Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-07-17T22:32:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 32c.pdf: 855427 bytes, checksum: c33553f96e2f8bb4244578c0bb4553f9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-17T22:32:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 32c.pdf: 855427 bytes, checksum: c33553f96e2f8bb4244578c0bb4553f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-23 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente tese aborda a cooperação entre universidade, empresa e governo na promoção de ambientes de inovação em parques científicos e tecnológicos. As evidências teóricas sobre as influências da troca de informações e de conhecimentos entre as empresas e instituições em um ambiente de inovação conduziu este estudo. Desse modo, o estudo tem como objetivo propor um esquema conceitual que possibilite compreender os elementos envolvidos na promoção de ambientes de inovação em parques científicos e tecnológicos, a partir da dinâmica de cooperação entre universidade, empresa e governo. Partindo da investigação empírica procurou-se elaborar um esquema conceitual para auxiliar a compreensão do ambiente de inovação. A pesquisa utilizou a estratégia de estudo de casos múltiplos, sendo realizada através de entrevistas em profundidade com os gestores das empresas e das instituições envolvidas no Tecnosinos (Brasil) e no Taguspark (Portugal). Dentre as principais conclusões da pesquisa são sintetizadas as seguintes evidências teóricas: a) os fatores determinantes de necessidade, reciprocidade e legitimidade influenciam a formação de uma relação interorganizacional; b) a coerência entre os objetivos individuais e coletivos, a interação entre as organizações e os mecanismos de coordenação influenciam a cooperação interorganizacional; c) a cooperação interorganizacional, os efeitos da proximidade geográfica, as infraestruturas e os serviços, a universidade, o governo e o capital de risco são elementos envolvidos na promoção de ambientes de inovação e influenciam os ganhos coletivos em um contexto de parque científico e tecnológico. Em resumo, as evidências da pesquisa indicam que as contingências, os atributos e a cooperação, os efeitos da proximidade geográfica, as infraestruturas e os serviços, a universidade, o governo e o capital de risco incluídos no esquema conceitual correspondem aos principais elementos envolvidos no ambiente de inovação em parques científicos e tecnológicos. / This thesis deals with the cooperation between universities, companies and government in the promotion of innovation environments in science and technology parks. The theoretical evidence on the influence of the exchange of information and knowledge between companies and institutions in an environment of innovation led this study. In this way, the study aims to propose a conceptual scheme that allows the understanding of the elements involved in the promotion of innovation environments in scientific and technological parks, from the dynamic of cooperation among universities, business and government. Based on the empirical research, we sought to establish a conceptual scheme to assist the understanding of the innovation environment. The research used the strategy of multiple case study, being conducted through in-depth interviews with managers of companies and institutions involved in Tecnosinos (Brazil) and Taguspark (Portugal). Among the main conclusions of the research are summarized the following theoretical evidences: a) determinant factors of necessity, reciprocity and legitimacy influence the formation of an interorganizational relationship in the context of scientific and technological park; b) consistency between the individual and collective goals, the interaction between the organization and the coordination mechanisms influence the interorganizational cooperation; c) interorganizational cooperation, the effects of geographical proximity, infrastructure and services, university, government and risk capital are elements that are implicated in the promotion of innovation environments and influence collective gains in a context of science and technology park. In summary, the research's evidences indicate that the contingencies, the attributes and cooperation, the effects of geographical proximity, infrastructure and services, the university, government and risk capital included in the conceptual schema correspond to the main elements involved in the environment for innovation in scientific and technological parks.

Cette recherche vise à comprendre la gouvernance des relations interorganisationnelles dans le cadre spécifique de la distribution automobile en France. Une analyse de l’environnement économique et juridique permet de contextualiser la recherche et met en exergue les externalités qui s’exercent sur les acteurs du secteur. La revue de littérature, fondée sur une approche qui s’appuie à la fois sur les théories des organisations et les théories du canal, met en lumière les variables économiques et comportementales de la relation entre les partenaires. Nous croisons ces visions avec l’approche ressources et compétences. L’ensemble nous permet de construire un cadre intégrateur de la relation entre les constructeurs automobile et leurs réseaux de concessionnaires. La démarche qualitative adoptée dans une perspective interprétativiste s’appuie sur soixante-cinq entretiens qui ont été retranscrits intégralement afin de fournir la matière à une analyse de contenu. Les résultats de la recherche permettent dans un premier temps de souligner le rôle clé du concept de pouvoir dans cette relation. Ensuite, nous démontrons comment la stratégie d’enracinement suivie par les constructeurs leur a permis à la fois, d’ancrer leur pouvoir en configurant le cadre juridique de la relation et de le renforcer en pilotant les allocations de ressources de leurs partenaires concessionnaires. Enfin, nous concluons en montrant que le système actuel pourrait être revisité à la faveur d’une nouvelle démographie des réseaux. / The present study intends to provide further clarity on interorganizational relationships within the car retail business in France. The analysis of the economic and legal frame aims at defining the current business environment and stress out the importance of the various outside forces that may influence the market players. A thorough review of the related literature, focusing on organization theory and marketing channel theory, highlights the different variables, either economic or customer behavior related , that impact the business relationships. This approach will be completed by a resource-based analysis. The overall study contributes to draw a complete picture of interdependencies between car makers and car dealers.The qualitative approach is based on a series of sixty-five interviews that have been transcribed in their entirety in order to provide material to this content. As a first outcome of the analysis, the study points out the key role played by power in the interactions between firms. In a second step, the analysis demonstrates how the entrenchment strategy embraced by car makers has enabled them to establish their dominance by reshaping the legal frame of the business interactions, and how it has permitted them to strengthen their negotiation power by becoming the driving force of the resources allocation process followed by the distributors. In a final section, the study shows how the current business model may evolve as new perspectives related to retail network concentration may open.

Problematisering: Interorganisatoriska relationer är komplexa och problematiska där ekonomiska variabler ska förenas med personliga känslor och värderingar. Det gör att det krävs någon form av styrning för att säkerställa att samarbetsparterna verkar i linje med organisationernas gemensamma intresse och för att motverka opportunistiska beteenden. Svårigheten med styrning är att hitta den fördelning mellan formella och informella styrmedel som gör samarbetet så lönsamt som möjligt. Empiriska uppgifter visar att samarbetens existens kan bero på vilka styrmedel relationen lägger störst vikt vid samt vilken tilltro parterna har till vissa styrmedel. Samtidigt indikerar tidigare forskning ett behov av att utveckla ämnesområdet genom att studera hur formella och informella styrmedel relaterar till varandra samt hur styrpaketen ska utformas i olika kontexter.    Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur fördelningen mellan formell och informell styrning ser ut i olika interorganisatoriska relationer samt att belysa faktorer som är av betydelse för hur styrningen ska utformas.   Slutsats: Studien visar att fördelningen mellan formella och informella styrmedel skiljer sig åt i olika interorganisatoriska relationer. Samarbeten baserade på upprepade transaktioner tenderar att lägga stor vikt vid formell styrning och de informella styrmedlen fungerar som komplement till detta. I samarbeten som identifieras som partnerskap är informell styrning av stor betydelse och fungerar som substitut till delvis låg användning av formella styrmedel. Samarbeten som identifieras som långsiktiga relationer har, till skillnad mot upprepade transaktioner och partnerskap, en jämnare fördelning mellan formella och informella styrmedel. Överlag är förtroende mycket viktigt inom olika samarbeten, skillnaden är att olika samarbetsformer bygger förtroende baserat på olika faktorer. Till sist visar studien att de faktorer som har betydelse för styrningens utformning är makt- och beroendeförhållandet mellan parterna, målöverensstämmelse, organisationernas storlek och val av partner. / Background: Interorganizational relationships are complex and problematic where economic variables need to be combined with personal feelings and values. Some form of control is needed to ensure that the partners’ work aligns with the organizations’ shared interests while also counteracting opportunistic behaviour. The problem with management control is to achieve an optimal allocation between formal and informal control for a profitable cooperation. Empirical findings show that the existence of cooperations might depend not only on which control mechanisms the partners focus on, but also to what degree the partners trust those mechanisms. Previous research also indicates the need for further development in the field: both how formal and informal control relate to each other but also how to design interorganizational management control packages for different contexts.  Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the allocation betwen formal and informal control in different interorganizational relationships as well as to highlight factors that are significant to governance design. Conclusion: The study concludes that the allocation between formal and informal control varies between different interorganizational relationships. Cooperation based on repeated transactions tends to pay particular attention to formal control with informal control serving as a complement. In cooperations identified as buyer-seller partnerships informal control is of great importance and serves as a substitute to partly low use of formal control. Cooperations identified as long-term relationships have a more balanced allocation between formal and informal control, unlike repeated transactions and buyer-seller partnerships. Trust is overall very important in cooperations, what differs between different interorganizational relationships is what factors trust is built on. At last, the study shows that power and interdependence, goal conformity, size of organisations and partner selection are significance factors when designing control packages.

Bakgrund: Kvalitetsbrister inom utkontrakterad äldreomsorg har ofta uppmärksammats av svenska media. Anledningen till detta har många gånger relaterats till dålig uppföljning av kontrakt och verksamhet. Svenska kommuner har bristande kunskaper kring hur de bör styra och följa upp verksamheter. Misslyckande grundas ofta i svårigheterna i att styra och kontrollera utkontrakterade verksamheter. Tidigare forskning har belyst denna problematik och konstaterat att styrningen måste anpassas efter verksamheters komplexitet men hur uppföljningen bör användas kvarstår att undersöka. Syfte: Syftet är att ta reda på hur kommuner använder styrning och uppföljning vid utkontraktering av verksamheter av olika komplexitet samt identifiera faktorer av betydelse för användandet. Genomförande: Studien är av kvalitativ karaktär med en deduktiv ansats men med inslag av induktion. En flerfallstudie har genomförts av tre fall av utkontrakterade verksamheter av olika komplexitet. Två kommuners verksamheter har studerats tillsammans med de tillhörande privata leverantörerna. För insamling av data till den empiriska referensramen har intervjuer och dokumentstudier genomförts. Slutsats: Hur kommuner använder styrning och uppföljning bör anpassas efter verksamhetens komplexitet. De faktorer som är av betydelse för användandet varierar beroende på komplexiteten. Studiens resultat visar på att det finns ett flertal faktorer som spelar roll för om uppföljningen kommer att bidra till förbättrad kvalitet och minskad risk för misslyckande. Det är således inte endast uppföljningen i sig som är problemet. Forskningsbidrag: Denna studie har bidragit till att öka förståelsen för hur kommuner kan använda sig av styrning och uppföljning samt hur uppföljningen bör utformas beror på verksamhetens komplexitet. Studien har identifierat att det finns ett behov av vidare forskning kring hur olika komplexa verksamheter bör styras och följas upp. / Background: Quality deficiencies in outsourced elderly care have often been highlighted by Swedish media. The reason for this has often been related to poor monitoring of contracts and operations. Swedish municipalities have insufficient knowledge about how to control and monitor activities. Failure is often found in the difficulties in controlling outsourced operations. Previous research has highlighted this problem and found that governance must be adapted to the complexity of operations, but how this and the monitoring should be used by municipalities remains to be investigated. Purpose: The purpose is to investigate how municipalities use management control and monitoring when outsourcing activities of different complexity and to identify factors of importance for the use of management controls. Implementation: The study is of qualitative nature with a deductive approach with elements of induction. A multiple case study has been conducted with three cases of outsourced activities of different complexity. The activities of two municipalities have been studied together with the associated private suppliers. For the gathering of data interviews and document studies have been conducted. Conclusion: How municipalities use management controls and monitoring should be adapted to the complexity of the outsourced activity. The factors that are important for use vary depending on the complexity. The study's results indicate that there are a number of factors that play a role for if the monitoring will contribute to improved quality and reduced risk of failure. Research contribution: This study has helped to increase understanding of how municipalities can use management control and monitoring and shown that there is a need for further research.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:51:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 119738.pdf.jpg: 16028 bytes, checksum: df14d20e7f66a77b0afee325aca99baf (MD5) 119738.pdf: 1536030 bytes, checksum: 9606f5ea1c5cb4c50f04e927597ed4a2 (MD5) 119738.pdf.txt: 349155 bytes, checksum: 53e4169f341f9ed7db790c9bd39f9c91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-12-15T00:00:00Z / Empresas atuantes em mercados business to business estabelecem relacionamentos com seus parceiros de mercado, de forma a permitir a geração de valor para todos os participantes, sejam estes clientes, fornecedores ou intermediários. Deve-se considerar, porém, que para que estes relacionamentos interorganizacionais possam ser estabelecidos, é fundamental a existência da confiança e comprometimento entre as partes. Desta forma, sabendo que, assim como o valor, a confiança e comprometimento são elementos centrais para as relações entre empresas, a presente dissertação teve como propósito investigar o papel destes elementos para o valor percebido em relacionamentos entre canais de distribuição e seus fornecedores, sob o ponto de vista do canal. No estudo, considera-se que o valor é identificado a partir de uma análise entre benefícios e sacrifícios presentes em uma relação. Estes, juntamente com a confiança e o comprometimento, formam as variáveis de interesse na investigação de campo. Para tanto, o estudo fez uso de entrevistas em profundidade com informantes-chave em empresas canais de distribuição de produtos de Tecnologia da Informação na cidade de São Paulo, analisando de que forma os benefícios, sacrifícios, confiança e comprometimento no relacionamento interagem entre si e influenciam o valor percebido. Os resultados encontrados não possibilitaram o estabelecimento de relações precisas entre todas as variáveis investigadas: a confiança e o comprometimento foram vistos tanto como elementos que geram o valor como uma conseqüência deste; os benefícios foram associados diretamente ao valor; os sacrifícios, exceto pelos chamados gastos de Tempo, Esforço e Energia, não foram considerados como prejudiciais ao valor. Outros resultados são discutidos, como as inter-relações entre as variáveis investigadas. Também são apresentadas as limitações do estudo, sugestões para pesquisas futuras e implicações práticas e acadêmicas. / Companies operating in business-to-business markets develop relationships with their partners in order to generate value for all parties. For the development and effectiveness of these interorganizational relationships it is fundamental the existence of mutual trust and commitment. So, having established that along with value trust and commitment are central elements to relationships among companies, this dissertation has its objective in investigating the role of these elements to perceived value in relations between distribution channels and suppliers, from a distribution perspective. In this study, it is considered that value is identified by an analysis of benefits and sacrifices of the relationship. This, together with trust and commitment, compose the variables of interest in the field research. Data was collected conducting in depth interviews with key informants of companies distributing Information Technology’s products based in the city of São Paulo. The interviews analyzed the interaction among benefits, sacrifices, trust and commitment in the relationships and how they influenced perceived value. The results did not established precise relations between all the variables of the study: trust and commitment were seen as elements that either generate value or are a consequence of it; benefits were directly associated to value; sacrifices, except for costs of Time, Efforts and Energy, were not considered detrimental factors to the value of a relationship. Other findings are also discussed, as the inter-relations among variables of the study. Limitations of the research, suggestions for future research, managerial and academic implications have also been presented.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:53:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2074714 bytes, checksum: dac00ea8cc424b009c726064bc12dba1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work aims to investigate how interorganizational relationships between constituent companies of the Great Joao Pessoa s shoes APL may contribute to the development of relational rents and competitive advantage. Thus, first, a literature review using the Resource Based View and as the main theoretical bases, especially Relational View and Extended Resource Based View was held. Thus, through the concepts of the literature investigated, it was possible to develop an analytical model consists of three major steps: characterization of the inter-relationships of the APL companies, identification of interorganizational resources and identifying potential sources of relational rents and competitive advantage. This research is characterized by a multi-case study by analyzing three companies of the Great Joao Pessoa s shoes APL. Moreover, it has predominantly qualitative and descriptive. Especially semi-structured interviews with managers of different companies investigated were used to collect data. For organization and analysis of qualitative data, the Atlas/ti software was used. It was found as the main common characteristics interorganizational relationship of the three companies: trust; sharing of tangible and/or intangible resources; joint learning; different degrees of collaboration; cooperation; interdependence between formally established partnerships; informal partnerships, in the figure of its managers and employees; and interaction with public and/or private institutions. Main interorganizational resource raw materials, parts, equipment, space, knowledge and information about aspects or not the production process that are shared between the companies were identified; use of the road network, proximity to ports, low cost of labor-intensive interaction with the region and private institutions of autonomous services; besides the tax incentives granted by the state government especially. As sources of relational rents knowledge sharing routines, complementary resource endowments and the existence of governance mechanisms were identified. Accordingly, therefore, there is the presence of potential for the generation of relational rents, indicating that relationships between companies in the Great João Pessoa s shoes APL may bring, varying according to the level of partnership, competitive advantages for companies forming part of them. / Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo analisar de que forma os relacionamentos interorganizacionais entre empresas constituintes do APL de calçados da Grande João Pessoa podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de rendas relacionais e vantagens competitivas. Dessa forma, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura utilizando a Visão Baseada em Recursos e, especialmente, a Visão Relacional e a Visão Baseada em Recursos Estendida, como bases teóricas principais. Sendo assim, por meio de conceitos da literatura investigada, foi possível desenvolver um modelo de análise formado por três etapas principais: caracterização dos relacionamentos interorganizacionais de empresas do APL, identificação de recursos interorganizacionais e identificação de fontes geradoras de rendas relacionais e vantagens competitivas. Esta pesquisa se caracteriza por um estudo de multicasos por meio da análise de três empresas do APL de calçados da Grande João Pessoa. Além disso, possui caráter predominantemente qualitativo e descritivo. Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizadas especialmente entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores das diferentes empresas investigadas. Para organização e análise dos dados qualitativos, foi utilizado o software Atlas/ti. Verificou-se como principais características comuns ao relacionamento interorganizacional das três empresas: confiança; compartilhamento de recursos tangíveis e/ou intangíveis; aprendizagem conjunta; diferentes graus de colaboração; cooperação; interdependência entre parcerias formalmente estabelecidas; parcerias informais, na figura de seus gestores e funcionários; e, interação com instituições públicas e/ou privadas. Como principais recursos interorganizacionais foram identificados: matérias-primas, peças, equipamentos, espaço físico, conhecimentos e informações sobre aspectos diretamente ligados ou não ao processo produtivo que são compartilhados entre as empresas; utilização da malha rodoviária, proximidade com portos, baixo custo da mão-de-obra da região e interação com instituições privadas de serviços autônomos; e incentivos fiscais concedidos especialmente pelo governo estadual. Como fontes geradoras de rendas relacionais foram identificadas rotinas de compartilhamento de conhecimento, dotações complementares de recursos e existência de mecanismos de governança. Dessa forma, verifica-se, portanto, potencial para a geração de rendas relacionais, indicando que os relacionamentos entre as empresas do APL de calçados da Grande João Pessoa podem trazer, variando conforme o nível de parceria, vantagens competitivas para as empresas que dele fazem parte.

Esta dissertação analisa a autonomia municipal na implementação de programas federais. Partiu-se da teoria sobre relações intergovernamentais no Brasil e implementação de políticas públicas para analisar a implementação do Mais Educação/Ministério da Educação (MEC) no Município de São Paulo, considerando o período de 2011 a 2016. Para realizar a análise, foi construído um quadro analítico que considera elementos topdown e bottom-up das teorias de implementação de políticas públicas. Foram considerados o desenho da política federal e o desenho da política municipal, incluindo seus incentivos institucionais, as relações interorganizacionais e a burocracia de médio escalão (BME). O método da pesquisa foi o estudo de caso único, operacionalizado empiricamente por meio de análise documental e de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Foram analisados o desenho do programa federal, a implementação dos programas municipais de expansão da jornada de ensino e as características do Mais Educação/MEC na rede de ensino. Verificamos que os programas municipais influenciaram a implementação da política federal por trazerem uma série de incentivos institucionais a este programa. Além disso, verificamos que o município levou cerca de 3 anos para construir outros incentivos institucionais para a implementação do programa federal em sua rede de ensino, conseguindo, assim, coordenar o programa. De 2011 a 2014, a adesão das unidades escolares ao programa foi marcada por diferenças inter-regionais, sobretudo de 2011 a 2013. Como principais conclusões, a pesquisa mostra que o Município de São Paulo construiu um arranjo de implementação colegiado junto ao MEC por ter criado uma série de incentivos institucionais para a implementação do programa federal em sua rede de ensino; e que a atuação empreendedora de parte da BME explica, pelo menos em parte, as diferenças inter-regionais em um contexto de pouca coordenação por parte da SME / This dissertation analyzes municipal autonomy in the implementation of federal programs. It was based on the theory of intergovernmental relations in Brazil and the implementation of public policies to analyze the implementation of More Education/Ministry of Education (MEC) in the city of São Paulo, considering the period from 2011 to 2016. To carry out the analysis, an analytical framework that considers topdown and bottom-up elements of public policy implementation theories. The design of the federal policy and the design of the municipal policy, including its institutional incentives, interorganizational relations and the middle-level bureaucracy (MLB) were considered. The research method was the single case study, operationalized empirically through documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews. The design of the federal program, the implementation of the municipal programs of expansion of the teaching day and the characteristics of the More Education/MEC in the education network were analyzed. We verified that the municipal programs influenced the implementation of the federal policy by bringing a series of institutional incentives to this program. In addition, we found that the municipality took about 3 years to build other institutional incentives for the implementation of the federal program in its educational network, thus managing to coordinate the program. From 2011 to 2014, school units membership of the program was marked by interregional differences, especially from 2011 to 2013. As a key finding, the survey shows that the Municipality of São Paulo has built a collegial implementation arrangement with the MEC for having created A series of institutional incentives for the implementation of the federal program in its educational network; and that entrepreneurial activity on the part of BME explains, at least in part, the interregional differences in a context of little coordination by the SME

Nonprofit housing organizations primarily exist to address the housing needs of low-income residents, whose housing needs are not sufficiently met by the public or private housing market. NHOs are very similar to private corporations in their size, productivity and commitment to the “bottom line.” However, unlike private firms, NHOs are “mission driven” instead profit-driven corporations. The development of affordable housing in the nonprofit housing sector requires a myriad of financial and non-financial resources. As competition for financial resources intensifies many organizations are adopting strategies as a means to not only reduce organizational uncertainty and sustain them, but also increase or maintain organizational capacity. The evolution of the role of nonprofit organizations coupled with market pressures such as attracting investment, competing for clients, and retaining and hiring skilled employees shapes the need for them to adopt market culture strategies (Salamon, 1999). A key strategy of market culture is collaboration (Frost and Sullivan, 2006). This dissertation study was designed to examine interorganizational relationships between nonprofit housing organizations in the Richmond Metropolitan area, and the influence of organizational characteristics, environmental conditions, and resource availability on an organization’s Level of Collaboration. Furthermore, the study examined the attitudes and perceptions of executive directors of collaboration. The primary research question is: Do nonprofit housing organizations display identifiable patterns of relationships with each other? This study contributes several important findings to furthering the understanding of collaboration within the nonprofit sector, and the relationship between organizational characteristics, environmental conditions, and resource availability and an organization’s Level of Collaboration (interorganizational relationships). Study findings convey that the examination of the network itself using social network analysis is a useful tool for examining relationships and identifying opportunities for collaboration. For this network it revealed that the organizations interact on an informal basis as well as identified the prominent actors are in the network. The findings of this study suggests that there are two key factors that influence nonprofit organizations establishing relationships interorganizational learning and personal characteristics.

In recent years, the train's punctuality, Sweden's ranking in the European Railway Performance Index and the train industry's customer satisfaction have decreased. The largest and most influential players in the train industry are Trafikverket and SJ AB, which are two state-owned organizations. The low customer satisfaction in the train industry is based on SJ AB’s failure to deliver the latest traffic information in case of delay. Since Trafikverket manages the majority of the railway network and SJ AB is Sweden's largest train operator, there is a high degree of mutual dependence between them in order for each organization to be able to conduct its business. At present, there is a clear division of responsibility between these actors regarding how and where the traffic information is distributed. Where the Trafikverket is responsible for conveying all information on its website and on the signs while SJ AB is responsible for conveying information on its website and in its application, as well as via textmessage and mail communication. The processes for communication between the actors regarding delays, track changes and other changes in the journey are done manually with digital tools as support. Today, several uncertainties are experienced in these processes, based on the fact that traffic control at SJ AB currently does not receive any confirmation from Trafikverket if any changes have been made. Due to these factors, this study will investigate the flow of information between SJ traffic control and the Trafikverket’s train services. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis was to identify existing communications, more specifically information flows of traffic data, between the organizations and their passengers, along with identifying possible improvements in the information flows through digitization. The thesis also explores the change opportunities for a department with many manual processes. The study was conducted with a multi-method structure consisting of a literature study, observation study, questionnaire study, interview study and benchmarking. During the observation, questionnaire and interview study, the focus was on employees at SJ traffic control and other relevant departments at SJ AB and the benchmarking was conducted through external interviews. This led to the identification of the main reasons of mismanagement of traffic information and best practices. This was later analyzed with the help of collected theory, which then led to discussion, conclusion and recommendations to SJ AB. It’s obvious that traffic information has low status within SJ AB as well as the interorganizational alliance. This has hampered the development of internal processes related to managing traffic information and therefore the processes lack standardized procedures and structured routines. The main reasons of mismanagement of traffic information depend on the human factor and specific individuals. This is based on the fact that it was clear that both traffic controls perceived the received traffic information difficult to interpret and unstructured, this depending on who sent the information. This due to the fact that the individuals use varying expressions and internal technical language. To be able to improve and in the future automate the information flows between the actors a standardized working procedure with associated technical language is required in the industry. To establish a technical language, the status of the traffic information must be increased within the organizations and a dictionary for which expressions should be used, where all used expressions are listed and defined. Additionally, a clearer goal of the alliance is required.

Les structures d'insertion par l'activité économique (SIAE) proposent à des personnes rencontrant des difficultés sociales ou professionnelles particulières une mise en situation de travail et une prise en charge visant à la résolution de leurs diverses problématiques. Depuis une dizaine d'années, les SIAE ont engagé un processus de rapprochement avec les entreprises classiques alors qu'antérieurement prévalaient des relations de méfiance réciproque. L'objet de la thèse est précisément d'analyser le fonctionnement des collaborations nouées entre les SIAE et les entreprises classiques. A cette fin, nous mobilisons tout d'abord la littérature sur l'entreprise sociale qui permet de caractériser la spécificité des SIAE. Nous construisons ensuite un modèle d'analyse inspiré de l'économie des conventions. Les collaborations entre SIAE et entreprises classiques supposent en effet qu'elles s'accordent concernant le contenu de la notion d'insertion. Sur la base d'une enquête qualitative réalisée au sein de trois SIAE, nous distinguons alors trois « conventions d'insertion » (civique-marchande, civique-industrielle et civique-connexionniste) qui sont autant de compromis permettant une coordination. Ces « conventions d'insertion » sont présentes au sein de chacune de nos études de cas mais dans des proportions variables, en fonction des milieux institutionnels dans lesquels évoluent SIAE et entreprises classiques. / Work integration social enterprises (WISE) aim to allow disadvantaged workers to benefit from contracts of employment, in order to facilitate their social and professional inclusion. Since the end of the last decade, collaborations between private businesses and WISE have been increasing in France, whereas at first the attitude was one of mutual mistrust. This study focuses on how WISE and private businesses collaborate. First we use the literature about social enterprise to characterize the special features of WISE. Then we build a framework inspired from the “economics of conventions” school. Collaborations between WISE and private businesses rest on an agreement about what integration means. We produce three kinds of “integration conventions” (civic-market, civic-industrial and civic-connective) that are compromises allowing coordination. We use this typology to investigate three case-studies. In each one all of our “integration conventions” are present but in variable proportions, depending on the institutional constraints faced by WISE and private businesses.