Bakgrund: Året runt söker sig människor till akutmottagningen på grund av problem med sin hälsa. Vissa besöker akutmottagningen oftare än andra. Av det totala besöksantalet inom akutsjukvården utgör mångbesökare ca 10 %. Ur ett internationellt perspektiv har personal på akutmottagningen en tendens att ifrågasätta mångbesökarnas behov av akutsjukvård. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva mångbesökarnas upplevelser av att upprepade gånger återkomma till akutmottagningen samt orsakerna till dessa oplanerade återbesök. Metod: vald metod var systematisk litteraturöversikt, där totalt 15 artiklar inkluderades till resultatpresentationen. Denna magisteruppsats har utgått ifrån de grundläggande begreppen i Katie Erikssons vårdteori; hälsa, människa, vård och lidande. Resultat: Nyckelorden och meningarna kategoriserades i följande huvudteman; relationer, tid och resurser. Orsaker till att människor ofta besökte akutmottagningen var relaterade till deras relationer till primärvården. Det fanns även en rädsla för att dö eftersom symtomen blev så pass allvarliga att patienterna inte kunde vänta på en tid på vårdcentralen. För dem som hade en kronisk sjukdom var exacerbationen alltför svår att hantera i hemmet, vilket ledde till att de besökte akutmottagningen. Slutsats: Mångbesökarnas upplevelser av att återkomma till akutmottagningen skiljde sig. Vissa kände sig nöjda med besöket medan andra hade en negativ erfarenhet, präglad av respektlöshet, diskriminering och maktlöshet. Mångbesökare visar sig ofta ha komplex problematik vilken är svår att få in i akutmottagningens patientflöde. Människor med ett komplext vård- och hälsobehov ska inte mötas enbart utifrån ett medicinskt perspektiv utan också som individer med kropp, själ och ande - även i en hektisk akutsjukvårdsmiljö. / Background: Throughout the year people visit the emergency room because of health issues. Some people visit the emergency room more frequent than others. Frequent attenders stand for 10 % of the total visits to the emergency room. Internationally, emergency department staff tend to question these patients’ need of emergency care. Aim: the aim was to describe frequent attenders’ experiences of repeatedly returning to the emergency room and the causes of these unplanned returns. Method: systematic literature review was chosen as method, where a total of 15 articles were included in the results. This study emanated from the elementary concepts of Katie Eriksson’s theory of caritative caring: health, human being, nursing and suffering. Results: the key components were categorised into the following main themes; relationships, time and resources. The reasons for frequently visiting the emergency room were related to the outpatient clinic. There was also a fear of dying because the symptoms became too severe and patients couldn’t wait for an appointment at the outpatient clinic. For those who were diagnosed with a chronic disease the exacerbation was too difficult to manage at home which lead them to the emergency room. Conclusion: the experiences of being a frequent attender differed. Some were satisfied with the visit, whereas some had a negative experience shaped by disrespect, discrimination and powerlessness. Frequent attenders often show a complex of problems which are difficult to fit into the patient flow in the emergency room. Humans with a complex health and wellbeing need should not be met only from a medical perspective but also as individuals with body, mind and spirit - even in a hectic emergency care environment.

Background. Telephone advice increases the accessibility to health care and the streamlined work at primary health care centres. The goal of telephone advice nursing is to give the caller a correct advice, adapted to the caller’s situation, in order to reach correct care level. However, registered nurse’s telephone advice includes risks for misjudgement. Aim. The aim was to describe the view of registered nurse’s telephone advice at primary health care centres and call canters. The issues were if registered nurse perceived difficulties in their telephone advice and in that case, which the difficulties are. Method. A literature study was used, with systematic search in Cinahl and Pubmed, and also a manual search. In total 13 articles were included in this study. Content analysis was used. Results. Registered nurse’s had difficulties in telephone advice in following areas: computerized decision aids, non-visual communication, third-part communication, limited resources, the registered nurse's vulnerability, genus and ethnicity, and also ethical questions. Conclusion. Registered nurses perceive difficulties in telephone advice. Registered nurses should take part in the development of computerized decision support and receive continuous training in communication skills. Registered nurse’s telephone advice should be facilitated by the existence of an open climate at the workplace, to discuss and to reflect on difficulties in telephone advice.  Keywords. Perception, telenursing, telephone consultation, literature review. / Bakgrund. Telefonrådgivning ökar tillgängligheten till sjukvården och effektiviserar vårdcentralernas arbete. Målet med telefonrådgivning är att ge rådsökande rätt råd, anpassade efter dennes unika situation för att rådsökande ska nå rätt vårdnivå. Men sjuksköterskans telefonrådgivning innefattar risker för felbedömningar. Syfte. Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskan syn på sin telefonrådgivning vid vårdcentraler och sjukvårdsrådgivningar. Frågeställningar var om sjuksköterskan uppfattar svårigheter i sin telefonrådgivning och i så fall vilka svårigheterna var. Metod. En litteraturstudie med systematisk sökning i Cinahl och Pubmed samt manuell sökning. Sökningen resulterade i totalt 13 vetenskapliga artiklar, vilka analyserade enligt innehållsanalys. Resultat. Sjuksköterskans hade svårigheter i telefonrådgivning inom följande områden: datoriserat beslutstöd, icke-visuell kommunikation, uppgifter i andrahand, begränsade resurser, sjuksköterskans utsatthet, genus och etnicitet samt etiska frågor. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskans uppfattar svårigheter i telefonrådgivning. Sjuksköterskorna bör vara med att utveckla det datoriserade beslutstödet och få fortlöpande utbildning i kommunikationsfärdigheter. Sjuksköterskans telefonrådgivning bör underlättas av att det råder ett öppet klimat på arbetsplatsen för att diskutera och reflektera de svårigheter som finns med telefonrådgivning. Nyckelord. Svårigheter, sjuksköterskor, telefonrådgivning, litteraturstudie.

Exit is an inevitable part of any business relationship. However, despite its importance, exit in buyer–supplier relationships is still a poorly understood phenomenon. Building on previous studies, this thesis addressed these concerns by empirically: a) identifying the economic and social antecedents that influence the exit decision; and b) validating how the antecedents of exit are related with the choice of exit strategies. To achieve these objectives, first, a systematic literature review was conducted to identify 82 studies that documented existing research on exit in buyer–supplier relationships. Second, informed by Transaction Cost Economics and Social Exchange Theory, a set of 88 testable hypotheses was developed and a survey captured data from 505 recently terminated relationships involving UK based firms. Finally, for data analysis, statistical techniques were employed including: a) analysis of variance; b) independent sample t–tests; c) multiple logistic regression; and d) multi–nomial logistic regression. The empirical findings of this thesis validated that: a) there are 8 economic and 14 social antecedents that influence the exit decision; b) lending support to extant research on exit, 57 hypotheses were accepted; c) 12 multiple logit models confirmed the relationship between a set of antecedents and exit strategies; and d) 6 multinomial logit models validated the relationship between a set of antecedents and a choice of one exit strategy over another. The results suggest that the influence of antecedents on the choice of exit strategies was subject to how the antecedents were analysed. The contributions of this research to Supply Chain Management literature are that we know now: a) which economic and social antecedents influence the exit decision; b) how individual antecedents affect exit strategies; c) how antecedents combine to affect exit strategies; and d) how antecedents combine to affect the choice of one exit strategy over another. This work provides an exit management tool box comprising a combination of data collection instrument, empirically derived framework and models that enables the managers to timely review the strength and weaknesses of their business relationships and their management processes.

As of today, 1.1 billion people in the world lack access to electricity, while 2.9 billion rely on polluting fuels such as firewood, charcoal and kerosene for cooking. This is most prominent in Sub-Saharan Africa where two thirds of the population do not have access to electricity and modern cooking fuels. As electricity serves a prominent part of modern society, electrification is often referred to as a key enabler for socio-economic development. The United Nations have agreed on 17 Sustainable development Goals with the aim to stimulate action over the next fifteen years in areas of critical importance for ending poverty, protect the planet and ensure prosperity for all. According to the World Bank, energy is interconnected with 125 out of the total 169 sub-targets that are included in the Sustainable Development Goals. The goal of this thesis is to investigate the relation between access to electricity and relevant development indicators. By assessing previous research within the field of electrification and development, a number of key indicators have been selected for further analysis. A statistical analysis on the development of these indicators in the case study of Rwanda was performed and demonstrated that access to electricity services does have considerable impact on socio-economic development.

In primary school classrooms, teacher-student relations, student’s school engagement, achievement, and the frequency of teachers’ academic interactions are related to higher levels of student engagement. Since different strategies teachers use to initiate classroom interactions have different impacts on students’ engagement, the aim of this thesis is to explore how teacher-student classroom interactions in primary school influence their classroom engagement. A systematic literature review was conducted by using three databases. Eight studies that fit inclusion criteria were exerted and identified. The results show that teachers’ positive strategies (eg. emotional support, help, give instruction) in classroom interaction can significantly increase students’ behavior engagement, improve students’ social engagement and some of the strategies can also hinder students’ emotional engagement in classroom This thesis identifies actions teachers use to conduct classroom interaction and shows how these actions influence students’ behavioral, social, and emotional engagement in primary schools, which gives teachers an overview of the positive consequences of these interaction strategies in primary school classrooms. The suggestions for future research are, further studies can also include studies that perceived classroom interaction from teachers’ perspective and measured the influence of teachers’ negative interaction strategies (eg. criticism, punishment).

Bakgrund: Transpersoner är personer som har en könsidentitet som skiljer sig från det medfödda könet. De har hög sjukdomsprevalens inom flera områden och utsätts för stigma, diskriminering och våld inom och utanför vården. Stigma, diskriminering och våld är kopplade till en ökad risk för ohälsa och ett behov finns att ta del av transpersoners upplevelser, för att förbättra deras vård, hälsa och livskvalitet. Syfte: Att beskriva transpersoners erfarenheter och upplevelser inom olika vårdsammanhang. Metod: En litteraturstudie omfattande tretton artiklar. Sju teman har identifierats: undervisa vårdpersonal, erkännande av könsidentitet, nekad vård, grindvaktning, specifika vårdbehov relaterat till medfött kön, diskriminering och positiva erfarenheter. Resultat: Många negativa upplevelser har identifierats. Det var vanligt att transpersoner behövde undervisa personal och upplevelsen av diskriminering varierade mellan 23,6% - 66,8% i studierna. Resultaten visade på bristande respekt av transpersonernas namn och pronomen. Slutsats: Transpersoner har många negativa erfarenheter och har upplevt negativt bemötande från personal, vilka kan påverka deras hälsa negativt. / Background: Transgender people have a gender identity that differs from their innate sex. They have a high prevalence of disease in several areas and are subjected to stigma, discrimination and violence within and outside of health care. Stigma, discrimination and violence are linked to increased risks of illness. A need to take part in their experiences in order to improve health care and quality of life for transgender people therefore exists. Aim : To describe transgender people´s experiences of encounters with health care staff within various health care settings. Method: A litterature review based on thirteen studies were conducted. Seven themes were identified: educating health care staff, acknowledgement of gender identity, denial of care, gatekeeping, difficulties accessing care related to innate sex, discrimination and positive experiences. Results: A range of negative experiences are reported. The need to educate staff was frequent and experiences of discrimination ranged between 23,6% - 66,8% in the articles. A lack of respect regarding transgender people’s names and pronouns was found. Conclusion: Transgender people are subjected to a range of negative experiences within health care settings that may result in risks of illness.

The thesis presents a conceptual literature review of the subject of open access as it is reflected in literature relevant to digital library research. An approach to the grounded theory method specifically created for the purpose of performing a literature review is applied to 70 articles and conference proceedings found in the databases LISA and LISTA. Through the coding of the literature five categories that conceptually order the subject of open access emerged; Open Access, Authors, Scholarly Communication, Libraries and Librarians, and Developing and Transitional Countries. The conceptual relations of the categories are discussed in the presentation of the categories. The emerged theory is then validated through a review of earlier literature, which focused on literature reviews on open access. A model of the emerged theory with explanatory narratives are then presented in the concluding chapter.

Bakgrund: Inom palliativ omvårdnad förutsätts att patienten får behålla sin livskvalitet så långt det är möjligt. Sjuksköterskan har ett stort ansvar att ge en god personcentrerad palliativ omvårdnad. Syfte: Att belysa de faktorer som bidrar till en god palliativ omvårdnad utifrån sjuksköterskans perspektiv. Metod: En litteraturöversikt som grundas på 16 vetenskapliga artiklar med både kvalitativ och kvantitativ ansats. Resultat: De faktorer som bidrar till sjuksköterskans upplevelse av en god palliativ omvårdnad identifierades vara relationer, kommunikation, definition av den palliativa fasen samt teamarbete. Slutsats: Grunden för en god palliativ omvårdnad är ett gott samarbete mellan sjuksköterska, patient och anhöriga. Det är viktigt med ett fungerande teamarbete mellan olika professioner inom sjukvården samt att sjuksköterskor stöttar varandra i arbetet och att tid ges till reflektion. / Background: Within palliative care it is expected that the patient can keep the quality of life for as long as possible. It is the nurses´responsibility to give good person-centered palliative care. Aim: To illuminate the factors that contribute to good palliative care in the nurses´perspective. Method: A literature review was conducted of 16 scientific articles with both a qualitative and quantitative approach. Results: Factors that affect the nurses´ perspective of good palliative care are relationships, communication, how to define the palliative phase, and teamwork. Conclusion: The foundation of good palliative care is a cooperation between nurse, patient, and their family. A well-functioning teamwork between different professions is important within the healthcare and that nurses support each other in their work and that time is needed for reflection.

Challenges like adversity and traumatic experiences can be especially stressful for children since they may not have fully developed certain skills and are often dependent on the support and guidance of adults. The medium of play is a powerful tool and can be used to enhance children to meet challenges better. It is mostly their preferred medium of interaction and allows them to process experiences playfully.The aim of this systematic literature review was to examine existing play therapy interventions that promote intrinsic characteristics of resilience in children. A search for scholarly articles has been carried out in 7 databases, resulting in ten articles included in the analysis. Play therapy interventions explicitly targeting resilience could not be found, as well as play therapy interventions targeting problem-solving abilities and adaptability of children. Interventions that targeted intrinsic characteristics of resilience were Child-Centered-Play-Therapy, Sandplay therapy, and Theraplay. The play therapy interventions were mostly effective but varied in their effect sizes. Results indicate that children with disabilities need a more directed form of play therapy. The field of play therapy interventions supporting explicitly intrinsic characteristics of resilience is a multi-factorial, dynamic, and complex construct that stands in its beginnings of research. Limitations of the study and further research are discussed.

Background: Building software systems is an iterative and collaborative project, requiring developers not only to write code, but to maintain, expand, fix and enhance code already written. In order to do so, reading code is a central activity, and therefore it is important that code is written in a manner that makes it readable. Objectives: To map the state-of-the-art of software source code readability and find the definitions and methods to measure it, and provide an overview of the kinds of factors considered to impact software source code readability, and to compare this to practitioners' experiences of software source code readability. Methods: A systematic literature review of 76 studies in 72 papers from the last 40 years, explicitly concerning software source code readability, is compared with the results of five interviews with practitioners, of which three are case studies of commits explicitly targeting readability. Results: While individual factors' contribution towards readability is studied with some success, more general modelling studies often suffer from methodological problems, making them difficult to apply in practice or in studies of the correlation between software source code readability and other metrics. Conclusions: Key elements of the state-of-the-art have been implemented in practice, however, readability models are not used by the practitioners in this study. Several factors mentioned by practitioners are not considered by the studies included, and further qualitative study of software development practitioners may be needed.