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There have been a number of legal reforms in Bolivia since the first indigenous president, Evo Morales, came to power in 2006. In 2009 a New Constitution was enacted which included rights for women and expanded legal recognition of indigenous groups. In 2013, in order to address rising rates of violence against women, Law 348 to Guarantee Women a Life Free from Violence was established. Yet what meaning these legal changes have for Bolivian women is still unknown. This thesis explores Bolivian women's legal consciousness and subjectivities in the context of these changes, particularly in relation to law concerning violence. Twelve months of ethnographic fieldwork was conducted in the city of La Paz, Bolivia, between October 2014 and October 2015. Participant observation in a women's centre was the main field site, which offered the opportunities to gather women's life stories and explore women's narratives of the law. This was further supplemented with interviews with Civil Society Organisations and government in order to add different perspectives and further map the social structures of society that both constrain and enable meaning-making. This socio-legal ethnography presents women's engagements with the law, and offers insights into women's lived experiences of accessing justice and claiming rights, both directly and indirectly, as well as the influence that legality has on women's legal subjectivity and their sense of self. Doing so provides a narrative of Bolivian women's legal consciousness and reveals the meaning that law has for women in their everyday lives. Law works to shape the way they view themselves and their experiences as they engage with the processes of accessing justice. It can be concluded that law is a meaningful yet often contradictory presence in Bolivian women's everyday lives.

Este é um estudo empírico e qualitativo que pretende investigar a operação do direito e o processo de sua construção social, através das formas e práticas discursivas pelos quais ele se apresenta no contexto de um projeto de renovação urbana em São Paulo. Argumenta-se que o direito ajuda a organizar e dar sentido às narrativas que pessoas desenvolvem nesse e sobre esse contexto específico e que tais narrativas participam ativamente da construção de compreensões da legalidade. O trabalho descreve os desenvolvimentos do projeto Nova Luz, um projeto de renovação do centro da cidade de São Paulo, entre 2005 e 2012. No contexto desse projeto, a pesquisa desenvolve a análise de relatos colhidos em entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com pessoas que vivem, moram, trabalham, são proprietários ou estiveram intensamente envolvidas com a iniciativa do governo municipal. As experiências e os relatos locais desse cenário urbano estruturam três tipos de consciência do direito: diante do direito, com o direito e contra o direito. Esquemas interpretativos que traduzem formas pelas quais os indivíduos participam na construção social da legalidade, isto é, diferentes compreensões e maneiras pelas quais os indivíduos posicionam o direito e se posicionam em relação a ele. O trabalho, portanto, desenvolve uma interpretação prática do direito através da abordagem do contexto local, e uma leitura do contexto local por meio do elemento jurídico. Representando esse último na forma de operações interpretativas contextuais, a pesquisa propõe uma visão do direito tal um dado inseparável de como um pensa, interpreta e vive a experiência social. / This is a qualitative and empiric study that proposes to investigate laws operation and the process of is social construction through the discursive forms by which it presents itself in the context of an urban renewal Project in São Paulos city center. It advances the argument that law helps to organize and provide meaning to the narratives people develop in and about this specific context and that these narratives actively participate in the construction of comprehensions of legality. The study describes the developments of project Nova Luz, an urban renewal project of São Paulos city center, between 2005 and 2012. In the context of this project, the research develops an analisys of the stories collected through semi-structured interviews carried out with people that live, work, are landlords or have been intensely involved with the municipal governments initiative. The local experiences and stories of this urban scenery structure three types of legal consciousness: before the law, with the law, and against the law. Interpretative schemas that translate the forms by which individuals participate in the construction of legality, that is, different comprehensions and manners by which they position law and position themselves in relation to it. The project, thus, develops a practical interpretation of law by approaching the local context, and a reading of the local context by way of the legal element. Representing the latter in the form of contextual interpretative operations, the research proposes thinking about law as inseparable from how on thinks, interprets and lives social experience.

Lithuania gained independence fifteen years ago. But still the understanding of human rights (as rights of citizens) and responsibilities among young people is interpreted in a wrong way. This wrong perception impedes the development of democracy at the civic society. A special attention should be paid to a person, like a full-fledged member of society. Due to this reason, legal education should be one of the main aims of civic society. In this work the features of youth legal education are explored by analyzing the conceptions of youth legal socialization and legal education.

This dissertation examines how ordinary people in England and Russia form their perceptions of legal institutions in their experiences with lower courts. This work is based on a qualitative study involving interviews and observations in county and magistrates' courts in England and courts of Justices of the Peace in Russia, a number of focus groups with the court users and the judges, as well as a variety of secondary sources. The goal of this study is to investigate the inner workings of the English and Russian legal cultures through the analysis of stable attitudes towards legal institutions and their interplay with the people's perceptions of their individual experiences. My examination of these complex sets of ideas and images includes the analysis of people's preconceptions about institutions of justice, people's perceptions of administrative and procedural models, their interaction with court administration and legal professionals, and evaluations of the final outcomes of their cases. I argue that perceptions of legal institutions even at the lowest level are linked to the traditional images of courts in the Russian and English societies. The perceived position of legal institutions within the framework of the state, i.e. the level of their independence and impartiality, is one of the leading factors that shape people's long-standing attitudes of trust in legal institutions. The availability of administrative and procedural mechanisms that create and reinforce perceptions of transparency, equality, and reliability of legal institutions in people's everyday experiences contributes to the creation of stable attitudes of institutional trust. People’s perceptions of the English and Russian lower courts reflect how ordinary citizens see the law and the institutions of justice in their countries, and how they perceive their own ability to obtain justice with the use of official legal mechanisms. These perceptions reveal the underlying relationships between people, law, and legal institutions in different societies and, therefore, contribute to our understanding of legal cultures.

Este é um estudo empírico e qualitativo que pretende investigar a operação do direito e o processo de sua construção social, através das formas e práticas discursivas pelos quais ele se apresenta no contexto de um projeto de renovação urbana em São Paulo. Argumenta-se que o direito ajuda a organizar e dar sentido às narrativas que pessoas desenvolvem nesse e sobre esse contexto específico e que tais narrativas participam ativamente da construção de compreensões da legalidade. O trabalho descreve os desenvolvimentos do projeto Nova Luz, um projeto de renovação do centro da cidade de São Paulo, entre 2005 e 2012. No contexto desse projeto, a pesquisa desenvolve a análise de relatos colhidos em entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com pessoas que vivem, moram, trabalham, são proprietários ou estiveram intensamente envolvidas com a iniciativa do governo municipal. As experiências e os relatos locais desse cenário urbano estruturam três tipos de consciência do direito: diante do direito, com o direito e contra o direito. Esquemas interpretativos que traduzem formas pelas quais os indivíduos participam na construção social da legalidade, isto é, diferentes compreensões e maneiras pelas quais os indivíduos posicionam o direito e se posicionam em relação a ele. O trabalho, portanto, desenvolve uma interpretação prática do direito através da abordagem do contexto local, e uma leitura do contexto local por meio do elemento jurídico. Representando esse último na forma de operações interpretativas contextuais, a pesquisa propõe uma visão do direito tal um dado inseparável de como um pensa, interpreta e vive a experiência social. / This is a qualitative and empiric study that proposes to investigate laws operation and the process of is social construction through the discursive forms by which it presents itself in the context of an urban renewal Project in São Paulos city center. It advances the argument that law helps to organize and provide meaning to the narratives people develop in and about this specific context and that these narratives actively participate in the construction of comprehensions of legality. The study describes the developments of project Nova Luz, an urban renewal project of São Paulos city center, between 2005 and 2012. In the context of this project, the research develops an analisys of the stories collected through semi-structured interviews carried out with people that live, work, are landlords or have been intensely involved with the municipal governments initiative. The local experiences and stories of this urban scenery structure three types of legal consciousness: before the law, with the law, and against the law. Interpretative schemas that translate the forms by which individuals participate in the construction of legality, that is, different comprehensions and manners by which they position law and position themselves in relation to it. The project, thus, develops a practical interpretation of law by approaching the local context, and a reading of the local context by way of the legal element. Representing the latter in the form of contextual interpretative operations, the research proposes thinking about law as inseparable from how on thinks, interprets and lives social experience.

Instauré en 1991, le droit à la privatisation gratuite de son logement a favorisé l'accession des anciens locataires soviétiques au statut de propriétaire, transformant du même coup les immeubles collectifs en copropriétés. Sur la base d'une enquête ethnographique, cette thèse étudie la mise en œuvre du nouveau Code du logement (2005) à Moscou, qui réorganise la gestion publique de l'habitat collectif autour de l'assemblée générale des copropriétaires. Contribution à l'analyse du changement social postcommuniste, cette recherche examine comment la copropriété passe du statut de texte abstrait au statut de pratiques sociales situées. Combinant les apports de la sociologie de l'État, de la sociologie des mobilisations et de l'étude des rapports ordinaires au droit, ce travail se focalise sur trois groupes d'acteurs : les agents subalternes de l'administration de Moscou ayant recours à des pratiques illégales pour mettre en œuvre localement la nouvelle législation ; des acteurs politiques tournés vers la vulgarisation et le conseil juridique dans la perspective de défendre les droits des habitants et, enfin, certains habitants particulièrement engagés dans les affaires de leur immeuble. En s'appuyant sur une approche wébérienne des usages sociaux du droit, cette recherche montre que infractions légales, batailles d'interprétation de la législation, ainsi qu'appropriations profanes du droit sont autant de mécanismes à travers lesquels le régime copropriétaire acquiert une véritable existence sociale. L'analyse de ces rapports et concurrences donne à voir la fabrique de nouvelles pratiques habitantes et subjectivités postcommunistes, reconfigurant les rapports ordinaires à l'État et au marché. / Introduced in 1991, the right to free privatization of own’s own housing favored a double transformation: of tenants into owners, and of collective housing into condominium buildings. Based on an ethnographic investigation in Moscow, this dissertation examines the implementation of the new Housing Code (2005). This legal shift led to a renewed governance of collective housing, now centered around the general meeting of owners. A contribution to post-communist social change, this research is also an investigation into the sociology of law. Based on a Weberian approach to the social practices of the law, it examines how the legal regime of joint ownership went from being abstract text to the status of social practices located. Drawing upon the sociology of the State, the study of mobilizations and researches on legal consciousness, the dissertations focuses on three groups of actors central to the construction of the new legal system. The first one consist of the lower-level agents of the Moscow administration, who resort to illegal practices in an attempt to locally implement the new legislation. The second includes local politicians, geared towards the dissemination of legal knowledge and literacy in an attempt to defend the rights of the inhabitants. The third one encompasses inhabitants particularly involved in the organization of their buildings’ administration. The dissertation focuses on three mechanisms through which the new legal system came into being: legal offenses, controversies around the interpretation of the legislation, and layperson’s appropriation of the law. The analysis sheds lights onto the making of these new was of inhabiting the space, as well as on the crafting of postcommunist subjectivities that reconfigure the relationships between the State and the market.

The subject matter of the study is hardiness in adolescents. The object matter of the study is psychological correlates of hardiness in adolescents. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, conclusions, a list of references (70 sources) and an annex including the blank forms of the applied methods. The volume of the master`s thesis is 127 pages, which include 9 figures and 4 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the chosen research problem, the level of development of the problematics, the objective and the tasks of the study are set, the object and the subject of research are determined, hypotheses are formulated, methods and empirical basis are indicated, as well as the stages of the research, the theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first chapter includes a review of foreign and domestic literature on the topic of research, an analysis of the methodological foundations of the study of legal consciousness, the rationale for the theoretical model of legal consciousness (structure and functions), a description of factors affecting the formation of legal consciousness. Features of the legal consciousness of students are presented. Conclusions on the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It includes a description of the organization and methods of the study, as well as the results obtained due to the applied methods. The experiment included a forming stage. At the staggering stage for determining the levels of formation of components of legal consciousness, the students used the author's method of investigating the legal consciousness of the person RR. Muslumov. For the study of self-evaluation, the Dembo-Rubinstein method was used (in the modification of AM Prikhozhan). At the formative stage, the psychological training "Adult Steps" was used. As a result, qualitative positive results were obtained on the scales "legal activity" and "motivation cognition". Also, the chapter presents a correlation and factor analysis of the results of the study. The findings of Chapter 2 are the main results of the empirical study. In the conclusion, brief results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are presented, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses. The practical significance of the study is substantiated and possible prospects for further development of the problematics are described. / Объектом исследования явилось правовое сознание студентов. Предметом исследования стал психологический тренинг как средство формирования правового сознания студентов. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (70 источников) и приложений, включающих в себя бланки применявшихся методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 127 страниц, на которых размещены 9 рисунков и 4 таблицы. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются гипотезы, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также этапы проведения исследования, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы. Первая глава включает в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по теме исследования, анализ методологических основ изучения правового сознания, обоснование теоретической модели правового сознания (структуры и функций) описание факторов, влияющих на формирование правового сознания. Представлены особенности правового сознания студентов. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам. Исследование включало констатирующий и формирующий этапы. На констатирующем этапе для определения уровней сформированности компонентов правового сознания у студентов использована авторская методика исследования правового сознания личности Р.Р. Муслумова. Для исследования самооценки использовалась методика Дембо-Рубинштейн (в модификации А. М. Прихожан). На формирующем этапе использовался психологический тренинг «Взрослые шаги» (авторы – Егорова О.В. и др. Санкт-Петербургская общественная организация «Врачи детям»). В результате получены качественные положительные результаты по шкалам «правовая активность» и «непредубежденность». Также в главе представлены корреляционный и факторный анализ результатов исследования. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики.

勞雇關係幾乎為每個人重要的社會身分，人生中有絕大部分的時間，都作為一個「勞工」在生活著，勞資爭議調解為勞工用以實踐「權利」主要途徑，因而，本研究聚焦於勞資爭議調解中的糾紛、話語以及其中之權力關係，採用法律的文化分析取徑，以描繪出「權利」在勞資爭議調解中，如何地透過眾人之手、努力、血汗「打造」而成的過程。 　　為什麼政府人員、調解人盡心盡力地處理當事人的勞資糾紛，甚至是調解人表示其較為偏向勞工的情況下，多數的勞工還是對於勞資爭議調解的結果不甚滿意？本研究的問題意識為：權利如何在勞資爭議調解中「打造」以及「被打造」？本研究透過非參與式觀察十一個案件，訪談七名勞工、五名勞資爭議調解之調解人以及相關政府文書之分析，以期回應本研究之問題意識。 　　本研究認為勞資爭議調解中的格式化過程是具有「任意性」的，從糾紛到案件的過程中會貼上什麼樣的「標籤」，當事人對此失去控制，因此對於糾紛的轉化感到無力。而在以法律、證據、法律文件等法律話語為主的勞資爭議調解中，一個糾紛如何被「命名」為案件，則涉及了命名的權力競逐。調解為雙方合意作成的決定，調解人未如法官具有國家賦予命名的強制力，需要透過「資源的動員」以取得命名之權力，勞資雙方也透過專業人士的轉譯，將日常語言轉譯為法律語言，以爭奪命名之權力，而此過程牽涉當事人的經濟上實力，因而在勞資爭議調解中再現了社會階層結構。 　　在觀察勞資爭議調解中勞工的法意識，我發現傳統的「認份」、「互相觀」與現代法律權利之交織，影響了勞工的法律行動。而勞工進入勞資爭議調解時，期望勞資爭議調解如同父母官為其主持公道，但又因勞資糾紛的格式化、權力不平等結構之延伸等權利實現之困境，使得勞工對勞資爭議調解在「期待與失望中擺盪」，然而，即使失望，仍僅得再回到該程序再度主張權利，而在勞工透過勞資爭議調解與雇主拉開距離的同時，也拉近了與國家的距離－即使對於國家感到失望。 　　本研究指出了一個對於糾紛解決機制研究之可能分析框架：「糾紛的格式化」、「話語模式」、「法意識」，在此研究框架之下，得以分析糾紛解決機制中權力關係的運作過程。最後，本研究認為權利是在一場場的爭戰中實現，並非是抽象而先驗的存在，而是在一個個的行動中「打造」而成。

Le pluralisme juridique relativise le monopole étatique dans la production normative, en laissant aux autres groupes sociaux la possibilité de créer du droit. La mafia en tant qu’organisation soumise à des règles qui lui sont propres représente un véritable ordre juridique qui entre en contradiction avec la légalité et la structure de tout l’ordre juridique étatique. Il paraît difficile, au premier abord, de considérer la mafia comme un ordre juridique, car elle s’oppose aux critères étatiques et juridiques traditionnels. En effet, les analyses en matière de pluralisme font rarement le lien entre le pluralisme juridique et les systèmes violents, arbitraires et illégaux. Cependant, d’un point de vue sociojuridique, il est possible d’envisager le pluralisme juridique à partir de l’analyse du phénomène mafieux. Cette hypothèse explore la relation entre divers ordres (étatique, mafieux et communautaire) de nature contradictoire et dans un contexte violent.L’organisation criminelle du trafic de drogue en Colombie durant les années 1980 et 1990 sert de base à la réflexion. Cet exemple est riche d’enseignements du fait de l’imbrication des intérêts des narcotrafiquants, de l’État et des classes sociales. Ce travail de recherche explore ainsi la mafia pensée et vécue comme un ordre juridique sui generis à caractère contre-étatique, possédant une force normative sans limites. / The legal pluralism relativises the state’s monopoly to create norms by taking into consideration the possibility that different social groups contribute to the production of law. The mafia and its rules can form a legal order in contradiction with the legality and the structure of the state legal order. It seems difficult to consider the mafia as a legal order because it is in contradiction with the traditional legal and state criteria. Indeed, the analysis of legal pluralism rarely does this link between legal pluralism and violent, arbitrary and illegal systems. However, from a socio-legal perspective, it is absolutely possible to affirm a sort of legal pluralism issued from the mafia phenomenon. This hypothesis explores, in a violent context, the contradictory relation between different kinds of orders, such as State, mafia and community order.In order to analyse this issue, the Colombian drugs traffic between the 80’s and 90’s shows a specific legal culture and legal consciousness, which in a specific context reveals interesting characteristics for a socio-legal study. The mafia and its multiple networks can infiltrate the legal culture of the regions where it acts, and sometimes, its actions and operations may be intertwined with the State and other legal actors. In this sense, it is appropriate to consider a mixed legal system, where the legal and illegal co-exist; and where the mafia, popular and state law became a "mélange" as a product of the interaction between the different legal systems as well as a product of the porosity existing between all the legal systems. This research explores the mafia, in real life and in theory, as a sui generis legal order that has a normative force without limits.