para o compartilhamento das percepções sobre a vivência no território entre os estudantes e professores devem ser garantidos, assim como espaços de educação permanente e continuada para os professores que dela participam. É fundamental que a Universidade invista na ampliação das atividades de ensino compartilhadas entre os cursos da saúde, e que a comunidade acadêmica se comprometa e se envolva na inte(g)ração. / INTRODUCTION: The present study aims the Health Professionals Education. To respond the complex needs of health practices and knowledge there must be an overcoming of the fragmented and exclusively uni professional curriculum model. Education and health policies and programs have redirected the process of training the different professions that work with health care giving emphasis on the integrality of attention to health, participation in social control, also with committed and integrated pedagogical programs, in order to improve the living conditions of the population. OBJECTIVE: To understand the meanings of multi professional experience in the teaching activity – ‘Integrated Practices in Health I’ - in practical scenarios of the Unified Health System/ Primary Health Care, analyzing its potential for inter professional education. METHODOLOGY: It is a case study with a qualitative approach whose field of research was the integrated teaching activity of the Health Courses - discipline ‘Integrated Practices in Health I’ - of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Data production consisted of documentary analysis, online forms, individual semi- structured interviews with graduates, undergraduate students and University manager (n=24), focus group with professors (n=11) and participant observation with field diary registration. The sample was intentional defined by the standard of saturation and density of the textual data. The data were interpreted by Bardin thematic analysis of content with support of the software ATLAS.H (Visual Qualitative Data Analysis). The study was approved by Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) and Porto Alegre City Hall. RESULTS: The integrative discipline is a counter-hegemonic movement to the uniprofessional training model. Its innovative aspect is expressed by the multi professional character allowing the coexistence between undergraduate students, university professors and health professionals from different professional backgrounds of the Unified Health System practice scenarios. This integration made it possible for students to learn about different health professions, the organization of a teamwork based on collaboration, the recognition of teamwork in the Family Health Strategy with emphasis on the work process of the Community Health Agent, expressing values of the inter professional education. In addition the integrative discipline encourages approaching spaces with the Unified Health System through living in territories with Primary Health Care multi professional teams. Pedagogical challenges of organizing activities in practice scenarios (planning the tutorials) and limitation of time and institutionalized spaces to share experiences among students, representing different professions were highlighted. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: Integrative discipline presents itself as a potent scenario for the development of Inter professional education. For the consolidation of the proposal of a integrative discipline, face-to-face moments for sharing the living perceptions in the territory between students and professors must be assured, as well as spaces of permanent and continued education for the professors that are part in the project. It is essential that the University make investments in the expansion of teaching activities shared among the Health Courses, and that the academic community engages and engages with interaction.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the challenges and opportunities in the communication between software developers and their stakeholders, as well as the impact that the product owners have on the communication. The research was conducted using a case study approach, and data was mainly collected through observations andinterviews with product owners and software developers at the case company Kry. The findings show that the challenges in communication are the technical language of software developers, difficulty for stakeholders to understand the software development process and difficulty for developers to understand the underlying context of a feature request. The opportunities in their communication are that the developers can better understand the reasons of a request and thus feel more engaged in the product and more satisfied towards the company; Good communication can cut development time and cost. The product owner is shown to be almost irreplaceable due to the large impact that they have. They become translators between the developers and stakeholders, enabling them to communicate better. Furthermore, they are the main point of contact for the stakeholders, thus allowing the developers to focus more on doing development work. However, this might sometimes result in that the developers get involved too late in the process, making changes costly when they discover something faulty. As a conclusion, the communication between stakeholders and developers powered by product owners greatly enhance the possibility to build good, maintainable software and lead to a more sustainable work environment for all involved. / Syftet med studien är att undersöka utmaningar och möjligheter i kommunikationen mellan mjukvaruutvecklare och stakeholders, samt den påverkan som produktägare har på kommunikationen. Detta gjordes genom en fallstudie och data är i huvudsak insamlad genom observationer och intervjuer med produktägare och utvecklare på företaget Kry. Resultatet visar att utmaningar i kommunikationen är mjukvaruutvecklarnas tekniska språk, svårigheter för stakeholders att förstå mjukvaruutvecklingsprocessen och för utvecklarna att förstå de bakomliggande anledningarna för en kravändring. Möjligheter i kommunikationen är att utvecklarna bättre kan förstå de här anledningarna och därför bli mer engagerade i produkten och känna sig mer nöjda med företaget; bra kommunikation kan minska utvecklingskostnader och tid. Produktägare visar sig vara nästan oersättliga på grund av den stora påverkan de har. De blir översättare mellan utvecklare och stakeholders, och hjälper dem att kommunicera bättre. De blir också den huvudsakliga kontaktpersonen för stakeholders, vilket ger utvecklarna mer möjligheter att fokusera på deras utvecklingsarbete. Dock kan det resultera i att utvecklarna ibland blir inblandade för sent i processen, vilket gör potentiella behov av förändringar dyra när de upptäcker något som är fel. Sammanfattningsvis, när kommunikationen mellan stakeholder och utvecklare är faciliterad av produktägare så ökar möjligheterna för att bygga bra mjukvaraoch det leder till en mer hållbar arbetsmiljö för alla inblandade.

This paper describes an empirical approach to assessing pediatric residents' attitudes, knowledge and skills in primary care behavioral health. Outcomes from that assessment approach are presented from two pediatric residency training programs in the northeastern United States. Thirty-six pediatric residents completed attitudes, knowledge and skills surveys. The survey was developed to align with the American Academy of Pediatrics’ Policy Statement in 2009 citing aspirational competencies for pediatricians in primary care behavioral health. This alignment addressed both learner variables (attitudes, knowledge, and skills) as well as clinical presentations (ADHD, anxiety, depression, and suicide) highlighted in the policy statement. The survey specifically inquired about self-reported confidence and comfort in managing behavioral health concerns using evidence-based practice parameters (attitudes and knowledge) and their measured ability to deliver evidence-based care in response to clinical vignettes (skills). Findings largely revealed no statistically significant differences in attitudes, knowledge or skills between interns and upper-level residents. Training programs can use the approach described in this paper and the assessment instrument with some possible modifications to monitor annual progress and evaluate any changes in didactic and clinical training.