A presente tese analisa a configuração, a reestruturação e a dinâmica do setor de celulose e papel no Brasil (em especial o seu mercado de trabalho), mostrando que esses processos foram distintos para as indústrias desse setor, que são: a indústria de celulose, a indústria de papéis e a indústria de artefatos de papéis. A tese está organizada em quatro capítulos, incluindo a Introdução. O segundo capítulo, Análise do processo de configuração do setor de celulose e papel no Brasil, destaca como a conduta das empresas multinacionais, as políticas públicas e o dinamismo dos mercados doméstico e externo geram evoluções e dinâmicas distintas para as indústrias desse setor, desde sua origem até 2009, e implicaram em suas distintas inserções na Divisão Internacional do Trabalho - DIT ao longo do tempo. Demonstra-se que a configuração dessas indústrias foi diferenciada nos últimos cinquenta anos, sendo que a expansão da indústria de celulose foi para atender o mercado internacional e as indústrias de papéis e artefatos de papéis são mais centralizadas em atender o mercado doméstico em resposta à forma como os países se organizaram dentro da DIT. O terceiro capítulo, Impactos da reestruturação do setor de celulose e papel no Brasil sobre o desempenho de suas indústrias, usou dados em painel e estimou equações visando identificar se as variáveis de estrutura e de abertura comercial tiveram influência sobre o desempenho das indústrias do setor no período de 1986 a 2007 com base nos dados da PIA IBGE, da BRACELPA e do Sistema ALICE-Web. Pode-se concluir que a variável de concentração de mercado (HHI) teve impacto positivo sobre a medida de desempenho margem preço-custo; o aumento na taxa de importação tem relação negativa com a margem preço-custo; e a origem do capital tem relação positiva com a medida de desempenho considerada. O quarto artigo, Impactos da liberalização comercial e da reestruturação industrial sobre o mercado de trabalho do setor de celulose e papel no Brasil, analisa a dinâmica do mercado de trabalho desse setor entre 1996 e 2008 usando dados da RAIS. Verificou-se: 1) aumento no número de empregados no setor de celulose e papel nesse período, mas redução desse número para a indústria de celulose e para a indústria de papéis; 2) a indústria de celulose emprega proporcionalmente mais trabalhadores com maior escolaridade e idade do que a indústria de artefatos de papéis; 3) os salários pagos na indústria de celulose foram maiores que nas outras duas indústrias e no setor de celulose e papel como um todo; 4) predomínio do uso da mão de obra masculina e diferencial salarial entre homens e mulheres nas três indústrias, entretanto, esse diferencial foi menor na indústria de celulose em 2008; 5) a maioria das variáveis explicativas propostas para analisar o impacto sobre os salários apresentou o sinal esperado nas regressões. As variáveis abertura comercial, proporção de mulheres em relação aos homens e escolaridade média dos trabalhadores foram as que apresentaram melhor significância estatística. As duas primeiras atuam para reduzir o salário e a última para aumentá-lo. / The present thesis analyzes the configuration, the restructuring and the dynamics of the pulp and paper sector in Brazil (paying a special attention to its labor market), showing that these processes were different to the industries of this sector: the industry of pulp, industry of papers and industry of paper-made products. The thesis is organized in four chapters, including the Introduction. The second, Analysis of configuration process of pulp and paper sector in Brazil, highlights how the conduct of multinational companies, the public policies and the dynamism of domestic and external markets generate distinct evolutions and dynamics for the three industries inside the pulp and paper sector in Brazil since the origin of this sector until 2009 and implicated in distinct insertions of these industries in the International Work Division - DIT along time. It is demonstrated that the configuration of these industries was differentiated during the last fifty years, pointing out the expansion of pulp industry, from 1970 on, to attend the international market and the paper and paper artifacts industries are more focused in attending the domestic market in response to the way the countries organized themselves inside DIT. The third chapter, Impacts of pulp and paper sector´s restructuring in Brazil on the performance of its industries, organized data in panel and run equation to determine if the variables of structure and commercial openness that had influence the performance of industries under analysis. The period of time considered was from 1986 to 2007 and data utilized came from PIA IBGE, from BRACELPA and from Alice-Web System. It can be concluded that the variable of market concentration (HHI) had positive impact on the performance measure cost-price margin; the increase in the importation rate has negative relation with price-cost margin; and the capital´s origin has positive relation with the performance measure considered. The fourth chapter, Impacts of trade liberalization and industrial reorganization the market place of pulp and paper sector in Brazil, analyses the labor market dynamics of this sector between 1996 and 2008 using data from RAIS. The main findings are: 1) increase in the number of employees of the pulp and paper sector in this period, but reduction of this number to the pulp industry and to the paper industry; 2) the pulp industry employs proportionally more workers with higher scholarity and age than the paper-made products industry; 3) salaries paid in the pulp industry were higher than in the other two industries and in the pulp and paper sector as a whole; 4) predominance of masculine labor force and salary differential between men and women in the three industries, however, this differential was lower in the pulp industry in 2008; 5) the majority of the explicative variables proposed to analyze the impact on the salaries presented the expected signal in regressions. The variables commercial openness, proportion of women in relation to men and workers average scholarity were the ones that presented better statistic significance. The first two act to reduce salaries and the third one to increase salaries.

Les deux derniers siècles ont connu une révolution exceptionnelle dans l'organisation des marchés électriques dans le monde entier. Ainsi, traditionnellement organisé autour de monopoles verticalement intégrés et soumis à la régulation, le secteur électrique connait un processus de réforme et évolue vers une organisation décentralisée qui favorise les mécanismes du marché. Le passage des tarifs régulés à des prix du marché, compte tenu des structures concentrées et les caractéristiques particulières de l'industrie électrique, accroît la possibilité que certaines entreprises puissent manipuler les prix du marché en exerçant leur pouvoir de marché. Les questions de "pouvoir de marché" dans un secteur donné ont été abondamment étudiées dans la littérature de l'économie Industrielle depuis la fin des années 1970, mais des études théoriques et empiriques de "pouvoir de marché dans les marchés électriques" n'ont été développées que récemment. Dans cette thèse, nous essayons de mener une recherche approfondie autour des questions de pouvoir de marché sur les marchés de gros de l'électricité en Europe. Nous conduisons des études empiriques dans deux des plus grands marchés européens: la France (sur des données 2009-2012) et l'Allemagne (sur des données de 2011), en utilisant des méthodes économétriques et des modèles de simulation des marchés électriques. Le sujet semble pertinent dans la période de transition énergétique en Europe. / The two last centuries have witnessed an exceptional revolution in the organization of electric power markets worldwide. The industry's organization has changed from vertically integrated monopolies under regulation to unbundled structures that favor market mechanisms; known as reform process in Europe. The shift to reliance on market prices, given concentrated structures and particular characteristics of electricity industry, raises a possibility that some firms could influence the market prices by exercising their market power. The issues of "market power" in a given industry have been abundantly employed in the literatureof Industrial Organization since the late 1970s but theoretical and empirical studies of "market power in electricity markets" have only been developed recently. In this thesis, we attempt to carry out an insight research around market power questions in deregulated wholesale electricity markets in Europe, as regarding the way of defining and measuring it. We carry out empirical studies in two of the biggest liberalized electricity markets in Europe: France (2009-2012's data) and Germany (2011's data), using econometric regressions and electricity simulation models as main methodologies. The subject is particularly relevant inthe context of energy transition in Europe (transition energetique in France and Energiewende in Germany).

Esta tese aborda o desenvolvimento da regulação internacional sobre o comércio de serviços educacionais, em especial nos acordos preferenciais de comércio de Austrália, Chile, China, Cingapura, Estados Unidos, Índia e União Europeia. O seu objetivo foi avaliar o atual nível de liberalização comercial da educação superior no plano global, de modo que sua compatibilidade com o direito à educação pudesse ser criticamente analisada, assim como os seus possíveis impactos sobre a regulação da educação superior no Brasil. Para tanto, a pesquisa começa pela realização de entrevistas com atores que acompanham o processo de comercialização da educação superior no Brasil. Os passos seguintes envolvem a compreensão do funcionamento das disciplinas internacionais sobre o comércio de serviços, da formulação das posições no processo negociador e, finalmente, dos compromissos em serviços de educação superior em acordos preferenciais de comércio. Uma primeira hipótese é de que, mesmo sem acordos de comércio, o mercado brasileiro já se encontra significativamente liberalizado no que diz respeito aos investimentos estrangeiros em educação superior, sem qualquer restrição ao ingresso de capital internacional. Ainda assim, a regulação internacional do comércio de serviços aprofundaria esse processo a partir da ideia de consolidação do marco regulatório liberal doméstico e de mecanismos que conduzem à aceleração do processo de liberalização comercial. / This thesis analyses the development of international regulation on trade in educational services, especially in preferential trade agreements signed by Australia, Chile, China, Singapore, United States, India and the European Union. The goal was to determine a parameter of the current global level of trade liberalization on higher education, so that the compatibility between trade agreements and the right to education could be critically examined, as well as their possible impacts on the regulation of higher education in Brazil. Therefore, the research began by conducting interviews with professionals that accompany the commercialization process in the Brazilian higher education sector. The following steps involved understanding the operation of international disciplines on trade in services, the formulation of positions in the negotiating process, and finally, the commitments on higher education services in preferential trade agreements. A first hypothesis is that, even without trade agreements, the Brazilian market is already significantly liberalized regarding foreign investment on higher education, without any restriction on the inflow of international capital. Even so, international regulation on trade in services would deepen this process from an idea of consolidation of a liberal domestic regulatory framework and mechanisms leading to accelerate trade liberalization process.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-09-21T14:14:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Ledesma Al-Alam_.pdf: 233544 bytes, checksum: 8e97e55b0255cce4f24caadc4e00aa6b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-21T14:14:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Ledesma Al-Alam_.pdf: 233544 bytes, checksum: 8e97e55b0255cce4f24caadc4e00aa6b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A pobreza, embora tenha declinado nas últimas décadas, continua sendo um dos maiores desafios a serem enfrentados no século XXI. Este estudo investiga os efeitos da liberalização comercial sobre a pobreza em diferentes regiões em desenvolvimento do mundo. A análise ocorre de forma indireta, observando os impactos sobre a renda real e o bem-estar destas regiões. É utilizado o modelo de equilíbrio geral computável Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP), sendo realizadas três simulações de liberalização comercial, buscando comparar os benefícios da abertura dos países desenvolvidos em relação à liberalização plena, com contrapartida dos países em desenvolvimento. Os resultados revelam que os ganhos de renda real e bem-estar das regiões em desenvolvimento são maiores quando elas próprias participam do processo de abertura ao lado das regiões desenvolvidas. As simulações vão ao encontro dos resultados de Hertel et al. (2009), em que a liberalização comercial realizada em todas as regiões se mostrou mais benéfica aos países mais pobres do que a liberalização comercial com ênfase apenas em países desenvolvidos, como é o caso da Rodada Doha. / Poverty, although declining in recent decades, remains one of the greatest challenges to be faced in the twenty-first century. This study investigates the effects of trade liberalization on poverty in different developing regions of the world. The analysis occurs indirectly, examining the impacts on real income and welfare of these regions. It used the model of computable general equilibrium Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP), and held three trade liberalization simulations, to compare the benefits of the opening of developed countries with regard to full liberalization, with consideration for developing countries. The results show that the real income gains and welfare of developing regions are larger when they participate in the liberalization process together with the developed regions. The simulations are in line with the results of Hertel et al. (2009), in which trade liberalization carried out in all regions was more beneficial to the poorest countries that trade liberalization with emphasis in developed countries, such as the Doha Round.

自十九世紀末以來，購併已成為企業成長與改變競爭環境的重要推手。在面臨國際化的趨勢與全球化的競爭思維下，透過購併其他企業的方式，巳成為規劃經營策略的一種競爭模式。面臨新經濟的時代，電信產業的競爭方式丕變，因為市場的解除管制與科技的進步，更造成近年來電信產業的快速變革與蓬勃發展，相關購併的案例更是在全球蔓延，其規模與成交金額更是履創新價。 　目前國內電信產業的結構，已因全球化、自由化的衝擊而有所重大變革，整體的經營環境與競爭程度，已自動被迫升級與國際一流的企業相互競爭；另因國際間的購併動作不斷，顯現企業在競爭激烈的環境中，為確保其競爭優勢而不斷擴張企業版圖的決心，導致現階段的購併涉及諸多策略性的考量，呈現出「大者恆大」的現象。電信產業在必須創造規模經濟的前提下，專家更是建議電信業者藉由購併的方式以擴充營運規模，尤其是以電信大廠為首的新競爭局勢，購併勢將成為公司資源分配的有效方法之一。 　因此本研究採用歸納法，綜合文獻探討、個案分析與專家訪談等方式，完成電信產業之發展趨勢與效益分析，並比較國內外電信購併之個案，整理主併與被併公司的動機與背景因素，希求透過相關案例的分析，汲取其購併策略之規劃與經驗。 最後，本研究提出以平衡計分卡結合五個構面的動態價值因子，作為評估企業競爭力分析的基礎；並依據Michael Porter、Milford B. Green與Arthur Andersen所提出的"”Competitive Strategy”、”The Merger Framework”與”eMerger & Acquisition”為基本架構，嘗試建立適用於電信產業規劃購併策略之參考模型，將企業放進「電信產業環境」中考慮，以協助業者在制定經營策略、提昇產業競爭力與規劃價值導向管理系統之參考，因為無論企業採取何種購併的方式，皆須具有經營策略及購併準則，唯有認清自身與環境的互動關係，方能有效且正確地因應未來的發展與衝擊。 / Since the late 1800s, mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have become a driving force in both corporate growth and changing competitive environments. As the trend of internationalization and globalization, to merge other company becomes a competitive mode of planning business strategy. Facing the era of new economy, the competition of telecommunications industry is changing abruptly owing to the market deregulation and technology progress, and the phenomenon of mergers and acquisitions on telecommunications industry have increased with time. As mergers and acquisitions of an existing company typically speed up the entry process as well as the easiest way to diversify. It also takes a potential competitor out of the market. Due to the telecommunications liberalization in the past years, the structure of telecommunications industry has been modified. It forced many companies have to compete with other big companies worldwide. In order to survive in this intensive market and ensure the competitive advantage, the effect of "big is beautiful” involved strategic making in a lot of company. Even someone suggests that it is not the only good solution to expand the scale of business by merging other company but maybe an effective way to relocate resources efficiently. 　This research mainly uses three different methods, which are literature analysis, cases study and interview with experts to figure out the development trend and beneficial analysis of telecommunications industry after liberalization in Taiwan. We would like find out the motivation and background both acquiring company and target company by finding the planning story in merging a target company through the analysis of cases study. 　Finally, the research provides the basic structure combined the Balanced Scored Card with five-dimensional value system for the purpose of evaluating the corporate competition. Especially, the research develops a reference model of how to plan the mergers and acquisitions strategy in telecommunications industry modified to “the competitive strategy” for Michael Porter, “the merger framework” for Milford B. Green and “eMerger & Acquisition” for Arthur Andersen. In addition, this research imitates Porter’s points of the issue of “putting the company into the industrial environment” to consider. It will be useful for proprietors to organize the business strategy and to work out the value management system. As we know, only does the company understand the interactive relationship with circumstance. It can be effective and correct to cope with the development and impact on the market in the future.

論文名稱：資訊社會電信事業自由化、電信公司民營化之研究校（院）所組別：國立政治大學社會學研究所 畢業時間及提要別：八十六學年度第一學期碩士學位論文提要 研究生：葉義輝 指導教授：陳小紅 提要內容： 由於現在資訊科技的發達，人們對通訊的需求日殷，加以國家在政治、經濟上的需求，在全球電信自由化、國際化、民營化的帶動下，電信的改革變變有著勢不可檔的趨勢，本論文即是著眼於此一潮流，而特別針對「電信事業自由化」、「電信公司民營化」兩大課題所作之研究。從問題主軸出發，試圖從理論的分析、現況的研討，輔以對相關人員的深度訪談內容，希冀尋得問題的癥結，找出相對應的策略。 在「電信事業自由化」的課題上，本論文先界定其定義，再研究其形成之原因與背景，加以世界各國（主要是先進國家與亞洲鄰國）的經驗啟示，再回顧我國目前電信自由化的現況，探討我們所要面對的問題，及未來政策規劃的遠景；而在「電信公司民營化」的課題上，亦是先界定民營化的定義，再透過國營事業的弊病，尋出民營化的原因，探討民營化的優點及配合措施，從電信公司民營化的進程開始，分別探討當前中華電信組織的改革及其員工「產業民主」之訴求，再探討當前政府推動民營化不力之原因，針對當前民營化之問題提出檢討，與展望未來「全民釋股」的政策走向；再針對民代、官員、業者（中華電信與其他民營業者）、員工與學者的訪談，尋出當前電信自由化、電信民營化之問題對策。 最後再綜合文獻的探討與訪談的結果，本論文提出了結論，並做出了具體的建議：我國的電信改革實需要有完備的制度設計與法令規範，也必須配合政府的魄力與決心，才能真正建立出電信市場公平競爭的環境。而政府必須強化電信監督管理之功能；中華電信若先分割解體，再進行民營化，將電信人才重組整合，才可能會是民營化成功的關鍵；而中華電信也必須重新釐清其所應扮演角色，與民營業者共創未來電信自由化的前景；政府也應當審慎考慮當前電信民營化的作法，讓全民共享電信所創造的利益成果。

許多策略性環境政策的相關文獻，大多在探討生產外部性的問題，較少著墨在消費的外部性，且在模型設定上，大多假設廠商生產同質性商品，因此本文將商品之差異性納入考量，在單邊貿易模型之下，建立一個兩階段賽局，來探討消費外部性的情況下，廠商與政府的策略性行為。而本文亦將貿易政策與環境政策做連結，探討當關稅因貿易自由化而調降時，對環境政策與環境品質的影響為何。 本研究發現：(1) 不論廠商的競爭型態為何，政府會將最適污染稅稅率訂在低於污染所造成的邊際環境損害之水準。(2) 不論廠商的競爭型態為何，貿易自由化會提升最適污染稅稅率。(3) 在廠商進行 Cournot 競爭時，貿易自由化將提升環境品質。(4) 在廠商進行 Bertrand 競爭時，關稅調降與否，須考量商品間的替代程度，在商品替代程度很低時，貿易自由化的結果將使環境品質向下沉淪。 / This thesis develops a two-stage game to investigate the strategies of government and firms concerning negative externalities associated with consumption. It also discusses the linkages between trade liberalization and environmental policy, namely, the effect of tariff reduction due to trade liberalization on environmental policy and environmental quality. Most of the literature on strategic environmental policy only considers negative externalities associated with production, but this thesis deals with negative externalities associated with consumption. Several conclusions emerge: First, the optimal pollution tax is less than the marginal pollution damage. Second, the environmental tax increases as a consequence of a tariff reduction. Third, if firms compete in terms of quantity, environmental quality could be improved by liberalizing trade. Finally, if firms compete in terms of price, when the degree of goods substitutability is low, trade liberalization may lead to a “race to the bottom” in environmental quality.

<p>How affected are the sugar production in Mozambique and Tanzania by EU sugar regime? What does the EU sugar reform constitute in these countries?</p><p>Using theories regarding free trade and anti-free trade, I am able to answer these questions. The aim of this paper is to study how the various sugar agreements with EU affect the sugar production in Mozambique and Tanzania. Therefore I am using a method called a most similar system design in this comparative case study. The conclusion is that the EU sugar regime is the main reason to how the sugar productions in developing countries are. This conclusion is drawn since the difference in their developed sugar production is based on the importance of an advantageous sugar agreement. This can be applied to the case in Tanzania, which had a higher sugar export when the country had an advantageous sugar agreement with EU. Now when the trade has been more liberalized with the sugar reform the country does not have the same advantageous agreements with EU and the sugar export has been smaller. Compared to Tanzania Mozambique has had a better development in their sugar production, since their trade agreements with EU is better today than before 2001.</p>

This thesis consists of three independent papers, ordered chronologically with respect to when they were initiated. Empirical research has established that there are large and persistent productivity differences among firms in narrowly defined industries (Bartelsman and Doms, 2000). Other studies, in particular Bernard and Jensen (1999), have shown the existence of a causal link running from ex-ante firm productivity to export decisions. Furthermore, exposure to trade has been found to enhance growth opportunities only for some firms, reallocating market shares and resources toward the more productive ones and contributing thus to aggregate productivity growth (Clerides, Lach and Tybout, 1998; Bernard and Jensen, 2004). These findings have led to the development of new theoretical models emphasizing the interaction between firm heterogeneity and fixed market entry costs in generating international trade and inducing aggregate productivity growth. The first and third chapters of this thesis extend the framework developed by Melitz (2003) to analyze the implications of  firm heterogeneity for old and new issues in international trade. The first paper studies the effect of trade liberalization between countries that differ in their relative endowment of skilled workers when growth-promoting R&amp;D activities are skill intensive with respect to goods production. In particular, the analysis focuses on the changes that falling trade costs induce on consumer welfare and on the number of firms active in the different markets. The third paper uses the heterogeneous firm framework to study the interaction between financial constraints and the market entry behavior of firms. It also analyzes whether the impact of trade liberalization on average firm productivity and on individual welfare is affected by the presence of credit frictions. The second chapter presents an empirical work that contributes to the recent but fast growing literature that studies how different institutions and their level of development affect countries comparative advantage. The analysis presented in this paper focuses on the role of legal and financial institution in driving the specialization in contract-intensive goods and on how the degree of institutional development interacts with the propensity of firms to vertical integrate with their suppliers. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, 2011

<p>The impact of trade policies on the pursuit of gender equality is often ignored. Recognising the link between trade and gender, this dissertation aims to enhance the capacity of policy-makers to mainstream gender in trade policy and to help identify ways for using trade to respond to women&rsquo / s needs in South Africa. In order to meet this objective, it analyses the impacts that trade liberalisation has had on the economy and on gender in general and in South Africa in particular. In addition, it evaluates the impacts on men and women in order to see if trade has contributed to reducing, accentuating or perpetuating gender inequality in South Africa. Findings have confirmed that Trade liberalisation has had both positive and negative impacts on women and men. But, they have also demonstrated that trade liberalisation has affected women and men differently having negative influences on the pursuit of gender equality. The research has, however, concluded that the impact of trade liberalisation on the pursuit of gender equality is influenced by other key factors. As strategy to mainstream gender in trade policies, the research suggests that policy-makers should analyse the implications for women and men of any trade policy before adopting such policy. This analysis would help him/her to see the possible imbalances of the new policy and implement policies and programmes to eradicate them. Also, it will help him/her to identify possible ways for using trade to empower women. The research is based on the idea that the elimination of the existing inequalities will put women at the same stage with men and will, therefore, contribute to women&rsquo / s empowerment in South Africa.</p>