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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
331

Etude des transferts couplés de chaleur et de masse dans les matériaux bio-sourcés : approches numérique et expérimentale / Study of heat and mas transfer within bio-based building materials : numerical and experimental approaches

Asli, Mounir 07 December 2017 (has links)
Le travail développé dans cette thèse a pour but d’étudier le comportement hygrothermique de matériaux isolants bio-sourcés, et plus particulièrement les fibres de bois, le béton de chanvre, la laine de lin, la laine de mouton, le métisse® et les anas de lin. Ces matériaux, par essence naturels, présentent des spécificités liées à leur origine (animale ou végétale) et à leur structure (fibres, paille, matrice solide…). Leur porosité, très élevée, les rend réactifs aux variations d’humidité relative ambiante, ce qui peut impacter leurs performances thermiques et leur durabilité (comme pour tous les matériaux), mais également leur conférer des capacités de régulation. Dans un souci d’améliorer la connaissance de ces matériaux particuliers, nous proposons tout d’abord d’étudier l’impact causé par l’humidité sur leurs caractéristiques thermiques, principalement la conductivité thermique et la chaleur spécifique. Ensuite les caractéristiques hygrothermiques sont étudiées, ce qui permet de mieux comprendre les phénomènes dépendant des capacités d’adsorption, de désorption, de perméabilité ou de résistance à la vapeur d’eau. On se rend compte également de l’importance du gradient de température sur l’évolution des transferts hygriques au sein des matériaux. En plaçant les isolants bio-sourcés sous sollicitations aléatoires ou en conditions réelles d’utilisation, nous pouvons suivre leur comportement d’un point de vue expérimental. Le couplage à une approche numérique permet d’identifier les paramètres d’influence prépondérants, dans l’optique de la prédiction des transferts couplés chaleur/masse par une simulation dans des conditions particulières d’utilisation, comme la rénovation d’un habitat existant. On constate à partir de mesures in situ que ces matériaux ont une grande capacité d’adaptation à des environnements dont l’humidité relative est évolutive. / The work developed in this thesis aims to study the hygrothermal behavior of bio-sourced insulating materials, and more particularly wood fibers, hemp concrete, linen wool, sheep wool, material made of textile recycling (metisse®) and flax shives. These materials, which are essentially natural, have specific characteristics linked to their origin (animal or vegetable) and their structure (fibers, straw, solid matrix, etc.). Their very high porosity makes them reactive to the relative humidity variations, which can affect their thermal performances and their durability (as for all materials), but also give them a regulation capacities. In order to improve the knowledge of these particular materials, first, we propose to study the impact caused by moisture on their thermal characteristics, mainly thermal conductivity and specific heat. Then the hygrothermal characteristics are studied, which makes it possible to better understand the phenomena depending on the capacities of adsorption, desorption, permeability or water vapor resistance. Also, we realize the importance of the temperature gradient impact on the evolution of the hygroscopic transfers within the materials. By placing the studied bio-sourced insulation materials under random loading or under real conditions, it will be possible to follow their hygrothermal behavior from an experimental point of view. The numerical approach makes it possible to identify the preponderant influence parameters, in the context of the prediction of coupled heat and mass transfers by simulation under particular conditions of use, such as the renovation of an existing habitat. On the basis of in situ measurements, it can be seen that these materials have a high adaptability to environments whose relative humidity is evolutionary.
332

LA MITIGAZIONE NELLA PROSA SCIENTIFICO-ACCADEMICA ITALIANA E NELLA PROSPETTIVA DELL'INSEGNAMENTO DELL'ITALIANO LS.

GIORDANO, CARLO 04 April 2018 (has links)
La presente ricerca, che si inserisce negli ambiti della pragmatica, della linguistica testuale e della linguistica applicata, analizza il fenomeno della mitigazione all’interno di un corpus di 25 articoli scientifici in italiano, con l’intento di comprendere meglio questo fenomeno pragmatico nel suo contesto di azione. Si cerca quindi di rispondere ad alcune domande riguardanti forme, funzioni e domini testuali della mitigazione. Per riuscire in ciò, si è elaborato un approccio pragmatico integrato, derivato dal modello tripartito di Caffi (2007), basato sulla nozione di scope (contenuto proposizionale, dimensione illocutiva e origine deittica dell’enunciato), e dalla lunga tradizione di studi di stampo funzionalista. Si presentano quindi i primi risultati di questa ricerca originale, sia da un punto di vista qualitativo sia qualitativo. Infine, tale ricerca investiga alcune possibili implicazioni per l’insegnamento dell’italiano LS in ambito accademico, offrendo a quanti coinvolti nell’insegnamento, sia in qualità di ricercatori che di insegnanti, alcune prime conclusioni, strumenti e risorse immediatamente utilizzabili per la progettazione di percorsi formativi volti allo sviluppo di sensibilità testuali e di genere e di abilità come quella di scrittura accademica, definibili comunicative, accademiche e transferable, , abilità cruciali per qualunque studente universitario che intenda completare con successo il proprio percorso di studi. / This research, framed into the domain of pragmatics, textual linguistics and applied linguistics, aims to analyse mitigation phenomena within a 25 Italian RA’s corpus, to contribute to a better comprehension of these phenomenon in its context of action. More in details, this work attempts to answers to some questions regarding forms, functions and text domains of mitigation. In order to do so, an integrated pragmatic approach was elaborated, derived from Caffi’s tripartite model (2007), based on the notion of scope (propositional content, illocutionary dimension and deictic origin), and on the tradition of literature in a functionalist perspective. The first results of this original investigation, both qualitative and quantitative, will be presented. Furthermore, this research investigates some possible implications in the domain of Italian as FL teaching, and some potential implementations. It provides then, to those involved in teaching Italian LS in academic context, as both teacher and researcher, some first conclusions, tools and resources immediately expendable to design language formation paths, meant to develop textual and genre sensibility as well as competences and skills, like academic writing, defined communicative, academic and transferable, which are crucial for any kind of student to achieve success in their studies.
333

La poétique de la dérive dans la littérature contemporaine (Laurent Mauvignier, Lin Bai, Imre Kertész) / Poetics of the drift in contemporary literature (Laurent Mauvignier, Lin Bai, Imre Kertész, )

Fontaine, Fanny 14 December 2015 (has links)
Cette thèse s’attache à étudier la notion de dérive, à travers un corpus de récits français, hongrois et chinois écrits respectivement par Laurent Mauvignier, Imre Kertész et Lin Bai, et parus entre les années 1990 et 2014. Conçue par Guy Debord comme l’outil principal pour appréhender le relief psychogéographique de la ville, la dérive permet d’étudier, au sein des fictions contemporaines, l’importance de l’errance des personnages qui sont privés d’existence et donc de territoire : leur identité n’est plus fixée par un lieu, mais dissoute dans des lieux multiples ou des non-lieux. Nous nous attacherons donc à étudier en termes topographiques la brisure du lien entre le sujet et son territoire, comme premier symptôme d’une crise de l’identité. Cette perte du lieu invite ensuite à se pencher sur les manifestations de la disparition de soi, du malaise existentiel jusqu’aux formes de dissolution fantomatique du sujet. Enfin, la dérive pose la question éminente de la représentation car il s’agit de mettre des mots sur une identité flottante, qui a perdu le sens de l’existence comme de la parole : comment exprimer ce flottement, comment figurer la reconstruction du sujet contemporain ? Notre thèse s’appliquera à montrer en quoi la dérive constitue une véritable poétique, une vision aquatique du monde et de la littérature. / This thesis aims to study the concept of drift, through a corpus of French, Hungarian and Chinese texts written by Laurent Mauvignier, Imre Kertész and Lin Bai, and published between the 1990s and 2014. Described by Guy Debord as a key word to experience the psychogeographic dimension of the city, the drift enables to study, through contemporary fictions, the important wandering of characters because they are deprived of existence and thus of a territory : their identity is no more attached to a place, but dissolved in many places or what is called non-places. We will thus study a topography of the gap between the self and its territory, as a first signal of an identity crisis. Then, this loss of a location invites us to focus on all the symptoms of the disappearance of the self, from living distress to any kind of ghostly dissolution of the self. Finally, the concept of drift questions representation because the writers have to express a floating identity, which has lost the meaning of existence and the meaning of language : how express this movement, how figure out the reconstruction of a contemporary self? Our thesis will show how the drift is a real poetics, an aquatic vision of the world and of literature.
334

"Ci sono così pochi buoni amici..." Il carteggio tra Mary McCarthy e Nicola Chiaromonte (1946 - 1971) / 'THERE ARE SO FEW TRUE FRIENDS...' IL CARTEGGIO TRA MARY McCARTHY E NICOLA CHIAROMONTE / "There are so few true friends" The correspondence between Mary McCarthy and Nicola Chiaromonte (1946 - 1971)

SAVOLDI, ALESSANDRA 21 February 2020 (has links)
La tesi riguarda il carteggio tra la scrittrice, critica letteraria e attivista politica americana Mary McCarthy e il saggista e critico teatrale italiano Nicola Chiaromonte: uno scambio epistolare, il loro, tuttora rimasto inedito nonostante il crescente numero di pubblicazioni riguardanti i due autori. La corrispondenza mantenuta con gli amici più stretti è da considerarsi un elemento fondamentale per far luce sugli aspetti più intimi della vita e della creazione artistica di Mary McCarthy: in particolare, questo epistolario svela il lato più umano e personale dell’autrice (raramente mostrato in pubblico) e la devozione e il rispetto che provava verso colui che considerava come suo mentore, critico e amico. Gli stessi sentimenti traspaiono dalle parole di Nicola Chiaromonte, tanto austero e misurato nel suo lavoro quanto scherzoso e appassionato con gli amici più cari. La tesi si compone di due parti principali. La breve introduzione generale è seguita da una prima parte di carattere storico-narrativo, in cui le biografie di Mary McCarthy e di Nicola Chiaromonte si alternano fino ad arrivare al momento fondamentale del loro incontro, a partire dal quale le loro esperienze si intrecciano negli eventi che li videro coinvolti. La seconda parte della tesi è invece il carteggio vero e proprio: 115 tra lettere, telegrammi e biglietti, corredati di note critiche al fine di permetterne una maggiore comprensione. / The dissertation deals with the correspondence between the writer, literary critic and American political activist Mary McCarthy and the Italian essayist and theater critic Nicola Chiaromonte: an epistolary exchange, their, still unpublished despite the growing number of publications concerning the two authors. The correspondence maintained with close friends is to be considered a fundamental element to shed light on the most intimate aspects of Mary McCarthy's life and artistic creation: in particular, this correspondence reveals the author's more human and personal side (rarely shown in public) and the devotion and respect he felt towards the one he considered as her mentor, critic and friend. The same feelings are reflected in the words of Nicola Chiaromonte, so austere and measured in his work as playful and passionate with his closest friends. The thesis consists of two main parts. The brief general introduction is followed by a first part of historical-narrative nature, in which the biographies of Mary McCarthy and Nicola Chiaromonte alternate up to the fundamental moment of their meeting, starting from which their experiences are intertwined in the events who saw them involved. The second part of the thesis is instead the actual correspondence: 115 among letters, telegrams and tickets, supplied with critical notes in order to allow a better understanding.
335

Direct Reprogramming of distinct cells into GABAergic motor neurons in C. elegans

Kazmierczak, Marlon 15 March 2019 (has links)
Der Gen-Knockdown mittels RNAi hat sich als essentiell erwiesen, um Inhibitoren der induzierten Transdifferenzierung in C. elegans zu identifizieren (Tursun et al., 2011). Bakterienstämme, die dsRNA exprimieren, das die Expression spezifischer Gene mindert, können dem Wurm direkt zugefüttert werden, um einen genomweiten RNAi-screen der insgesamt 20.000 Gene in C. elegans durchzuführen. Allerdings werden die meisten biologischen Prozese durch mehr als ein Gen reguliert, was den Bedarf nach einer Methode generiert, die es erlaubt, zwei oder mehr Gene gleichzeitig herunter zu regulieren, um die Steuerung biologischer Prozesse studieren zu können. Die derzeitig vorhandenen Methoden liefern entweder nicht reproduzierbare Ergebnisse oder sind nicht skalierbar. Wir nutzen baktierelle Konjugation, die es durch ein konjugatives Plasmid ermöglicht Bakterienzellen zu generieren, die zwei verschiedene RNAi-Plasmide enthalten. Das Ziel war es, modifizierte RNAi-Donor-Plasmide mittels bakterieller Konjugation an eine Vielzahl anderer Bakterienzellen zu übertragen, die bereits ein anderes RNAi-Plasmid enthalten und dies dann im Hochdurchsatzverfahren durchführen zu können. Um Enhancer induzierter Expression von unc-25::gfp in der Keimbahn, ermöglicht durch den Knockdown des Histonchaperons LIN-53 (RbAp46/48 in Menschen), zu finden, wurden RNAi-Klone generiert, die gleichzeitig lin-53 als auch eines von insgesamt 800 verschiedenen Chromatin-bezogenen Gene herunter regulieren. Dabei identifizierten wir RBBP-5, Mitglied des Set1/ MLL-Methyltransferase-Komplexes, als neuen Barrierefaktor der induzierten Transdifferenzierung. RBBP-5 agiert dabei mutmaßlich parallel zu LIN-53. Doppelte RNAi, ermöglicht durch bakterielle Konjugation, erlaubt den simultanen Knockdown zweier oder mehr Gene, um genetische Interaktionen studieren zu können und erweitert damit die Einsatzmöglichkeiten von RNAi-Screens, um untereinander verbundene biologische Prozesse zu studieren. / The knock down of genes by RNAi has been fundamental to identify inhibitors of induced cell transdifferentiation in C. elegans (Tursun et al., 2011). Bacteria strains expressing dsRNA that target specific genes can be fed to the worm allowing straightforward whole-genome RNAi screens of the 20,000 genes in theC. elegans genome. However, many biological processes are regulated by more than one gene raising the need for simultaneous knock down of two or more genes to more fully interrogate the regulation of complex biological processes. Two approaches are currently available for double RNAi knockdown, − two bacteria strains expressing specific dsRNA can be mixed and grown together and fed simultaneously, which gives highly variable results. Alternatively, a new bacterial clone can be generated carrying a plasmid on which two RNAi targets of interest are 'stitched' together, which is not scalable. To address this challenge, we have developed a protocol using bacterial conjugation mediated by the 'Fertility Factor' (F) Episome in order to combine two different RNAi plasmids in a single bacterium. The objective was to be able to transfer a single RNAi plasmid to a large number of bacterial cells carrying different RNAi clones in one step in a high-throughput manner for large scale 'double' or even 'triple' RNAi screens. To find enhancers of induced unc-25::gfp expression in the germ line enabled by the depletion of histone chaperone LIN-53 (RbAp46/48 in humans), double RNAi clones targeting lin-53 and a total of 800 chromatin-related genes were generated and screened. We identified the Set1/MLL methyltransferase complex member RBBP-5 as a novel reprogramming barrier that putatively acts in a parallel pathway to LIN-53. Double RNAi by conjugation permits to reliably knock down two genes simultaneously in order to study genetic interactions at a genome-wide level, thus further increasing the versatility of RNAi screens to investigate interconnected biological processes.
336

Enabling Database-based Unified Diagnostic Service over Local Interconnect Network

Xu, Tian January 2019 (has links)
Unified Diagnostic Service (UDS), which is an international and not a company-specific standard, is used in almost all new electronic control units (ECUs) by now. Modern vehicles have a diagnostic interface for off-board diagnostics, which makes it possible to connect a diagnostic tool to the vehicle’s bus system like Controller Area Network (CAN) and Local Interconnect Network (LIN). However, as the most commonly used method, sequential method on the UDS data transmission over LIN does not only result in low reliability and flexibility but also fails to meet the standard for LIN development defined in the latest LIN specification published by the consortium. With standard workflow and application interfaces, this Master Thesis will develop and evaluate a database-based method to build a UDS system over LIN, where all the information for the network is defined in the LIN database, and the protocol properties are realized in a reusable model so that it can be easily reconfigured for the future development of other services. As a result, a new method including a layered-structure LIN protocol model and a LIN database has been successfully designed and implemented. The prototype is built on the device PIC32MX795, and the database can be deployed by the configuration tool to specify the UDS communication schedule. Further, several performance evaluations have been performed. The tests indicate that the system is qualified on the limited hardware platform and the configuration flexibility is proved by different databases. / Unified Diagnostic Service (UDS), som är en internationell och inte en företagsspecifik standard, används nu i nästan alla nya elektroniska styrenheter (ECU). Moderna fordon har ett diagnostiskt gränssnitt för diagnostik utanför kortet, vilket gör det möjligt att ansluta ett diagnostiskt verktyg till fordonets bussystem som Controller Area Network (CAN) och Local Interconnect Network (LIN). Som den mest använda metoden resulterar emellertid sekventiell metod på UDS-dataöverföringen via LIN inte bara i låg tillförlitlighet och flexibilitet utan uppfyller också standarden för LINutveckling som definieras i den senaste LIN-specifikationen publicerad av konsortiet. Med standard arbetsflöde och applikationsgränssnitt kommer denna masteruppsats att utveckla och utvärdera en databas-baserad metod för att bygga ett UDS-system över LIN, där all information för nätverket definieras i LIN-databasen, och protokollegenskaperna realiseras i en återanvändbar modell så att den enkelt kan konfigureras för framtida utveckling av andra tjänster. Som ett resultat har en ny metod som inkluderar en LIN-protokollmodell med skiktstruktur och en LIN-databas framgångsrikt designats och implementerats. Prototypen är byggd på enheten PIC32MX795, och databasen kan konfigureras av verktyget för att ange UDSkommunikationsschema. Vidare har flera prestationsutvärderingar genomförts. Testen indikerar att systemet är kvalificerat på den begränsade hårdvaruplattformen och konfigurationsflexibiliteten bevisas av olika databaser.
337

Le voci di Camus tra soggettività e ritraduzione

Sanseverino, Giulio 30 September 2022 (has links)
In quanto poiesi ibrida sul piano estetico e culturale, frutto della duplice enunciazione di autore e traduttore, oltre che di numerosi interventi intermedi da parte di agenti esterni, il testo letterario tradotto racchiude un dialogo umbratile (Prete 2011) che, se studiato da vicino, può rivelare l’irriducibilità del testo originario in quei suoi tratti di plasticità semantica (Hawthorne 2006) che varcano le frontiere linguistiche e temporali di un canone per confluire, tramite nuove parole, in un altro. In prospettiva diacronica, un simile dialogo si compone di molte voci, ognuna delle quali acquista senso sia nella catena di traduzioni che nel tempo rende fruibili differenti interpretazioni del testo e poetiche del tradurre, sia in quanto complemento concreto dell’ininterrotto lavoro di analisi critica compiuto sul testo dopo la comparsa dell’opera originale. Partendo da queste premesse, il progetto di ricerca prende le mosse dalla recente comparsa, sul mercato editoriale italiano, delle ritraduzioni de L’Étranger (1942) e La Peste (1947) di Albert Camus per i tipi Bompiani: Lo Straniero (2015), ad opera di Sergio Claudio Perroni, e La Peste (2017) di Yasmina Melaouah, che dopo parecchi decenni avviano infine un dialogo con le prime traduzioni, rispettivamente di Alberto Zevi (1947) e Beniamino Dal Fabbro (1948). L’obiettivo è quello di esporre alcune delle forme di somiglianza e divergenza dalle quali sia possibile sondare la postura traduttiva dei rispettivi autori, che su quei testi hanno proiettato inevitabilmente una propria concezione del tradurre, una storia, una poetica individuale, nondimeno figlia del proprio tempo, ossia radicata in un sistema culturale retto da norme linguistiche, editoriali e traduttive con le quali la voce del singolo deve necessariamente misurarsi. Attraverso una metodologia eclettica che si muove tra la stilistica, la semiotica, la linguistica e la narratologia delle forme letterarie, il confronto analitico condotto tra le prime e la seconde traduzioni delinea i profili di lavoro dei quattro traduttori seguendo tre principali direttrici di indagine: in primo luogo, verificare le eventuali discordanze tra le rispettive dichiarazioni paratestuali (reperite in pre/postfazioni, note alla traduzione, saggi, interviste, diari di bordo, etc.) a proposito della strategia adottata e gli esiti dell’operato concreto sui testi; in secondo luogo, esaminare l’imprescindibile manifestarsi in diacronia delle norme traduttive operanti all’atto del tradurre ma attraverso il filtro delle voci individuali, che si sono espresse sotto l’influenza di vincoli differenti e in momenti distinti della vita di questi testi, contribuendo alla loro longevità; infine, testare l’adeguatezza della cosiddetta Retranlsation Hypohtesis avanzata da Berrman e Bensimon (1990) e poi formalizzata in anni più recenti da Chesterman (2000). L’indagine ha dunque interessato tanto i paratesti reperibili che fossero latori di una certa concezione del tradurre, quanto una moltitudine di passi topici estratti dalle tre versioni (i due testi di partenza e i quattro d’arrivo) de L’Étranger e de La Peste che, messi in parallelo, fungessero sul piano quantitativo e qualitativo da campo di ispezione sensibile della realizzazione dei comportamenti individuali. Questi ultimi sono stati studiati per mezzo di un modello analitico fondato, da una parte, sull’isotopia come strumento di coerenza testuale; dall’altra, sulla distinzione tra shift opzionali, obbligatori e non-shifts quale nervo scoperto del processo traduttivo (Pekkanen 2010), accogliendo inoltre proposte molteplici riguardo agli strumenti di descrizione traduttiva (Vinay e Darbelnet 1958; Murtisari 2013; Dussart 2005; Ladmiral 1979, 1997; Harvey 1995). I risultati dell’analisi sono eterogenei e non conformi alla Retranslation Hypothesis. La predominanza del letteralismo nelle prime traduzioni difficilmente si concilia con quello sforzo di acclimatazione rivolto al lettore d’arrivo che l’ipotesi assegnerebbe sistematicamente alle prime traduzioni-introduzioni, benché l’attitudine assimilatrice si rilevi nel conformismo ad alcuni imperativi culturali ed editoriali dell’epoca (l’italianizzazione onomastica; la tendenza interpuntiva nel segno dell’ipotassi; la nobilitazione del lessico). Allo stesso tempo, le due ritraduzioni, pur con spirito assai diverso e sebbene risultino in effetti più attente alle peculiarità stilistiche dei rispettivi prototesti (come vorrebbe l’ipotesi), non adottano tuttavia procedimenti che esibiscano, senza una motivazione fondata, l’alterità del testo straniero, che anzi tendono a naturalizzare in senso fraseologico, senza per questo snaturarlo. Se di miglioramento si possa parlare all’infuori dell’evoluzione dei parametri estetici tra le due epoche (fine anni ’40 del Novecento e metà degli anni ’10 del nuovo millennio), esso andrà riconosciuto, da una parte, nell’integrità oggettivamente superiore delle ritraduzioni in termini di completezza testuale e riproduzione degli stilemi – dato che nelle prime non mancano transfert imprecisi, incompleti o scorretti dovuti a calchi strutturali o lessicali, falsi amici e interpretazioni contrarie al senso degli enunciati; dall’altra parte, le migliorie vanno attribuite senza ombra di dubbio alla professionalizzazione del mestiere e a una maggiore competenza dei ritraduttori come lettori modello dei testi affrontati, che hanno potuto studiare grazie a una straordinaria disponibilità di strumenti critici non esistenti all’epoca delle prime traduzioni. Ciò sembra aver permesso loro di scandagliare le tecniche narrative e le isotopie più significative così da porle come dominanti del proprio lavoro. / Cette étude envisage les retraductions littéraires comme les étapes d'un parcours où chaque manifestation textuelle est le résultat unique de la rencontre entre les nécessités historico-culturelles qui l'ont déterminée et la poétique de l'individu qui la prend en charge en tant que médiateur. Contre l'hypothèse de la retraduction avancée par Berman et Bensimon (1990), formalisée ensuite par Chesterman (2000) et préconisant une perspective logocentrique en dehors de l'expérience concrète de la retraduction - à savoir une progression à rebours vers la lettre du texte source - la ligne de recherche adoptée ici adhère à une idée moins déterministe de l'évaluation des séries de retraduction, afin d'étudier leurs inévitables différences internes, également dans un sens positif, à la lumière tant des nombreux facteurs qui les influencent que de l'herméneutique subjective de ceux qui les réalisent. La comparaison analytique menée entre la première et la deuxième traduction de L'Étranger (1942) et de La Peste (1947) d'Albert Camus permet ainsi de délimiter les profils de travail des quatre traducteurs en suivant deux lignes principales d'investigation : d'une part, elle vérifie les éventuelles divergences entre les déclarations paratextuelles respectives (trouvées dans les pré/postfaces, les notes de traduction, les essais, les entretiens, etc.) concernant la stratégie adoptée et les résultats du travail concret sur les textes ; d'autre part, elle examine l'inévitable manifestation en diachronie des normes de traduction opérant au moment de la traduction, mais à travers le filtre des voix individuelles qui se sont exprimées sous l'influence de différentes contraintes et à des moments distincts de la vie de ces textes, contribuant à leur longévité. Les résultats de l'analyse sont hétérogènes et non conformes à l'hypothèse de retraduction. La prédominance du littéralisme dans les premières traductions est difficilement conciliable avec l'effort d'acclimatation vers le lecteur cible que l'hypothèse attribuerait systématiquement aux premières traductions-introductions, bien que l'attitude assimilatrice se révèle dans le conformisme à certains impératifs culturels et éditoriaux de l'époque (italianisation onomastique ; tendance interponctive sous le signe de l'hypotaxe ; ennoblissement du lexique). En même temps, les deux retraductions, bien que dans un esprit très différent et bien qu'elles soient effectivement plus attentives aux particularités stylistiques de leurs proto-textes respectifs (comme le voudrait l'hypothèse), n'adoptent pas pour autant des procédés qui exhibent, sans motivation fondée, l'altérité du texte étranger, qu'elles tendent plutôt à naturaliser dans un sens phraséologique, sans pour autant le dénaturer. Si l'on peut parler d'amélioration en dehors de l'évolution des paramètres esthétiques entre les deux époques (fin des années 1940 et milieu des années 2010), il faut la reconnaître, le cas échéant, dans l'intégrité objectivement supérieure des retraductions en termes de complétude textuelle et de reproduction stylistique - étant donné que les premières ne manquent pas de transferts imprécis, incomplets ou incorrects dus à des calques structuraux ou lexicaux, des faux amis et des interprétations contraires au sens des énoncés. Par ailleurs, les améliorations sont sans doute à attribuer à la professionnalisation du métier et à la plus grande compétence des retraducteurs en tant que lecteurs modèles des textes abordés, qu'ils ont pu étudier grâce à une extraordinaire disponibilité d'outils critiques qui n'existaient pas à l'époque des premières traductions. Cela leur a permis de sonder les techniques narratives et les isotopies les plus significatives afin de les rendre dominantes dans leurs propres œuvres.
338

Il linguaggio dei blogs artistici / THE LANGUAGE OF ART BLOGS

ALLAIS, CATERINA 17 March 2016 (has links)
In questo studio si analizza il linguaggio utilizzato nei blog che si occupano di storia dell'arte, genere diffuso online, tramite un corpus di 54 blogs pubblicati nel 2013. Nell'ambito della linguistica dei corpora, l'analisi permette di ridefinire le tradizionali categorie utilizzate per descrivere i blog, fornisce una descrizione tipologica dei post e dei commenti tramite l'utilizzo di un apposito software, oltre a descrivere il livello di specializzazione del linguaggio. Vengono infine riportati esempi di creatività linguistica in questo genere digitale. / This study analyses the language of “art blogs”, i.e. blogs dealing with art, through a specialised corpus of fifty-four blogs published during 2013. Both posts and comments are included in the present investigation into the linguistic character of art blogs. The methodological choices reflect the need for a multifaceted analysis which covers different aspects, from text typology to linguistic creativity and popularisation. A review of the relevant literature on blogs brings to light the need for a specific characterisation of art blogs, since they tend to have a blended style, which cannot be ascribed to the traditional categories of personal and thematic blogging. The distinctive features of posts and comments are then investigated through a multidimensional analysis which reveals that posts and comments are two different text types. Successively, the corpus is compared to a specialised corpus of art announcements, within the field of popularised and specialised discourse. Finally, several examples of linguistic creativity are explored and presented, thus showing that traditional descriptive paradigms are unsuited to analyse the outcomes of art bloggers.
339

顧炎武經學之研究

孫劍秋, SUN, JIAN-GIU Unknown Date (has links)
一、研究動機:清代的「經學經世」思想,主要是表現在學說上,而代表人物便是顧 亭林。因此本論文選擇顧亭林為研究對象。 二、研究目的及方法:期能更進一步了解經學義理與經世致用彼此間之關係,以及亭 林以何種方式結合經義與經世。故本文先從整個時代之趨向述起,並試圖證明亭林之 經世學說與經學主張,實為開啟清代學術之第一人。 三、研究範圍及參考文獻:本文以研究亭林之經學為範圍。亭林之經學著作有〔五經 同異〕、〔左傳杜解補正〕、〔九經誤字〕、〔日知錄〕前十卷,另有〔音學五書〕 中之〔詩本音〕、〔易音〕,及〔亭林文集〕中有關經義之論述。 四、論文內容提要:本論文共壹冊,約十五萬字。全書共計十章。 第一章 明末清初之朵學術趨向:本章旨在探討當時學術環境與學者之主張。而其結 果都朝向「經世致用」。 第二章 亭林治學之態度與方法:本章從亭林思想傳承敘起並述其治學態度及方法, 以印證亭林之經學確是根基深厚,學有本源。 第三章至第八章 分別闡釋亭林經學之主張,計有易、書、詩、禮、春秋、論孟諸經 。各章首皆通論,次及考證,末則以鄙見對亭林之經學提出質疑。 第九章 亭林治經之意義與特色:亭林治經之意義在經世致用,特色則在於以經、史 、子、集諸文獻中之思想與其所欲闡釋者相發明。 第十章 結論:肯定亭林在清初經學經世史上之地位。雖其見解有些泥古,不合時用 ,但仍不減損其開啟後學之功。
340

Les toiles d'Armentières. Entreprises et entrepreneurs du lin (XIXe-XXIe siècles) / The city of linen ». Entrepreneurs and company of Armentières (Nineteenth-twenty-first century)

Smaghue, Nicolas 25 September 2015 (has links)
Longtemps appelée la « cité de la toile », Armentières a vu sa prospérité reposer, un siècle durant, sur la fabrication et la commercialisation des tissus majoritairement en lin. Pourtant, si cette ville manufacturière a largement contribué à la renommée textile de la région lilloise, elle est restée en retrait par rapport à Lille, Roubaix et Tourcoing. C’est si vrai qu’aujourd’hui encore, on peine à retrouver les traces du riche patrimoine industriel dont elle disposait il y a trois ou quatre décennies. Contrairement à ses prestigieuses voisines, faute de réhabilitation et de reconversion de son bâti usinier, elle a tourné le dos à son passé comme si celui-ci ne valait pas la peine que l’on s’y attarde. Aussi, entre requalification des friches et absence de volonté pour valoriser ce qui reste du patrimoine industriel, on oublierait presque qu’Armentières a été de temps immémoriaux un centre manufacturier non pas secondaire mais second. Grâce aux nouvelles techniques numériques et aux ressources désormais mises à la disposition du chercheur, il est malgré tout possible de reconstituer l’empreinte que l’industrie a laissée dans le tissu urbain. Emprise foncière des bâtiments dévolus à la fabrication ou à la commercialisation des toiles, procédés constructifs et matériaux, organisation des lieux productifs : il a fallu exhumer et agencer toute la documentation disponible pour faire ressurgir un passé en quasi-totalité disparu. Pourtant, quand il s’est agi, dès le milieu du XIXe siècle, de répondre aux défis des marchés, les entrepreneurs locaux ont réussi à développer la convoitise de la clientèle pour le linge de maison et de table. Ils ont également répondu avec succès aux demandes toujours plus exigeantes de l’armée et des administrations. Bref, en valorisant la tradition tout en répondant aux exigences de produits « techniques », les industriels d’Armentières sont parvenus, autour du travail du lin, à imposer la localité comme une véritable marque de fabrique pour mieux soutenir la comparaison avec leurs puissants voisins. Mais cette conquête des marchés n’aurait pas eu lieu sans une indéniable capacité à maîtriser le travail d’une fibre longtemps rétive à la mécanisation. Aussi, pénétrer dans les usines, recenser les matériels et retrouver les gestes du fileur et du tisseur étaient indispensable pour comprendre comment, par delà les vicissitudes de la conjoncture, les défis techniques ont été relevés afin de conjuguer production de masse, qualité de la marchandise et coûts de fabrication. Histoire des lieux de la production, des marchandises et de la fabrication des toiles, ce travail entend également revenir sur le milieu des patrons armentiérois déjà étudié, non sans complaisance envers son milieu d’origine, par Lambert-Dansette. Les sources de l’Enregistrement et les actes notariés, entre autres, ont permis de revenir sur les origines géographiques et sociales des entrepreneurs puis de s’interroger sur les montages juridiques, les financements et les modes de gestion qui ont rendu possible cette aventure industrielle. C’était là l’occasion de mesurer la spécificité du monde des liniers au sein du patronat régional et, plus encore, de comprendre leur étonnante capacité à repousser, à partir des années 1930, les échéances d’une mort annoncée. Soucieux de souscrire à la « main invisible du marché » et de sanctifier tous les dogmes libéraux, les patrons d’Armentières ne s’arrangent-ils pour bénéficier de l’aide de l’État dont ils attendent à la fois une relative souplesse à leur égard et, singulièrement une protection infaillible ? En définitive, le choix délibéré de faire l’histoire en longue durée des entreprises et des entrepreneurs du lin à une échelle locale permet de réinterroger les modes de coordinations et les combinaisons multiples qui, en mariant le local et le global, autorisent à saisir d’un seul tenant tous les déterminants spatiaux du capitalisme. / Armentières was called “the city of linen” for a long time, and it prospered for a century thanks to the manufacture and trade of fabric, mainly linen. But even if this manufacturing town greatly contributed to making the Lille area famous for its textiles, it always remained in the background compared to Lille, Roubaix and Tourcoing. This is so true that today it is still difficult to find memories of the rich industrial heritage that Armentières had three or four decades ago. Unlike its prestigious neighbours, Armentières turned its back on its past as if it was not worth any attention, and this was reflected notably in a lack of renovation and renewal of its industrial buildings. Entire industrial wastelands are being reshaped and no one seems willing to make what is left of the town’s industrial heritage more attractive, which could make us forget that since ancient times Armentières was a major manufacturing centre. However, thanks to the new digital technologies and the resources that are available available to researchers, it is now possible to recreate the imprint that the industry has left on the urban network. Whether it was about the impact on property of buildings devoted to fabric manufacturing and trade, about building processes and materials, or about the organization of manufacturing facilities, it was necessary to find and organize the whole range of documents available in order to bring back to life a past that had almost completely disappeared. Local entrepreneurs managed to stimulate customer desire for household and table linen when they had to face the challenges of the market in the middle of the 19th Century. They also responded successfully to the increasingly demanding requests from the army and administration. Putting tradition forward while also providing technically demanding products, the manufacturers from Armentières focused on linen and managed to turn the area into a label that guaranteed authenticity and quality, ensuring that Armentières was fully able to compete with its powerful neighbours. But they would never have conquered the market if they had not mastered the ability to work with a type of fabric that was hard to manufacture industrially. Thus, taking a close look at the factories, listing the machines and tools that were used, and studying precisely how the spinner and the weaver worked were necessary steps to face up tothe the technical challenges in a difficult economic context, so as to handle mass production, product quality and manufacturing costs at the same time. This dissertation proposes to study the history of the manufacturing facilities, the manufacture of goods and fabrics but also to deal with the social class of Armentières’ factory owners, which was already studied by Lambert-Dansette, not without some self-indulgence towards the social class he came from. Various sources have allowed me to take a close look at the geographical and social origins of these entrepreneurs and then to look into the various legal, financial and management condidtions which made this industrial adventure possible. This allowed me to confront the experience of the linen makers with that of the other industrialists in the region, and to understand their amazing ability to push back and delay the inevitable death of their industry from the 1930s onwards. Willing to obey “the invisible hand of the market” and to follow all liberal theories wholeheartedly, can we not say that the industrialists of Armentières did everything they could to benefit from state assistance? Not only did they expect to receive state support, they also sought to have their sector benefit from considerable state protection.

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