À partir des années 1870, se développe un peu partout la presse à bon marché, et avec elle les faits divers. Les dirigeants des journaux comprennent très vite l’intérêt de publier ce genre de nouvelles qui attire un nombre grandissant de lecteurs des classes populaires. Pour les journaux nationaux, tels que La Presse et Le Petit Parisien, le fait divers est « roi ». Devant plaire toujours plus, le fait divers connaît des transformations visuelles avec l'apparition des gros titres, de la « Une », et de la photographie. Les fait-diversiers sont à la recherche du moindre aspect sensationnel. Les changements sont plus complexes et plus lents dans la presse régionale avec des journaux comme L'Avenir de la Vienne et L'Événement. L'entreprise de presse est dans les deux cas moins importante, et doit donc faire face à des problèmes financiers. Plutôt que de risquer perdre des lecteurs peu intéressés par les faits divers, les journaux privilégient l'aspect local de leurs nouvelles. Cependant, le fait divers est plus qu'un article de presse. Dans les quatre journaux, les rédacteurs l'utilisent à des fins éducatrices. Rarement explicites dans les récits, les journalistes préfèrent mettre en garde, interpeler, commenter et parfois juger. En fait, à travers l'ensemble des faits divers, se dessine une morale plus universelle. Pauvre ou riche, homme ou femme, jeune ou plus âgé, ils ne peuvent tout maîtriser. L'inconnu et l'aléatoire pèsent toujours sur leur vie. Ils sont supplantés par une force quasi divine, une aura surnaturelle : le destin. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Fait divers, Journal, Presse, Journalisme d'opinion / Nouveau journalisme, Sensationnalisme, Comparaison, Fait culturel, Morale, Norme, Normal, Rédaction, Fait-diversier, Séduction, Émotion, Spectacle, Mortalité, Véracité, Proximité géographique, Québec, France

ABSTRACT   Introduction: During the past 40 years the ambulance service in Sweden has evolved from mainly being a source of transport to today’s high-tech caring facilities that enable qualified care to start already in the patient’s home. This first level of care is now provided by registered nurses and registered nurses with specialist training in pre hospital care. At the same time as the care provided is becoming more advanced, results from studies demonstrate that the amount of dispatches to patients that lack the need for ambulance care and transport is increasing. Nurses in pre-hospital care possess the knowledge, training and authority to perform an initial assessment of patients and also treat patients according to local and national guidelines. After the treatment it would sometimes be possible for the patients to remain at home without having to use ambulance transport to an emergency department or in other cases find other means of transport to hospital. Today this is, in Sweden, an accepted standard for by district nurses who are mandated to refer, even after only telephone consulting, the patients to self-care. Ambulance nurses lack this according to present guidelines. If a patient is to remain on-scene or home, a strict protocol of documentation has to be filled-in as well as the ambulance crew being in contact with a doctor. In this study, the authors visualize what patient categories stay on-scene or home, what types of examinations was performed and if the patient safety is ensured.   Objective: The aim of this study was to visualize patient safety when the patient is not transported to hospital by ambulance.   Method: A quantitative, descriptive and retrospective design and analysis of 137 ambulance medical records where the patient was left at home after the initial assessment.   Results: The results demonstrate that the patients who wish to remain on-scene have various different conditions. The majority stayed home at their own request and without any further treatment being performed by the pre hospital care provider. In 28 per cent the patients received some kind of treatment, and in some of the cases patients refused ambulance transport even when the ambulance nurse strongly recommended this. This study also demonstrated that, in many cases, the patients´ history as well as the patients´ status were incomplete documented. The ambulance nurse performed, in median, four different examinations on the patients. In more than half of the cases the nurses had documented that the patient had some kind of attendance. Counseling was given both to patients and sometimes to the patients’ family member.  A lack of sufficient documentation in the patients’ medical record was found and also that consultation of a doctor only has been completed in 15 per cent. Of a total of 137 patients there were three patients who called for an ambulance within the following 24 hours. One of these became aggressive during the first time of visit, and therefore the nurse wasn´t able to examine her thoroughly.  The two other patients do not differ regarding the extent of the examination compared to those who didn´t call for ambulance again.   Conclusion:  Although this paper demonstrates that patients´ safety has not been compromised in the examined records, the authors recommend further studies on patient safety when patient remain on-scene. There is also a need for more specific and valid indicators. Documentation and adherence to guidelines were, however, in this study found to be insufficient.  Key words: patient safety, ambulance, patient, specialist nurse in pre hospital care science, nurse, transport, journal.

Machines operating in dusty environments, such as mining and civil works, are prone to premature failure, leading to production losses. To address this problem, this research project examines the interaction between solid contaminants and the bearing micro-geometry, in lubricated surface contacts. In particular, it seeks to identify anti-wear additives that are effective in reducing wear under abrasive conditions, making machine elements more dirt tolerant. In general, the influence of antiwear additive is so small that it is difficult to isolate it. Manufactures often make claims about their antiwear products, which are difficult to verify. Hence, there is a need to characterising the antiwear additives available with a well-defined parameter, making it easier for consumers to compare the efficacy of various additives, and be able to select the most suitable additive for a given environment. Effect of micro-geometry parameters such as radial clearance, out-of-roughness and surface roughness was examined and a Film Shape Factor (FSF) – also termed gamma ratio – has been proposed for ensuring adequate separation of journal bearings operating in hydrodynamic lubrication regime, where the out-of-roundness values are higher than the surface roughness values. In this research, an experimental study has been conducted on journal bearings, to examine the influence of five antiwear additives on the bearing wear and micro-geometry. The test additives were provided by the industry partner without revealing their chemical identity or composition; however, these included some of the most commonly used antiwear additives. The tests were performed under three conditions: pure base oil, base oil containing contaminants, and base oil containing contaminants treated with five different additives. The experiments were aimed at choosing one wear measuring technique that evaluates the performance of an individual additive reliably, and based on this technique the additives were characterised. To achieve these objectives, a multi-wear parameter approach (MWPA) was developed, which employed three main wear measurement methodologies, i.e. weight loss, micro-geometry and particle counts –to examine the effect of the antiwear additives. Minimum oil film thickness was also measured to study the lubrication status in the bearing contacts. The MWPA helped in comparing different wear measuring methods, and in selecting the most reliable one. This approach also helped in developing short duration wear tests, thereby saving time, while still getting reliable results without repeating these. Wear experiments were performed on seven sets of bronze bearings and steel sleeve shafts. The test contaminant was 16 micron Aluminium oxide Al2O3 powder mixed in oil with 4% concentration by weight. These solid contaminants were treated with five different antiwear additives to study their influence on the bearings. Bearings were operated such that the minimum oil film thickness in the bearing was equal to the size of the contaminants. These tests were run for a constant sliding distance of 7536m. The results showed that most of the wear measuring techniques do not suit heavily contaminated test conditions. However, the out-of-roundness technique proved to be the most reliable and practical. Based on this technique a methodology was developed which gave a wear characteristic number (N). A unique value of N can be derived for each additive, thereby ranking the additives for their efficacy. The finding of this research provides a better understanding of the methodologies used for measuring wear in journal bearings subjected to dusty environments, and examines the efficacy of each one of these. The wear characteristic number (N) can be used by manufacturers with support from international standards organisations, so that the users can confidently choose the most appropriate antiwear additive for their application. Machines operating in a dusty environment, such as mining industry and civil works are prone to premature failure with subsequent production losses. In response to this problem, this research project examines the interaction between solid contaminant particles and the lubricant film micro-geometry in lubricated surface contacts. In particular, it seeks to identify lubricant anti-wear additives, which are effective in reducing wear under abrasive conditions and thus making machine elements more dirt tolerant.

Pesquisadores da área de Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo participaram de investigação sobre o uso do portal de periódicos CAPES Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, em que são referenciados artigos consagrados pelo meio científico do mundo inteiro. O objetivo foi contribuir com a geração de novos valores e conhecimentos, indicando dificuldades no acesso e divulgação da produção científica. Foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva-exploratória que utilizou dados quantitativos extraídos de questionários. O trabalho mostra o processo de mudança na sociedade, causado pelas novas tecnologias, e a facilidade na obtenção de informações para o enriquecimento do debate acadêmico e para o progresso da ciência. / Researchers at the Human Sciences, University of São Paulo participated in study on the use of journal portal CAPES - Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education, which are referenced by the scientific articles on the world. The objective was to contribute to the generation of new knowledge and values, indicating difficulties in access and dissemination of scientific production. We performed a descriptive and exploratory research that used quantitative data extracted from questionnaires. The work shows the process of change in society caused by new technologies, and ease in getting information to enrich the academic debate and the progress of science.

The presented thesis intends to introduce topics of both cultural periodicals issued in the Czech Republic from 1998 to 2006, as well as cultural politics in terms of which the the periodicals exist. The first part of the study examines a phenomenon of cultural periodicals from three different perspectives: socio-scientific perspective, setting the phenomenon in the centre of public and political sphere; formal and journalistic, perceiving the phenomenon as a set of particular literary and journalistic practices; contetual and art-based, providing a tool for grasping a complex and structured segment of cultural periodilcals. The second part inroduces briefly the Czech cultural policy, employed in the above-mentiod time span, in relation to the examined segment. This part refers to the conceptual base and its consequences for publishing of cultural periodicals. Along with this subject matter, the question of non-governmental subventions and an activity of key endowment funds is raised. The treatise seeks to accentuate a significance of cultural periodicals in the public life and their unsubstitutable position within the political as well as cultural life in its broadest sense.

This exploratory and descriptive study examines research articles published in ten of the top journals in the broad area of educational technology during the last 20 years: 1) Educational Technology Research and Development (ETR&D); 2) Instructional Science; 3) Journal of the Learning Sciences; 4) TechTrends; 5) Educational Technology: The Magazine for Managers of Change in Education; 6) Journal of Educational Technology & Society; 7) Computers and Education; 8) British Journal of Educational Technology (BJET); 9) Journal of Educational Computing Research; and 10) Journal of Research on Technology in Education. To discover research trends in the articles published from 1995-2014, abstracts from all contributing articles published in those ten prominent journals were analyzed to extract a latent semantic space of broad research areas, top authors, and top-cited publications. Concepts that have emerged, grown, or diminished in the field were noted in order to identify the most dominant in the last two decades; and the most frequent contributors to each journal as well as those who contributed to more than one of the journals studied were identified.

Магистерская диссертация «Концепция сайта российского научного журнала» состоит из трех глав – теоретической, аналитической и практической, заключения и библиографического списка, включающего 88 наименований. Цель исследования – разработать универсальную концепцию сайта научного журнала. Объект: сайты российских научных журналов. Предмет: параметры сайтов российских научных журналов. В первой главе диссертации изучено понятие сайта как издательского продукта и отражена его специфика. Сайт представлен как комплекс сведений, состоящий из концепции, проработанного понимания целевой аудитории, семантического ядра, структуры, дизайна и контента. В ходе изучения были сопоставлены основные черты изданий и сайтов для определения зоны работы специалистов издательского дела, а также обозначены ключевые различия между этими информационными продуктами. Во второй главе представлен редакторский анализ сайтов российских научных журналов, в результате которого было выяснено состояние 50 сайтов научных журналов, оценена их эффективность и приведена характеристика внешнего вида, структуры и юзабилити. В итоге были обнаружены достоинства и недостатки сайтов научных журналов, которые были учтены при разработке универсальной концепции. В третьей главе предложена универсальная концепция сайта научного журнала, которую можно использовать при разработке конкретного проекта сайта журнала с учетом проработки указанных в концепции аспектов, зависящих исключительно от тематического направления будущего СМИ, предпочтений и возможностей его разработчиков и учредителей. / The master thesis "The concept of the site of the Russian scientific journal" consists of three chapters – theoretical, analytical and practical, conclusion and bibliography, which includes 88 titles. The purpose of the study is to develop a universal concept for a scientific journal site. Object: sites of Russian scientific journals. Subject: site parameters of Russian scientific journals. In the first chapter of the thesis, the concept of a site as a publishing product is studied and its specificity is reflected. The site is presented as a complex of information consisting of a concept, a well-developed understanding of the target audience, a semantic core, structure, design and content. During the study, the main features of publications and websites were compared to determine the working area of publishing specialists, and the key differences between these information products were identified. The second chapter presents an editorial analysis of the sites of Russian scientific journals, as a result of which the status of 50 sites of scientific journals was determined, their effectiveness was evaluated and the characteristics of appearance, structure and usability were given. As a result, the advantages and disadvantages of scientific journal sites were discovered, which was taken into account when developing a universal concept. The third chapter proposes a universal concept of a scientific journal site, which can be used for developing a specific project of a journal site, taking into account the development of aspects specified in the concept that depend solely on the thematic direction of the future media, preferences and capabilities of its developers and founders.

Julienne Gauvain, dite Juliette Drouet, est principalement connue pour avoir été, pendant cinquante ans, la compagne de Victor Hugo. Mais elle fut aussi, et surtout, une prodigue épistolière qui écrivit, dès 1833 et jusqu’à sa mort en 1883, plus de 22 000 lettres ‒ qu’elle appelait « ses restitus ‒ à son cher poète. Précieusement conservées par l’amant qui les confia, à la mort de Juliette, au neveu de cette dernière, Louis Koch, elles sont aujourd’hui progressivement publiées dans une édition en ligne, afin de mettre à la disposition du public et des chercheurs l’intégralité de cette formidable correspondance. L'édition critique et scientifique ‒ comprenant transcriptions, annotations savantes et manuscriptologiques, notices explicatives, index, glossaire ‒ de 568 lettres de 1841, alors que le couple célèbre ses huit ans d’amour, en montre les intérêts biographique, documentaire et littéraire. En effet, ces restitus permettent d’étudier au jour le jour l’existence de Juliette Drouet, fraîchement retirée de la vie théâtrale et publique pour se consacrer pleinement à son amour, et de Victor Hugo qui, élu à l’Académie française le 7 janvier et en pleine rédaction du Rhin, fait face à des procès littéraires et familiaux, prend ses premières notes sur les temps présents et encadre les reprises d’Hernani, Ruy Blas et Angelo, tyran de Padoue. Ces lettres sont par ailleurs des témoignages précis sur la condition féminine, les liens sentimentaux, les mœurs, les petits détails de la vie quotidienne du XIXe siècle et elles fournissent des renseignements précieux sur le contexte historique, politique, médical, scientifique, social et artistique de la monarchie de Juillet et du règne de Louis-Philippe. Enfin, cette véritable masse textuelle, outre sa valeur stylistique et littéraire propre, suscite une réflexion générique de par son statut hybride de journal épistolaire. / Julienne Gauvain, alias Juliette Drouet, is mainly well-known for her fifty-year relationship with Victor Hugo. But first and foremost, she was a lavish letter writer who wrote more than 22,000 letters to her dear poet – calling them her ‘restitus’- from 1833 until she died in 1883. They were safely kept by her lover, who entrusted them to Louis Koch – Juliette Drouet’s nephew – after she died. Today, they are gradually published online so as to provide the general public, as well as researchers, with this complete astounding correspondence. The critical and scientific edition – including transcriptions, scholar and manuscript-related annotations, explanatory notes, index, glossary – of 568 letters dating from 1841 (8th anniversary of the couple’s love story) highlights their biographical, documentary and literary interests. Indeed these ‘restitus’ allow a day-to-day study of the life of Juliette Drouet, who had just withdrawn from theatrical and public life in order to fully devote herself to her love, and of Victor Hugo who, freshly elected to the Académie française on January 7th and in the process of writing Le Rhin, had to face literary and family trials, started taking his first notes on the present times and was supervising the revivals of Hernani, Ruy Blas and Angelo, tyran de Padoue. These letters also account for an accurate testimony on the status of women, the sentimental ties, the customs and all sorts of small details of the 19th century daily life. As well, they supply precious information concerning the historical, political, medical, scientific, social and artistic context of the July Monarchy and the reign of Louis-Philippe. Finally, apart from its own stylistic and literary value, this true mass of text arouses a generic reflection given its hybrid status of epistolary diary.

L'étude de la représentation de la maladie d'Alzheimer dans Le monde de Barney de Mordecai Richler, de Trois-Pistoles et les Basques, le pays de mon père de Victor-Lévy Beaulieu et de "Je ne suis pas sortie de ma nuit", d'Annie Ernaux permet d'esquisser les contours d'une spécificité littéraire de la maladie, bien au-delà du thème de l'oubli. N'envisager la maladie d'Alzheimer qu'en termes de dégénérescence cognitive, c'est évacuer sa dimension de matériau littéraire qui influence tant la construction que le style d'un texte. L'analyse de trois récits contemporains permet l'identification de procédés rhétoriques mais aussi de stratégies narratives et stylistiques qui servent à circonscrire l'empreinte littéraire propre à la maladie d'Alzheimer. La prise en charge du récit par un tiers parti explique la thématique de la filiation qui donne à voir la maladie de l'intérieur et de l'extérieur. L'oeuvre de création s'inscrit dans ce travail d'archivage de la mémoire familiale. Une petite-fille s'adresse indirectement à sa grand-mère qui souffre de la maladie d'Alzheimer. Nous suivons l'évolution de la maladie et sommes témoins de l'effritement des souvenirs et du discours de la grand-mère. / The study of the Alzheimer's disease representation in Mordecai Richler's Barney's Version, Victor-Lévy Beaulieu's Trois-Pistoles et les Basques, le pays de mon père and Annie Ernaux's "Je ne suis pas sortie de ma nuit" allows us to outline the disease's literary specifics, beyond the theme of cognitive degeneration is to evacuate its dimension as a literature material which influences the structure of a text as well as its style. The analysis of three contemporary stories contributes to the identification of rhetorical methods as well as narrative and style strategies which help us to delimit the Alzheimer's disease literary mark. We will see that when a third party takes charge of the story, it explains the filiation theme which helps to see the disease from the inside as well as from the outside. It also shows an archiving work. The creation part of the essay fits into the archiving process of the family's memory. A grand-daughter talks indirectly to her grand-mother who suffers from Alzheimer's disease. We follow the evolution of the disease and we witness the erosion of the grand-mother's memories and speech.

L’approche par compétences est de plus en plus choisie pour guider les curriculums universitaires de formation professionnelle. Accordant un intérêt primordial au développement des compétences, les responsables des programmes élaborés selon cette approche doivent déterminer les stratégies pédagogiques qui seront les plus efficaces et qui permettront une participation active de l’étudiant. Depuis plus de 30 années (Cameron et Mitchell, 1993; Wellard et Bethune, 1996), le journal d’apprentissage favorise la construction des savoirs en pratique clinique et le développement de la pensée réflexive, une compétence nécessaire à la pratique des infirmières qui s’inspirent d’une vision spécifique de la discipline, comme celle du modèle de McGill (Kravitz et Frey, 1989; Thorpe, 2003). Malgré cela, les études sur les perceptions d’étudiants relativement au journal d’apprentissage sont rares, et ce, surtout au Canada (Epp, 2008). Il importe de s’intéresser aux perceptions d’étudiants afin d’atteindre l’efficacité optimale de l’outil. Le but de cette étude était d’explorer les perceptions d’étudiants au baccalauréat en sciences infirmières de l’utilisation du journal d’apprentissage. Elle a été réalisée auprès d’étudiants de 2e et 3e année, selon un devis de type qualitatif exploratoire. Les participants (n=52) ont rempli un formulaire constitué d’une mise en situation comprenant 5 questions ouvertes. L’analyse des données a fait émerger trois thèmes principaux de l’utilisation du journal soit : un outil personnel, un outil de communication et un outil d’apprentissage de la pratique. Des recommandations pour la formation et la recherche sont formulées. / The competency-based approach is increasingly chosen to guide university curriculum. In according an essential interest to the competency development, the responsible for programs developed using this approach must determine the most effective learning strategy. In the last 30 years (Cameron et Mitchell, 1993; Wellard et Bethune, 1996), the learning journal promote the building of clinical knowledge and the development of reflexive thinking, a competency that is necessary to the practice nurses inspired by a specific vision of the discipline, like the McGill model (Kravitz et Frey, 1989; Thorpe, 2003). Despite this, the studies on the student’s perceptions on the learning journal are rare, especially in Canada (Epp, 2008). It is important to look at student’s perceptions to attain the optimal efficacy of the tool. The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of undergraduate students in nursing of the utilization of learning journal. It was realized with 2nd and 3rd year undergraduate students in nursing, using a qualitative exploratory research design. The participants (N=52) completed a form presenting a simulated situation that contained 5 open ended questions. The three main themes that emerged during data analysis on the utilization of the learning journal were: a personal tool, a communication tool and a learning practice tool. Recommendations for education and future research are offered.