<p>In an attempt to make South Africa a more just society after the first democratic elections on 27 April 1994, the South African society had to undergo a number of radical changes which impacted the social, economical, political and educational arena. These changes have influenced recruitment, retention and turnover. Changes at leadership levels in the private and public sphere coupled with a huge exodus of highly skilled professionals are evident as topics of equality and social justice appear at the top of company agendas. Many proponents have conducted research on organisational justice and the fact that more than twenty five thousand articles have been published on job satisfaction attest to the importance of these two variables on organisational performance. In an article examining past, present and future states of organisational justice it is argued that organisational justice has the potential to explain many organisational behavioural outcome variables. An investigation of the relationship between organisational justice perceptions and work behavior found job satisfaction to be made up of a large fairness component. The rationale behind the support for the study is the argument that employees who perceive that they have been fairly treated is likely to hold positive attitudes about their work, their work outcomes and their managers. If South African organisations wish to remain competitive then organisations need to understand how perceptions of justice influence attitudes and behaviour and consequently affect the success of the organisation. Agricultural Colleges, a division of the Department of Agriculture are no exception. The Agricultural Colleges' primary aim is to provide training to its prospective communities, and is continuously being evaluated in terms of how well its academic employees achieve its vision, mission and goals. It is evident from responses to job advertisements, low morale and high turnover that most of the academic employees in Agricultural Colleges are dissatisfied with their jobs, pay, management and the institutions based on their current salary. Attracting, recruiting and retraining highly skilled, internationally marketable and mobile employees are critical factors in determining the present and future success in agricultural training in South Africa. Limited research to examine the effects of organisational justice on organisational outcomes in an environment where the workforce consists of academics is the gap this research attempts to fill. This study is designed to assess the impact of organisational justice on job satisfaction of academic employees in agricultural colleges in South Africa. Also, to determine whether biographical values influence the relationship between organisational justice and job satisfaction.</p>

Abstract The aim of the research presented in this thesis is to study how interactional strategies are used by children and what these strategies mean or imply in the preschool cultural context. The theoretical point of departure in the study is the socio-cultural perspective (William Corsaro, Roger Säljö, Jim Wertsch). The study is a contribution to the field of research that focuses upon contextual issues and an overall way of seeing the child. This is in opposition to the strong traditional psychological perspective in the development of the child, where a focus upon the individual dominates in special education. This ethnographic study aims to answer the following research questions; What interactional strategies are co-constructed by the children in preschool play? How do the interactional strategies influence the creation of culture in preschool play? The children, 3-5 years olds, and their play situation were in focus. Participant observations and video recordings of preschool play constituted the empirical material. These were analysed through a “child perspective” to understand interactional strategies in a cultural context. Detailed transcriptions, CA (Conversation Analysis, Per Linell) of the empirical material highlights that interactional strategies can be categorised under the following themes; Taking turns, Protecting play, Dividing roles, Understanding roles and Confirming play themes. These themes furthermore, give rise to three common central elements: Interaction space; the children create a common space to interact that they defend and protect; Role dividing is a starting point in interaction and is an important part in producing and reproducing play; Meaning-making, the children’s common play leads to interaction and the space and roles are safe and confirmed. The results indicate that interaction includes verbal and nonverbal elements. The children’s use of artefacts’ plays an important role in the interaction, meaning-making and cultural expressions that they create and reproduce in the preschool context. Through these themes an explanatory model is presented with the aim of highlighting the strategies that influence the creation of culture. The explanatory model shows relationships between aspects of culture-making in children’s interaction. The use of artefacts in interactional strategies presented here influence and plays an important part in the common meaning-making and can therefore be seen as an expression of culture. Key Words: Ethnographic study, Socio-cultural Perspective, Culture-making, Interactional Strategies, Artefacts’, Preschool play

This thesis is a study of the everyday communication of second language speakers in a major Swedish company. On the basis of eighteen interviews with permanently employed industrial and office workers, who came to Sweden as adults from countries outside the Nordic region where non-Germanic languages are spoken, five individuals were chosen for observation. The overarching aim of the study is to identify communicative factors with a positive impact on the integration of second language speakers in the workplace and in their immediate work team. Subsidiary aims are to map out the communication of the five participants and to analyse their involvement in communicative activities, both professional and social. The focus is on the interaction between participants and fellow employees, primarily in terms of what participants themselves do to promote mutual understanding and good relations at work. Theoretically and methodologically, the study has its basis in discourse analysis, interactional sociolinguistics and the ethnography of communication. By means of fieldwork, a large body of empirical data was collected, comprising detailed field notes, audio and video recordings of naturally occurring talk, and texts read and produced by participants. The five participants’ day-to-day communication is shown to be influenced to a large degree by the type of occupation. At the company studied, whose corporate language is English, white-collar employees can manage without a knowledge of Swedish, so long as they know English. Factory workers, meanwhile, regard an inadequate command of English, rather than Swedish, as an obstacle to promotion. All the participants perform communicative acts designed to create and maintain group solidarity. In seeking to foster good relations in the workplace, they make use of jokes, compliments, narratives, swearing and greetings. The participants are shown to be metalinguistically and metaculturally aware, which aids everyday communication and integration. Linguistic and cultural asymmetries seem to be able to mitigate potential threats to face, making the participants a valuable resource in sensitive communicative situations. All co-workers provide linguistic scaffolding, but in interaction with the most career-oriented participant, markers of power can sometimes be observed. A high level of awareness and performance of relational communicative acts appear to facilitate and speed integration in the workplace and the immediate work team. / Den kommunikativa situationen för invandrare på svenska arbetsplatser (KINSA)

This paper examines the function of narrative discourse in television talk shows. Basing our analysis on five episodes of the Swedish talk show Skavlan, we illustrate how narratives are initiated and elaborated by the participants of the show. The analysis shows that the institutional roles are challanged and that the roles vary between the host ant the guests. The analysis also shows that when guests introduce and elaborate stories they use the same discursive actions and resources as the host. When participants enter an actvie role in their storytelling the hos takes a more restrained role in which he lets the the conversation evolve spontaneously. The analysis identifies yet another participant role which was not included in the studies of Ochs &amp; Taylor and Thornborrow. The role appears when the host uses indirect form of address to both the studio audience and the overhearing audience. This role is relevant in the study of broadcast talk because of the very nature of television.

<p>In an attempt to make South Africa a more just society after the first democratic elections on 27 April 1994, the South African society had to undergo a number of radical changes which impacted the social, economical, political and educational arena. These changes have influenced recruitment, retention and turnover. Changes at leadership levels in the private and public sphere coupled with a huge exodus of highly skilled professionals are evident as topics of equality and social justice appear at the top of company agendas. Many proponents have conducted research on organisational justice and the fact that more than twenty five thousand articles have been published on job satisfaction attest to the importance of these two variables on organisational performance. In an article examining past, present and future states of organisational justice it is argued that organisational justice has the potential to explain many organisational behavioural outcome variables. An investigation of the relationship between organisational justice perceptions and work behavior found job satisfaction to be made up of a large fairness component. The rationale behind the support for the study is the argument that employees who perceive that they have been fairly treated is likely to hold positive attitudes about their work, their work outcomes and their managers. If South African organisations wish to remain competitive then organisations need to understand how perceptions of justice influence attitudes and behaviour and consequently affect the success of the organisation. Agricultural Colleges, a division of the Department of Agriculture are no exception. The Agricultural Colleges' primary aim is to provide training to its prospective communities, and is continuously being evaluated in terms of how well its academic employees achieve its vision, mission and goals. It is evident from responses to job advertisements, low morale and high turnover that most of the academic employees in Agricultural Colleges are dissatisfied with their jobs, pay, management and the institutions based on their current salary. Attracting, recruiting and retraining highly skilled, internationally marketable and mobile employees are critical factors in determining the present and future success in agricultural training in South Africa. Limited research to examine the effects of organisational justice on organisational outcomes in an environment where the workforce consists of academics is the gap this research attempts to fill. This study is designed to assess the impact of organisational justice on job satisfaction of academic employees in agricultural colleges in South Africa. Also, to determine whether biographical values influence the relationship between organisational justice and job satisfaction.</p>

The subject of this study is language use in a special type of social activity: the exchange of goods, services and information in a commercial setting. The main aim is to gain an understanding of the work that shop assistants perform using language. In the analysis, the focus is on verbal routine work. One part of the analysis thus entails mapping the typical utterances and conversational sequences related to such activities. Another part involves investigating how much non-task-oriented interaction the various activities require or “tolerate”, for instance, in the form of “small talk”. A central theme in the study is the interactants’ conversational rights and obligations, from the perspective of politeness theory, especially Fraser’s theory of the conversational contract. The service encounters are categorised as activity types, according to Levinson’s activity theory. In the comparative parts of the study, the concept of pragmeme is used as a tool to examine different realisations of prototypical situated communicative acts. The empirical material consists of authentic conversations, analysed by methods borrowed from conversation analysis. The conversations were recorded at a supermarket checkout till, a deli counter with manual service and an information desk in a bookshop. It turned out that only a few of the customer conversations were without complications. At the supermarket till, for instance, only one out of four conversations was completely routine and unproblematic. Also presented is a diachronic investigation of the norms relating to service encounters that have been taking place in shops since the 1940s. The main sources here are manuals and study materials for shop employees, together with interviews and material gathered from role playing. In this part of the study, a number of features in the historical change process are described, for instance in the manner of addressing people and the use of politeness expressions.

Bakgrunn: Det er avdekket at pasienter med komplekse behov og kroniske lidelser har behov for mer integrerte helsetjenester en de har fått. Samhandlingsreformen fremmer at dagens helsevesen må desentraliseres for å gi integrerte tjenester til denne pasientgruppen. Hensikt: Formålet med denne studien var å avdekke hva som er avgjørende for en bærekraftigbehandlingskjede til personer med komplekse og langvarige lidelser. Metode: Forskningen er et multiple case study med to case; diagnosegruppene Schizofreni ogKOLS. Undersøkelsen ble gjennomført i to middels store norske kommuner og deres respektive regionale sykehus. Det ble gjenomført 10 semi-strukturerte intervju med påfølgende innholdsanalyse. Funn fra intervjuene og dokumentanalysen ble triangulert. Resultat: Avgjørende for bærekraftige behandlingskjeder er: Organisasjonsstruktur: Interorganisatorisk behandlingskjede, med minimum nivå av lenket interaksjon, fundamentert på samarbeidsavtale. Interaksjonsnivået og bruk av IP var høyest innen for psykisk helse sektoren. Ingen av behandlingskjedene har multidisiplinære team som har myndighet til situasjonstilpasning avtjenestene; Organisasjonskultur: Det var ett multidisiplinært grenseoverskridende team, som var utenlederstøtte relatert til felles målsetninger og felles styrende idéer og løsning på samhandlingsutfordringer eller fokus på utvikling av helhetlige behandlingskjeder, spesielt fellesoppgavene; Utviklingsmulighet gjennom støttende nasjonal policy og statlige virkemidler; og Utviklingsfokus Det manglet avklaring på lederansvar for utvikling av behandlingskjeder og prioritering av ressurser til utvikling i form av personell, økonomi og tid. Konklusjon: Studien viser at det er avgjørende med adekvat organisasjonsstruktur med samhandlingssoner for både multidisiplinære grenseoverskridende team med tilstrekkelig interaksjonog myndighet til å gi situasjonstilpassede tjenester, og et ledernivå med fokus på lederstøtte for de multidisiplinære teamene. En altruistisk holdning i lederskapet kan bidra til støttende strukturer somfelles styrende ideer og målsetninger. Det er nødvendig med et tydelig fokus på utvikling av tjenester der det er tjenestetomme rom, og spesielt på fellesoppgaver og løsing av samhandlingsutfordringer,.Det er også viktig for behandlingskjedens bærekraft at ledere prioriterer tilstrekkelig ressurser til utviklingen av behandlingskjeder og bruker mulighetene gjennom de statlige virkemidlene.En integrert helsetjeneste er ennå ikke et faktum i de undersøkte behandlingskjedene, men viktige steg er tatt i retning av å oppfylle Samarbeidsreformens målsetning. / Background: Evidence shows that patients with complex and chronic illnesses need greater coordination of their healthcare services. The Coordination Reform claims that health care services must be decentralized to give integrated care to these patients Purpose: This study aimed to determine the crucial factors for sustainable chains of care for persons with complex and chronic diseases. Method: This study was organized as a multiple case study involving two diagnosis groups for schizophrenia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Research was conducted in two mid-sized Norwegian municipalities, each connected to separate regional hospitals. It was conducted 10 semistructured interviews. Findings from interviews and document analysis were triangulated. Result: Integrated chains of care depend on four factors. Organizational structure needed organizational chains of treatment with a minimum level of linked interaction, based on contracts.The level of interaction was higher, and the use of Individual Plans was more common within the mental health sector. In our study, neither chain of care had a mandate to adjust services according tochanging needs. In organizational culture, we identified one inter-organizational team, which lacked necessary leadership support to identify common goals, and lacked governing ideas or leadership to solve the challenges or focus on developing integrated chains of care. Supporting policies andgovernmental incentives enabled development opportunities. Finally, we identified a lack of development focus (i.e., appointed responsibility for the development of integrated health care and the allocation and management of resources for personnel, time, and economy). Conclusion: We determined that an adequate organizational structure for interaction is crucial to creating zones of interaction for multi-disciplinary teams with adequate interaction and authority to adjust health services according to need. We also determined a need for leadership to focus on supporting multidisciplinary teams. Leadership with altruistic attitudes may inspire and strengthen supporting structures such as common governing ideas and goals. When voids exist in the chain of care, clearly focused service development and problem solving is crucial, especially for interorganizational treatment. Sustainability of the chain of care requires leaders prioritize development regarding the allocation of adequate resources, using the possibilities within the national regulations and incentives. An integrated chain of care was not yet in place for the cases studied here, butimportant steps have been taken towards fulfilling the goals of the Norwegian Coordination reform. / <p>ISBN 978-91-982282-1-2</p>

[pt] Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de gerar entendimentos sobre duas escolas estaduais internas a duas instituições de medidas socioeducativas. Sob a ótica da metodologia participativa, o estudo se propõe a analisar os discursos produzidos por professores e alunos destas escolas. A investigação assume um caráter transdisciplinar ao se colocar no terreno da Sociolinguística Interacional e da Prática Exploratória. A partir dessa perspectiva, são analisadas transcrições de áudio das entrevistas realizadas com professores e alunos e as Atividades Pedagógicas com Potencial Exploratório, realizadas nas turmas do 3 , 5 e 9 anos da escola interna à unidade masculina. A análise é feita com o objetivo de: compreender como aconteceu a interação do pesquisador com os alunos; observar as estratégias de gerenciamento de face e estigma; investigar as crenças presentes nas narrativas dos professores sobre esse espaço de ensino; e, a partir dos puzzles gerados pelos alunos, entender os questionamentos dos alunos e criar inteligibilidade sobre a qualidade de vida dessa escola. A metodologia bricoleur de fazer pesquisa permite o intercâmbio de teorias que, ao olhar para o mesmo corpus de dados, possibilita reconhecer a complexidade e fluidez dos mesmos, valorizando o caráter multicultural e dinâmico da sociedade contemporânea. Essa investigação possibilitou compreendermos as crenças dos participantes da pesquisa sobre aquele espaço de ensino de modo coletivo, situado e transitório, destacando-se: o encontro misto entre estigmatizados e não estigmatizados; as estratégias utilizadas pelos participantes das interações, a fim de preservar a face e diminuir o estigma; o caráter instável do estigma; a multiplicidade de discursos sobre esse local presente na análise das narrativas; bem como as reflexões dos alunos sobre a estrutura e o funcionamento da escola, suas trajetórias de vida e seus sentimentos e anseios. / [en] This dissertation aims to understand a state school attended by students in conflict with the law. From the perspective of a participative methodology, the study focuses on the discourses produced by the teachers and students of this school. The investigation assumes a transdisciplinary approach by bringing together the fields of Interactional Sociolinguistics and Exploratory Practice. Within this framework, the recorded interviews of teachers and students were transcribed and analyzed. Also, the Pedagogical Activities with Exploratory Potential, performed in the 3rd, 5th e 9th classes of this Brazilian school were analyzed. The analytical work aims to understand how the researcher s interaction with the students occurred; to observe the management strategies of face and stigma; to investigate the beliefs present in the teachers narratives about this educational context; and, based on the students puzzles about their school, understand their puzzlement and create intelligibility about this school s quality of life. The bricoleur research methodology adopted allows the use of a combination of theories to interpret the same data from various perspectives. Thus, enabling the recognition of data complexity and fluidity, as well as valuing the multicultural and dynamic character of contemporary society. This investigation made it possible to understand the beliefs of the research participants about their teaching context in a collective, situated and transitory way, highlighting: the mixed encounterbetween those stigmatized and non-stigmatized; the strategies used by the participants of the interactions in order to preserve each other s face and reduce stigma; the unstable character of stigma; the multiplicity of discourses about this place present in the narrative analysis; and the students reflections about the school structure and functioning, their life trajectories, feelings and aspirations.

[pt] Este trabalho busca apresentar uma compreensão mais aprofundada da relação entre mídia e transformação social na sociedade contemporânea, propondo, para tanto, uma articulação entre a Análise Crítica do Discurso e a Sociolinguística Interacional na análise do processo de construção de identidade em narrativa de um indivíduo reconhecido como porta-voz de movimentos sociais, em sua participação em uma interação midiática. Os dados da análise são narrativas pessoais encaixadas em argumentos materializadas na participação no programa televisivo Câmara Ligada, veiculado pela TV Câmara, de um dos representantes do movimento Hip Hop no Brasil, o rapper MV Bill - também fundador da Central Única das Favelas (CUFA), escritor e cineasta, nacional e internacionalmente reconhecido por sua luta por transformações sociais, especialmente as relacionadas às diferenças sócioeconômicas, ao preconceito racial e à violência urbana. Com base no método tridimensional para uma análise crítico-discursiva proposto por Fairclough e adotando uma perspectiva flexível do modelo de narrativa laboviano, a análise dos dados se desenvolve em três níveis considerando, para tanto, as alternâncias pronominais; recorrendo às noções de estrutura de participação e formato de produção, de Goffman, bem como aos conceitos de enquadre, de Bateson e Goffman, e de alinhamento, de Goffman, e ao conceito de resistência na narrativização das estruturas sociais conforme proposto por Edwick e Silbey. A análise dos dados identifica as diferentes identidades que MV Bill constrói em narrativas articuladas a argumentos que mobiliza na defesa de sua opinião diante de questões que se referem à relação entre a mídia e as desigualdades sociais; à violência urbana; às mobilizações sociais e aos preconceitos social e racial. Ao mostrar como, situadas em uma interação midiática, essas identidades são narrativamente construídas em argumentos, a análise ressalta as estratégias discursivas mobilizadas para a ocupação do espaço e da agenda midiática por um líder portador da voz da resistência pela transformação social, contribuindo para a compreensão crítica e consciente da importância da mídia (e dos que nela atuam) para o estabelecimento, manutenção e/ou transformação das condições sociais excludentes no atual contexto de profunda redefinição de conceitos e valores que caracterizam o momento histórico do qual estamos participando. / [en] This thesis seeks to provide deeper understandings of the relationship between media and social change in contemporary society, proposing an articulation between Critical Discourse Analysis and Interactional Sociolinguistics in the analysis of the identity construction process occurring in narratives of a subject recognized as social movement spokesman, during his participation in media-interactions. The data for this analysis is formed by personal narratives embedded in arguments materialized in the participation of MV Bill in the television show Câmara Ligada, aired by TV Câmara. MV Bill is one of the most important rappers of the Brazilian Hip Hop movement - he is also the founder of the Central Única das Favelas, CUFA (Central Organization of Slums); writer and filmmaker, both nationally and internationally recognized by his struggle for social change, especially those related to socioeconomic differences, racial prejudice and urban violence. Based on the tridimensional method for critical-discursive analysis proposed by Fairclough and adopting a flexible perspective of Labov s narrative model, the analysis is developed on three levels. For this purpose, the study considers pronominal alternation, resorting to Goffman s notions of structure of participation and format of production, to the concepts of frame as proposed by Bateson and Goffman, as well as to Goffman s notion of footing and to the concept of resistance in narrativization of social structures as used by Edwick and Silbey. The analysis identifies different identities constructed by MV Bill through stories that articulate the arguments he mobilizes in defense of his opinions on issues that concern the relationship between media and social inequality, urban violence, social movements and social and racial prejudices. By showing how, located in a media interaction, these identities are narratively constructed in arguments, the analysis highlights the discursive strategies deployed in the occupation of media agenda and space by a leader who carries the voice of resistance for social transformations. Furthermore, the thesis contributes to enhanced understandings about the importance of the media (and of those who work in it) for the establishment, maintenance and/or transformation of conditions for social exclusion in the current context of profound redefinition of concepts and values that characterize the historic moment in which we are participating.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:33:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3637240 bytes, checksum: dbfcabdca645e3c8d859c77a48f5a404 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-17 / From a humanistic conception of Rural Extension, the guiding theme of this research is to investigate the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) among the processes of Rural Extension. The objective is to understand how the interactional processes that are established through ICTs, in the relationships between individuals and institutions in and from the countryside, are guided by a humanistic pedagogy and technology. With this perspective in mind, it was considered usability and collaboration as two main possible parameters, since they are able to inspire the development of an analytical model directed to the practices of Rural Extension mediated by ICTs. In this sense, it was taken the reality of the Technical Agriculture Course on Line from IF SUDESTE MG, located in Barbacena Campus, as a possibility to this study, considering that this reality was able to point to issues related to a broader scenario linked to Rural Extension. Therefore, a research was conducted based on three distinct methodological axes, represented by three procedures: semi-structured interviews, participant observation and semi-open questionnaires. In summary, the results indicate that: a) The creation of public Rural Extension policies mediated by ICTs should be closely linked to social concerns about the use of technology, besides technical issues exclusively, and b) Investment in public Rural Extension policies should not be restricted solely to the use of ICTs, since, even though the technologies are formulated based on dialogic attributes, processes of extension based on a humanistic model will always be subject to face to face dialogical needs. / Partindo de uma concepção humanista de Extensão Rural, o tema norteador dessa pesquisa é a problematização do uso das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs) em meio aos processos de Extensão Rural. O objetivo do trabalho é entender como os processos interacionais que se estabelecem por meio de TICs, junto às relações entre sujeitos e instituições no/do campo, pautam-se em uma pedagogia e em uma tecnologia humanistas. Tendo essa perspectiva em vista, considerou-se a usabilidade e a colaboração como dois principais parâmetros possíveis, capazes de inspirar a elaboração de um modelo de análise voltado às práticas de Extensão Rural mediadas por TICs. Nesse sentido, tomou-se por empréstimo a realidade do Curso Técnico em Agropecuária a Distância do IF SUDESTE MG, Campus Barbacena, como possibilidade de estudo, na medida em que essa realidade se mostrou capaz de indicar questões atinentes a um cenário mais amplo vinculado à Extensão Rural, em última análise. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa pautada em três eixos metodológicos distintos, deflagrados, por três procedimentos: entrevistas semiestruturadas, observação participante e questionários semiabertos. Em síntese, os resultados da pesquisa indicam que: a) A criação de uma política pública de Extensão Rural mediada por TICs deve estar intimamente ligada a preocupações sociais sobre o uso da tecnologia, além de questões exclusivamente técnicas; e b) O investimento em políticas públicas de Extensão Rural não deveria se restringir unicamente ao uso de TICs, já que, por mais que as tecnologias sejam formuladas com base em atributos dialógicos, os processos de extensão rural baseados em um modelo humanista sempre estarão sujeitos a necessidades dialógicas presenciais.