I denna uppsats har vi undersökt två av Carl-Johan Vallgrens romaner, varav en är en genrelös sådan (med detta menar vi en roman som inte är förankrad i gängse normer vad gäller genrelitteratur) och den andra en kriminalroman. Romanerna i fråga är Den vidunderliga kärlekens historia (2002) och Skuggpojken (2013). Syftet med undersökningen är att titta på språkliga skillnader i dessa böcker. I teoriavsnittet presenteras de relevanta begrepp som kommer ligga som grund för uppsatsen. I efterföljande metodkapitel motiverar vi varför en metodkombination bestående av mätinstrumenten läsbarhetsindex och ordvariationsindex samt en metaforanalys valdes för att besvara våra frågeställningar. Metodkapitlet inrymmer dessutom en kortare författarpresentation. I resultatdelen konstaterar vi att det finns tydliga skillnader mellan de två böckerna: Den vidunderliga kärlekens historia visar högre abstraktionsgrad i metaforanalysen, högre värden i läsbarhetsindex samt ordvariationsindex i relation till Skuggpojken. Detta, menar vi, gör den förstnämnda till en språkligt svårtillgängligare text. I diskussionen resonerar vi kring resultaten, uppmanar till framtida forskning för att slutligen ge våra avslutande kommentarer.

The aim of this study was to examine the readability of news articles published in the Swedish national newspaper Dagens Nyheter during the years 1999 - 2013. Our hypothesis was that the written language in newspapers is simpler today than it was 15 years ago. To measure the possible change of the written language in a quantitative study we chose to use a method to calculate the readability of 30 news articles, two from each year. We could not see any development of the language level so we chose to do a complementary qualitative study of the layout and presentation of the news articles. This secondary study showed a significant change in how news is presented throughout the years. The articles from 2003 and forth were presented with more space and more pictures and photos than the articles in our sample published before 2003. We used different theories to support the cause of our study and to analyse and make conclusions from the results. We used the social responsibility theory to support our hypothesis and prove why this problem is relevant and worth studying. The other theories we used to analyse the articles and make conclusions to answer our questions were the framing theory and theories about informational texts, like news articles, and news values.

<p>När allt fler produkter blir bärbara, t ex handdatorer och mobiltelefoner, innebär det även att dessa har blivit mindre. Ytan där text och liknande presenteras blir då även den mer begränsad. Läsning kan ses som en komplex kognitiv process med många ingående delar, bland annat tolkning, förståelse och ögats fysiska funktion. Dessa ingående processer begränsas när ytan texten presenteras på är mycket liten. För att motverka detta har alternativa sätt att presentera text på tagits fram, så kallad dynamisk textpresentation. Ett försök har genomförts med presentationssättet "leading" för att få klarhet i hur textens svårighetsgrad, samt presentationsytans bredd påverkar läsarens förståelse och upplevda stress. Resultatet visar att signifikanta skillnader finns i förståelse och stress mellan svåra och lätta texter. Stressen verkar till synes följa nivån av förståelse på ett systematiskt sätt. Dessa skillnader och samband diskuteras utifrån de ingående kognitiva delar läsprocessen består av samt funktioner som parafoveal preview benefit och optokinetic nystagmus.</p>

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When translating from English into Swedish long sentences may be a problem. In this paper an academic text with long sentences and an abstract content is translated and adapted for a larger target reader group. The strategies used in this process of translation and adaptation to make the text more readable are analysed regarding changes in sentence structure, noun phrases and connectors. The terminology of Vinay and Darbelnet’s theoretical model for translation strategies is used to describe some of the changes found. Transposition, such as changes from nouns to verbs and modulation, such as changing from abstract to concrete are frequently used strategies in the process of making the translation adapted for new readers. Furthermore, long sentences have been broken into two or more shorter ones and in this process the importance of connectors has increased to keep the information together. To see the effects of the changes LIX and the ratio between number of nouns and verbs have been used. The LIX value decreased from 64 till 56 for the whole text and the noun verb ratio decreased in all the sentences analysed.

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The aim of the study is to ascertain what characterizes a book classified as easy reading, and how the selected books relate to factors that are regarded as facilitating reading. The study was conducted with the help of a text analysis considering both linguistic and narratological aspects. The material used is the four parts in the series Jakten på Jack, written by Martin Olczak and illustrated by Anna Sandler. The theories on which the study is based are LIX value, the classification levels of the publisher Nypon Förlag, and MTM’s different aspects of what makes books easily read. The result of the study shows that it is not possible to use a calculation of the LIX value to find out how well a book suits a reader at a particular level. Other aspects need to be considered, for example, those found in Nypon Förlag’s levels and via MTM’s website. The results show that tempo and cliffhangers are factors that make reading easier. The illustrations in the books prove to be significant too, since they can help to explain difficult words or events.

<p>The purpose of this essay was to do a research about if the language in Swedish role-playing books is used correctly and if the composition along with the possible language errors makes the books hard to understand.</p><p>This research was also about to find out why these problems occurs and if the authors are aware of them.</p><p>I choose books from two Swedish role-playing games, <em>Eon</em> and <em>Drakar och Demoner</em>. I read them trough, noted the mistakes made and put them together in a scoring table. I also did a LIX-test on the books and interviewed one of the authors.</p><p>The results shows that the books to <em>Eon</em> is harder to read than the books to <em>Drakar och Demoner</em> and this agrees with the vision the authors of the books claims to have.</p><p>The results also shows that it is not only the language mistakes and the composition that makes the books hard to read, but also the choice of difficult words and badly formulated rules.</p>

<p>Skrivning är en biomekaniskt invecklad process som kräver en viss nivå av såväl motorisksom kognitiv förmåga. Forskning om Alzheimers sjukdom tyder på att nedsättningar i flerakognitiva domäner förekommer innan den kliniska diagnosen ställs. Det finns även forskningsom tyder på att ett innehållsrikt skriftspråk i unga år minskar risken för demensutveckling påäldre dagar. För att studera om mått från texter kunde predicera demens på ett tidigt stadiumanalyserades 141 skriftliga bildbeskrivningar insamlade inom ramen för rutinmässigaminnesutredningar vid Karolinska universitetssjukhuset, Huddinge. Deltagarna delades in itre grupper utifrån diagnos (minnesutredning, lindrig kognitiv svikt och demens).Utgångspunkt för studien var de fyra textmåtten: idétäthet, verbtäthet, läsbarhetsindex (LIX)och T-enheter. Då texterna i de flesta fall var skrivna av personer med kognitiv nedsättninghar måtten varit tvungna att modifieras och särskilda instruktioner för bedömning av texternahar utformats. Resultaten tyder på att skriftliga bildbeskrivningar utförda av individer meddemens innehåller färre totalt antal ord än de skrivna av individer diagnostiserade medlindrig kognitiv svikt eller mindre svårigheter än så. De innehåller även färre propositioner,verb, långa ord, T-enheter, ord per T-enhet, har en kortare meningslängd samt har i snitt ettlägre LIX-värde. En logistisk regressionsanalys visade att demens (kontra minnesutredningarmed subjektiva besvär) predicerades signifikant (p < 0.01) av antalet verb samt av LIXvärdet.Totalt 85 % av fallen klassificerades korrekt.</p> / <p>Writing is a biomechanically complex process which demands a certain level of motor aswell as cognitive ability. Research concerning Alzheimer’s disease shows that impairmentsin multiple cognitive domains are notable before a clinical diagnosis can be made. There isalso research which indicates that written language ability in early life predicts the risk ofdementia in old age. The purpose of this study was to analyze whether measures derivedfrom narrative writing could predict dementia cross-sectionally. The material was 141 writtenpicture descriptions collected during routine investigations of cognitive disorders at theMemory Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm. The participants were classifiedinto three groups based on their diagnosis (subjective memory complaints, mild cognitiveimpairment and dementia). This study was based essentially on the four text measures: ideadensity, verb density, index of readability (LIX) and T-unit. As most of the texts were writtenby participants with some degree of cognitive decline the measures had to be modified tosome extent and detailed scoring protocols were worked out. The results indicate that writtenpicture descriptions made by individuals with dementia contained fewer words than thosewritten by individuals diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment or subjective cognitivecomplaints. They also contained fewer propositions, verbs, long words, T-units, words per Tunit,had a shorter mean sentence length and had a lower average LIX-value. A logisticregression analysis showed that cases of dementia, as opposed to subjective cognitivecomplaints, were significally predicted (p < 0.01) by the number of verbs and also by theLIX-value. Overall, 85 % of the cases were correctly classified.</p>