Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-17T17:49:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvia Lorena.pdf: 625242 bytes, checksum: 6b30f4e3144b0cf5357e4c62816e9a17 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-09T17:43:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvia Lorena.pdf: 625242 bytes, checksum: 6b30f4e3144b0cf5357e4c62816e9a17 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-09T17:43:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvia Lorena.pdf: 625242 bytes, checksum: 6b30f4e3144b0cf5357e4c62816e9a17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Presente dissertação trata das unidades de cumprimento estabelecidas pelo Protocolo de Quioto especialmente das Reduções Certificadas de Emissão (RCEs). Primeiramente, faz uma análise do aquecimento global e do efeito estufa distinguindo as duas expressões. Em seguida, descreve o papel do Painel Intergovernamental de Mudança Climática (IPCC) em assuntos relacionados à mudança do clima e avalia a relevância da Convenção-Quadro sobre Mudança do Clima (CQNUMC) para o desenvolvimento do direito ambiental internacional. Ademais traça um panorama do Protocolo de Quioto primeiro protocolo ambiental legalmente vinculante, fruto da CQNUMC examinando suas possíveis conseqüências para o mundo e em particular para o Brasil. Elenca os créditos de carbono ou créditos de emissão e detalha as etapas para a suas obtenções destacando as condições a serem satisfeitas em cada uma delas. A hipótese que permeou a dissertação foi a de que os créditos de carbono se refletirem reduções de emissões de GEEs reais ajudarão na mitigação da mudança climática. O trabalho ainda traz à baila a polêmica acerca da natureza jurídica das RCEs consideradas por muitos economistas uma nova commodity no âmbito do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) único mecanismo de flexibilização que permite a participação dos países em desenvolvimento com vistas à promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável. Para conferir segurança ao mercado de carbono no Brasil está em tramitação o Projeto de Lei nº 3.552/2004 dispondo sobre a organização e regulação do mercado de carbono na Bolsa de Valores do Rio de Janeiro através da geração de Redução Certificada de Emissão. Por fim o trabalho apresenta um estudo de caso acerca do Projeto Vega Bahia que implicou a obtenção de créditos de carbono pelo Brasil. Esse projeto corresponde a reduções de emissão antropogênicas de metano (CH4) um Gás de Efeito Estufa (GEE) que não teria lugar na ausência da atividade de projeto de MDL entre janeiro e dezembro de 2004. / Salvador

In 1997 industrialized nations, the Third Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, met in Kyoto, Japan to sign a treaty (the “Kyoto Protocol”) in terms of which industrialized nations would be required to reduce their greenhouse gas emission by at least five percent below 1990 levels by the end of the “first commitment period” 2008-2012. South Africa is not regarded as an industrialized nation, but nonetheless acceded to the Kyoto Protocol in 2002. The literature reviewed in the present research reveals that, although idealistic, the Kyoto Protocol has been problematic. Fourteen meetings of the Conference of Parties to the Kyoto Protocol between 1997 and 2011 have achieved little more than to repeatedly defer and redefine Kyoto obligations. This research was undertaken to document the existing environmental taxation policies employed in selected international jurisdictions with a view to providing a framework for environmental tax policy formation in South Africa to assist this country in meeting its “greenhouse gas” emission targets, while at the same time promoting economic growth. A doctrinal research methodology was adopted in this study as it mainly analysed and interpreted legislation and policy documents and therefore the approach was qualitative in nature. An extensive literature survey was performed to document the various environmental policies that have been legislated in the selected jurisdictions. Comparisons were drawn with proposed tax policy measures for South Africa. The literature indicates that in the selected international jurisdictions carbon taxes achieved less-than-optimal results, largely due to political and industry-competitive agendas. With South Africa planning to introduce a carbon tax, it is submitted that the implementation of a carbon tax regime in isolation will be counter-productive, given South Africa’s economic profile. On the basis of the literature reviewed, it was concluded that South Africa should consider “recycling” carbon tax revenues within the economy to fund a broad-based tax incentive regime that will stimulate the change to non-carbon energy whilst promoting growth through sustainable development

In this diploma thesis about the trading of permits CO2 to focus on the issue of release of carbon dioxide in a European context and its control through a system of tradable CO2 - EU ETS. I focus on the first two trading period of the EU ETS, in terms of allocated permits, price trends, and number of permits traded in the two periods in selected EU countries and the Czech Republic. The aim is to determine how appears a system of tradable CO2 permits in selected EU countries and the Czech Republic in the context of fulfillment obligations to reduce CO2 emissions under the Kyoto Protocol. The work compare the situation in the Czech Republic with selected EU countries in selected indicators of specific emissions trading and CO2. The work seeks to determine to what extent the ETS helps in improving the situation of individual countries in absolute production of CO2. The first chapter introduces the issue of climate change. It explains what are greenhouse gases, greenhouse effect and how this effect works. It acquaints readers with one greenhouse gas and that is carbon dioxide. Then the work explains how climate change takes place and there is also described climate history of the Earth, which is necessary to closer understanding of the issue. Then follows the description of international organizations, which deal with climate protection and have international influence. The second chapter focuses on ways to solution climate change. The bigger attention is devoted to the trading with carbon dioxide, than the work explaines the functioning of the European ETS, its development and global influence on the production and reduction of CO2. Than is the chapter devoted to notes and obligations that are promised in the Kyoto Protocol and closer specified the position of the Czech Republic in this Convention. In the third chapter compares the work selected countries of the European Union, which are the largest issuers of the Union's carbon dioxide. If it is possible to compare states in terms of their commitments and reduce CO2 implementation of these commitments. It appears that a large part of the EU Member States fulfill their obligations only partially, and some states it does not meet at all. For some selected countries we can see even an absolute increase in these emissions. Production of CO2 emissions is expressed in the comparison of selected countries in various indicators such as a production of CO2 per GDP or per inhabitant or per hectare of forest. It seems that not all states have aligned their emissions, which are important for sustainable development in that states. The last part compares selected countries in terms of allocated permits in the first and second ETS trading period and describes the evolution of both periods. Finally we performed a detailed analysis of price trends of permits especially in the first ETS period.

Orientador: Osmar de Carvalho Bueno / Banca: Maria Aparecida Mourão Brasil / Banca: Thelma Krug / Resumo: O alerta de cientistas sobre o aquecimento do planeta vem desde a década de 60. Entretanto, a comunidade internacional passou a discutir mais profundamente o tema a partir dos anos 80, mas foi na década de 90 que se conseguiram os maiores avanços diplomáticos, com o advento da Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança do Clima e suas Conferências das Partes, onde em 1997 negociou-se o Protocolo de Quioto. Este trabalho discorre sobre a regulamentação internacional relacionada ao aquecimento global, enfocando em particular o papel da agroenergia brasileira dentro do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) e seu potencial de mitigação para a mudança climática. . Utiliza-se do método dedutivo para o desenvolvimento da dissertação. A atuação do Brasil apresenta-se controversa, pois é grande emissor de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) decorrente do desmatamento. Entretanto, a agroenergia brasileira destaca-se no cenário mundial com o grande potencial de substituição de matrizes energéticas não-renováveis por renováveis. Conclui-se que a agroenergia brasileira poderá contribuir para a mitigação do efeito estufa A discussão enfocou a demonstração da adicionalidade nos projetos de MDL, o potencial dos projetos de co-geração de energia e a necessidade de incluir no segundo período de compromisso do Protocolo de Quioto atividades relacionadas a uso da terra e mudança do uso da terra como ferramentas que contribuem para o controle do aquecimento global. As conclusões indicam a diferenciação entre projetos de redução de emissão e projetos de MDL; a potencialidade da agroenergia e o trabalho do Brasil para se destacar no mercado de carbono. / Abstract: Scientists have been warning about the planet warming since the 1960s. However, the international community started discussing it more deeply in the 1980s, but it was in the 1990s that the greatest diplomatic advances were reached, with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Conference of Parties when, in 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was negotiated. This study concerns the international regulation related to global warming, focusing on the particular Brazilian agroenergy role within the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and its mitigation potential to the climate change. The deductive approach was used in this paper. The Brazilian performance is antagonistic, once it is a great greenhouse gas emissary due to deforestation. Nevertheless, the Brazilian Agroenergy stands out in the world scenario with the huge replacement potential from nonrenewable energetic matrix to renewable ones. In this way, it is possible to conclude that the Brazilian Agroenergy can contribute to the greenhouse effect reduction. The discussion focused on the addition demonstration on CDM projects, the energy cogeneration potential of the projects, and the need to include activities concerning the land use and land use changes as a tool that comes through the global warming control in the second commitment period of Kyoto Protocol. The conclusion shows the difference between the reduction emission projects and the CDM projects; the agroenergy potencial as well as the Brazilian effort to stand out in the carbon market. / Mestre

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-10-17T13:34:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tercianesabatinicarvalho.pdf: 2411280 bytes, checksum: b3e6a12356189399e279b23c9217ee6f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-10-25T11:55:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tercianesabatinicarvalho.pdf: 2411280 bytes, checksum: b3e6a12356189399e279b23c9217ee6f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-25T11:55:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tercianesabatinicarvalho.pdf: 2411280 bytes, checksum: b3e6a12356189399e279b23c9217ee6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-15 / As questões sobre o meio ambiente, ano após ano, vêm desempenhando um destacado papel no debate global sobre o futuro do planeta. Devido à liberação de enormes quantidades de CO2 na combustão de energias fósseis, as suas emissões são classificadas como uma das forças motrizes por trás do fenômeno do aquecimento global. Em todo o mundo, as emissões dos gases de “efeito estufa” (GEE) estão aumentando, apesar dos esforços comuns para implementar acordos internacionais, como o Protocolo de Quioto. Nesse contexto, esta dissertação visa investigar a hipótese da Curva de Kuznets Ambiental (CKA) global e a sua relação com o Protocolo de Quioto. Portanto, um de seus objetivos é verificar se existe uma relação na forma de U invertido entre um índice de degradação ambiental global (emissões de CO2 per capita) e o crescimento econômico (medido pelo PIB per capita) para uma amostra de 167 países durante o período de 2000-2004, utilizando um modelo de efeitos fixos com dependência espacial. Outro objetivo desta dissertação é avaliar o papel do Protocolo de Quioto como uma política global, a fim de reduzir as emissões. Para isso, uma variável dummy, representando os países que ratificaram o Protocolo, é adicionada do lado direito da regressão. Além disso, mais três variáveis são colocadas no lado direito da regressão: nível de comércio, consumo de energia e densidade populacional. Os resultados da Análise Exploratória de Dados Espaciais (AEDE) revelaram que as emissões de CO2 per capita não são distribuídas aleatoriamente, bem como identificou uma série de países que emitem mais do que os outros países: Estados Unidos, Canadá, Austrália, Barein, Brunei, Kuwait, Luxemburgo, Emirados Árabes Unidos, Trinidad e Tobago e Aruba. A AEDE encontrou a existência de clusters, mostrando que o padrão Baixo-Baixo ocorre principalmente nos países mais pobres africanos e asiáticos, enquanto o padrão Alto-Alto aparece essencialmente nos países europeus e países do sudoeste asiático. Os resultados econométricos, a princípio, sugerem a existência de uma CKA na forma de “N” e não de “U” invertido, encontrando os seguintes “pontos de inflexão”: US$ 12.262,44 e US$ 27.083,33. As demais variáveis explicativas também apresentaram os sinais esperados e todas exibiram um coeficiente altamente significativo. Cerca de 80% da amostra não possuem renda acima do ponto de inflexão calculado, ou seja, a grande maioria dos países se encontraria na primeira parte ascendente da curva, revelando que no intervalo de renda observado para os 167 países, muitos exibem uma curva monotonicamente crescente. Isso parece confirmar e ilustrar a natureza global do impacto do dióxido de carbono, revelando que há pouco incentivo para as nações tomarem ações unilaterais para reduzir suas emissões, e que ações multilaterais estão sendo desenvolvidas lentamente. Outra questão importante é o coeficiente negativo e estatisticamente significativo para a variável dummy dos países que ratificaram o Protocolo de Quioto, revelando a importância de acordos internacionais na redução do montante global das emissões de carbono per capita. Portanto, o crescimento econômico sozinho não pode substituir políticas que aspirem a redução das emissões de CO2. Este resultado sugere que políticas internacionais podem ajudar a reduzir as emissões de GEE, mas é preciso que mais países se comprometam nessa redução. Portanto, crescimento econômico por si só não garante a cura para os problemas relacionados ao meio ambiente. As políticas ambientais têm papel fundamental na inversão da trajetória dos poluentes que seguem a CKA. / Over the years environmental issues have been playing a remarkable role in the global debate about the Earth future. Due to the release of huge amounts of CO2 in the combustion of fossil fuels, its emissions are classified as one of the driving forces behind the global warming phenomenon. Worldwide, emissions of the "greenhouse effect" gases (GHG) are increasing, despite the joint efforts to implement international agreements like the Kyoto Protocol. In this context, the present dissertation is aimed at investigating the Global Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis and its relationship with the Kyoto Protocol. Therefore, one of its objectives is to verify whether there is an inverted U shaped relationship between an index of global environmental degradation (per capita CO2 emissions) and economic growth (measured by per capita GDP) for a sample of 167 countries over the period 2000-2004, using a fixed effect model with spatial dependence. Another objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the role of the Kyoto Protocol as a global policy in order to reduce emissions. To do so, a dummy variable, representing the countries that have ratified the Protocol, is put in right hand of the regression. Besides, another three variables are inserted in the right hand of regression: the trade level, energy consumption and population density. The findings from Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) revealed that per capita CO2 emissions are not randomly distributed, as well as identified a number of countries that emit more than the other countries, namely, United States, Canada, Australia, Bahrain, Brunei, Kuwait, Luxembourg, United Arab Emirates, Trinidad and Tobago and Aruba. The ESDA analysis found the existence of clusters, showing that the low-low pattern occurs mainly in the poorest countries Asian and African, whereas the High High pattern appears mainly in European countries and countries in Southeast Asia. The econometric results, in principle, suggest the existence of a CKA in the form of "N" rather than "U" inverted, finding the following "turning points": US$ 12,262.44 and US$ 27,083.33. The other explanatory variables also showed the expected signs and all exhibited a highly significant coefficient. Around 80% of the sample did not have income above the “turning point” calculated, that is, the vast majority of countries are in the first upward part curve, revealing that in the range of income observed for the 167 countries, many have a curve monotonically increasing. This seems to confirm and illustrate the global nature of the carbon dioxide impact, revealing that there is little incentive for nations takes unilateral actions to reduce their emissions, as well as multilateral actions are being developed slowly. Another important issue is the negative coefficient, and statistically significant, for the dummy variables of the countries that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol, showing the importance of international agreements on reducing the overall amount of per capita carbon emission. Therefore, economic growth alone cannot replace policies that aspire to reducing CO2 emissions. This result suggests that international policies can help reduce GHG emissions, but we need more countries to commit such reduction. Therefore, economic growth alone does not guarantee a cure for the problems related to the environment. Environmental policies have key role in reversing the trajectory of pollutants that follow the CKA.

Magister Legum - LLM

十世紀的文化創意產業伴隨著科技的進步，已經逐漸成為生活文化中重要的產業項目。文創產業成為世界各國注意的焦點。台灣能不能吸引創意新貴、文化創意人久居 將決定台灣未來是否衰退。 文化及文創產業之所以受到矚目，乃是因為現實生活中，文化掌握關鍵角色的社會階層愈來愈有影響力。所謂的「創意新貴（Creative Class）」的社會階層會是肩負二十一世紀發展最為重要的階層。 文化創意人非常關心自然環境、人權、和平、和精神層面，是六○年代市民.學生運動的始祖。 對於「創意新貴」沒有吸引力，缺乏文化性的國家、區域、以及都市將會日益衰退。 本研究透過個案研究方式，使用Rchard Florida、Elizabth Currid、出井伸之、青木貞茂、村上隆、野中郁次郎、茂木健一郎、李仁芳等美、日、台等產學業者的創意經濟理論，對京都3家文創老產業、藝匠產業，進行個案研究，尤其針對其中一家四百年歷史的唐長進行深度個案研究，分類歸納這三家老文創產業長青因素何在。 研究發現，京都老產業之所以長青是因為吸取了京都歷史、地理所孕育而來的京都特有文化風格與美學，並且以嫡傳精簡家族為經營核心；將京都的山川文明、歷史文化、家族傳承精華內化成自己的內隱知識；並且不斷地歷史、在地文化、甚或國際衝擊，以螺旋方式激盪出屬於自己的有機學習組織。 不過這中間最關鍵的還是這個藝匠達人是否對所繼承的藝匠家業充滿熱情與中興的慾望；以及京都市政府本身是否有意持續維持京都的優勢。 研究結果建議1︰民間業者方面，必須能向時間縱軸──歷史學習；也必須能向所在地理橫軸──所在地的文化孕育老產業的美感，做知識螺旋，結合時空環境下，孕育而來的美學創新素養，將外顯知識內化，內化之後，再成為文創產業的內隱知識，再繼續傳承下去。 建議2︰國家及在地政府必須重視各個地方的歷史與文化的原味封存以及鼓勵觀光客來個文化之旅，才能活絡地方的新陳代謝。 / As technolgy innovations accelerate, creative industries have gained more prominance in our daily life in the 20th century.Creative Industries have drawn attentions in every develped country.Whether Taiwan can attract the new creative class and culture glitterati will determine Taiwan's path fo development. The creative industries have gained more and more influence in today's society. The so-called "Creative Class" is the most primary and significant social class in the 21th century. The creative class is concerned about environment, human rights, peace, and spiritual wealth. They are the forerunners of civil movement and student activism in the 1960s. The countries, regions, and cities, who failed to attract creative class, will face the inevitable fate of decline. This study attempts to explore the reason of longevity and sustainibilty of Kyoto's creative industries. Through the methodology of case studies. This thesis draws on theories of Richard Florida, Elizabeth Currid、 Nobuyuki Idei 、Takashi Murakami、Yuichiro Nonaka、Ken Mogi、Renfan Lee This thesis focus on deep analysis of one 400-years-old 唐長 and discussion on other 2 craftmanship and creative enterprises in Kyoto to arrive at the conclusion of ever-gr0wing vitality of Kyoto's creative industries. This studies find out that the old creative industries in Kyoto has absorbed the historial tradition, geographical characteristic, and culture uniqueness of Kyoto. The core philosophy of management is familial succession. The historical tradition, geographical characteristics and family management have become implicit knowledge and gives birth to Kyoto-unique organic learning organiztion. This research suggests that private enterpreneur should learn from local history and local culture and distill geniune local flavors, refine the aesthetic flavors into "knowledge spiral," and make the implicit knowledge of knowledge to pass on to future generations. The second advice is that county and local government should encourage the preservation of local culture and culture tourism to lay the foundation for future new creative enterpreneurship.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:26:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Fernando de Freitas Penteado.pdf: 691795 bytes, checksum: 803fd93930323302ac5d26921cf12a66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-08 / Although the problem related to the weather change has been widespread only in the last decades, it is not recent the concern of the international community in the adoption of measures for the mitigation of this change in the ecosystem balance. The Kyoto Protocol, however, comes as the concrete awareness of the need of acting towards the reduction of the greenhouse effect, which causes such changes in our weather, noticed, mainly, through the global warming. The main means designed by that international treaty is the possibility of compensating the emissions of the gases accountable for the greenhouse effect (GEG Greenhouse Effect Gases), which is possible only through the transaction of the Credits of Emission Reduction - CERs, commonly known as Carbon Credits. Its example was followed, individually, by several other countries, being its idea adopted, even by Brazil, most accurately by São Paulo Estate, which improved its concept in the reduction of the concentration in the atmosphere of some polluting gases and of particulated material. However, a lot is asked about the compatibility of the above mentioned Protocol inside the principles and main regulations of our Environmental Law, and also, about what would be the environmental civil responsibility of the people engaged in the projects, related to a possible not fulfilling of the reduction of the emissions, as declared in each case. In this paper, we will demonstrate the perfect compatibility among the projects that give rise to the getting of the Credits of Reduced Atmospheric Emissions and our main laws related to the environment protection, as well as to the Environmental Law Principles. Finally, we will also, as an important part of this paper, analyses the environmental civil responsibility of the people in charge of keeping the commitments made when a project is implemented, aiming at obtaining the Credits of the Reduced Atmospheric Emissions / Apesar de somente nas últimas décadas o problema relativo às mudanças climáticas ter ganhado a repercussão que lhe é devida, não é de agora a preocupação da Comunidade Internacional na adoção de medidas para mitigação dessa alteração ao equilíbrio ecossistêmico. O Protocolo de Quioto representa a concretização da necessidade de se agir de modo a reduzir o chamado efeito estufa, causador de tais mudanças em nosso clima, sentidas, principalmente, com o aquecimento global. O principal instrumento idealizado por este Tratado Internacional encontra-se na possibilidade de se compensar as emissões dos gases responsáveis pelo efeito estufa (GEE Gases de Efeito Estufa), ato que é possível apenas via transação das Certidões de Redução de Emissões - RCEs, popularmente conhecidas como Créditos de Carbono. Seu exemplo foi seguido ainda individualmente, por outros diversos países, chegando sua idéia a ser adotada inclusive pelo Brasil, mais precisamente pelo Estado de São Paulo, que aprimorou seu conceito na redução da concentração na atmosfera de alguns gases poluentes e de material particulado. Entretanto, muito se questiona doutrinariamente acerca da compatibilidade do referido instrumento com nosso Direito Ambiental, princípios e principais normas, e ainda sobre qual seria a responsabilidade civil ambiental daqueles envolvidos nos projetos, frente a um eventual não cumprimento da redução das emissões, conforme declarado em cada caso. Demonstrar-se-á, ao longo do texto, a perfeita compatibilidade entre os projetos que dão ensejo à obtenção dos Créditos de Emissões Atmosféricas Reduzidas e as nossas principais leis relativas à proteção do meio ambiente, bem como aos princípios de Direito Ambiental. Por fim, sendo ainda o foco principal do presente estudo, será analisada a responsabilidade civil ambiental dos responsáveis pela manutenção dos compromissos acordados quando da implementação de um projeto visando à obtenção dos Créditos de Emissões Atmosféricas Reduzidas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Melissa Furlan.pdf: 1435637 bytes, checksum: da6c47c638b3603e1442a5bf7083d879 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-28 / This study analyzes the role of Law in fostering environmental public policies considering the climate change issue. First, we present basic notions on global warming, the greenhouse effect, etc., as well as the evolution of the concern with climate changes. We studied the first UN Environment Conference, carried out in 1972, and the Conference in 1992, in Rio de Janeiro, where the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change was approved, which objective is to reduce the levels of concentration of greenhouse gases. However, the most discussed interna-tional diploma when climate change is concerned is the Kyoto Protocol, an exten-sion unfolding of the Fourth Convention, which provides the instruments neces-sary to achieve its objectives. Thus, we present herein the main objectives and me-chanisms proposed by the Kyoto Protocol. Of the mechanisms created by the Pro-tocol, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is of interest to Brazil. We focus on CDM projects involving forestation and reforestation, which provide economic return to owners of forest areas through the sale of carbon credits . Realizing that exclusively protective-repressive environmental rules do not always assure effec-tive respect to the environment, we propose that Law more actively embraces its promotion aspect, fostering desirable environmental actions and behaviors, through positive sanctions or the use of the protector-receiver principle, through the system of paymento for environmental services. We present experiences of this kind car-ried out in countries such as Costa Rica, Mexico and the United States. In order to confront the theory and the practice of CDM projects in reforestation, involving car-bon credits and payment for environmental services, we present the remarks from an internship at a consulting company, Plant Inteligência Ambiental, where we took part on a project developed by the private initiative: the Programa Água das Flores-tas Tropicais [the Brazilian Rainforest Water Program], of the Coca Cola Brazil in-stitute. Finally, the goal of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of environmen-tal policies that combine forest preservation/conservation and economic return to the protectors of the environment / O trabalho analisa o papel do Direito como incentivador de políticas públi-cas ambientais em face da questão das mudanças climáticas. Apresentamos, ini-cialmente, noções básicas sobre aquecimento global, efeito estufa etc., bem como o cenário evolutivo da preocupação com as mudanças climáticas. Estudamos a Primeira Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Meio Ambiente, realizada em 1972, e a Conferência de 1992, sediada no Rio de Janeiro, em que se aprovou a Convenção-Quadro sobre Mudança do Clima, cujo objetivo principal é a redução dos níveis de concentração dos gases de efeito estufa. Contudo, o diploma inter-nacional mais discutido, em termos de mudança do clima, é o Protocolo de Quioto, um desdobramento da Convenção-Quadro, que traz os instrumentos necessários para a consecução de seus objetivos. Assim, apresentamos os principais objetivos e mecanismos resultantes do Protocolo de Quioto, dentre os quais interessa ao Brasil o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL). Nosso enfoque são os pro-jetos de MDL envolvendo florestamento e reflorestamento, que proporcionam re-torno econômico para os proprietários das áreas florestais mediante a venda de créditos de carbono . Após constatar que as normas ambientais de cunho exclusi-vamente protetivo-repressivo nem sempre garantem o efetivo respeito ao meio ambiente, propomos que o Direito assuma de modo mais ativo sua função promo-cional, incentivando comportamentos e ações ambientalmente desejáveis por meio das sanções positivas e da utilização do princípio do protetor-recebedor, via siste-ma de pagamento por serviços ambientais. Apresentamos experiências nesse sen-tido desenvolvidas em países como Costa Rica, México e Estados Unidos. Para confrontar a teoria e a prática dos projetos de MDL em reflorestamento, envolven-do créditos de carbono e pagamento por serviços ambientais, apresentamos as observações advindas de estágio realizado em uma empresa de consultoria, a Plant Inteligência Ambiental, na qual participamos de um projeto desenvolvido pela iniciativa privada o Programa Água das Florestas Tropicais, do Instituto Coca-Cola Brasil. O trabalho objetiva, por fim, demonstrar a viabilidade de políticas am-bientais que conjuguem preservação/conservação florestal e retorno econômico para os protetores do meio ambiente

<p>The aim of the thesis is to analyze the design of the present climate and energy policies. The main focus is on how the policy instruments affect the Swedish stakeholders who are included in the European Union’s Emission Trading Scheme (EU-ETS). In-depth interviews have been carried out with representatives from the basic industry, energy utilities as well as industrial and green organizations. The purpose is to illustrate have how these stakeholders view the current policy framework and what amendments that they view as necessary.</p><p>Suggestions to the Government are given regarding the design of national policies and policy instruments to provide for an improved policy framework. The information and synthesis have furthermore been collected through extensive literature studies as well as participating at conferences and seminars.</p><p>The thesis is written as a monograph in order to address a larger group of readers interested in the transition of energy systems towards sustainability as well as policy makers and Swedish stakeholders. The common understanding that the global energy systems have to undergo a transition to renewables and higher energy efficiency due to the earth’s finite sources of fossil fuels and uranium presents large challenges for policy makers and business sectors as well as the society in general.</p><p>Global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have to be drastically reduced and the work to achieve this has started through international negotiations such as the Kyoto Protocol. As the present commitment levels are low, an important issue in a short-term perspective is to develop a more comprehensive and efficient system with a much wider participation and more stringent emission targets.</p><p>In order to achieve current national policy goals and international GHG emission commitments the Swedish Government utilizes a number of policy instruments that are either nationally self-assumed or called for by international agreements or the European Union. The Swedish stakeholders that are included in the EU-ETS face a broad policy framework that has a large impact on their daily operations and future investment strategies. It is imperative for the policymakers, i.e. the Government, to act in accordance with the long-term perspective that the climate change issue and the transition of the energy system require. It is likewise important that any actions are in accordance with the operational and investment climate that the business sector faces. It is argued that these aspects are not fully considered as the success of the next national budget or term of public office seems to overshadow these issues. A long-term perspective is required to provide the business sector with stable and reliable incentives. This is needed to provide the economic conditions under which the businesses can realize investments that will result in emission reductions. Short-term policies reinforce the view of environmental investments as a form of risk investments. This negatively affects the possibility of the policy instruments to effectively achieve established policy goals.</p><p>Paying attention to these requirements is however not a simple task for policy makers as it will require agreements between the political parties. This demonstrates the main political difficulty with climate change – the requirement of a long-term and full commitment by all state authorities. It should be noted that the thesis does not attempt to describe the Swedish policy makers as neglecting the urgency of acting to mitigate climate change. The national agenda is far to advanced from an international perspective for such statements. The thesis however pinpoints some important issues highlighted by stakeholders, within the business sector and other organizations, who are concerned with the present climate and energy policy framework.</p><p>Some of the findings are as follows:</p><p>• Reducing GHG emissions in order to combat climate change must include a long-term perspective</p><p>• The design of policy instruments should consequently be long-term to increase the support for investments in GHG emission reducing technologies</p><p>• The design of policies that promote low GHG production alternatives within the energy utilities should be improved</p><p>• The large potential for reduced GHG emission available through fuel switching and energy efficiency improvements in the Swedish basic industry should be promoted by amended policies</p><p>• Reformulate or abandon the national GHG emissions target goal with the current formulation</p><p>• Strive for an emission rights allocation system that is as transparent, fair and predictable as possible</p><p>• The policy framework should aim for a high level of stability through interaction with the affected stakeholders</p><p>• These factors are inherently important for the overall efficiency of the policy framework</p>