The main topic of the thesis is the analysis of the possibilities of linking building and economic software and software for technical drawing, in which BIM models are created, in order to achieve automatization of BIM model budgeting. The introductory, theoretical part defines the area of solved problematics in a broader background and the context of the problem. The overarching theme is BIM. Therefore, the basics and principles of this method, its fundamental aspects and current implementation within the Czech Republic are solved. The following chapters deal with standard budgeting procedures in the Czech construction market. The specifics of classical methods and their shortcomings in the context of contemporary construction are described. In the following part of the thesis the BIM budgeting concept, its vision and related aspects are discussed in more detail. The actual draft of the solution of interconnection of price systems and software, in which the BIM model is created, with orientation on valuation automation, is presented in the final, practical part of this thesis. Requirements for solution are defined and the procedure of its creation is described. Finally, the solution is tested and evaluated.

Present graphic requires a lot of optimizations of rendering techniques and mathematical calculations. It is caused by increased requirements of scene's visualization. One of scene's optimizing techniques is the Level of detail. This thesis is focused on methods used by LOD in OpenSceneGraph and OpenGL library. Next it will be described how to choose the right level of detail in a scene. Later it will be explained how to simplify 3D models. These techniques will be implemented in converting tool and demonstrating application. Methods for simplify 3D models will be tested for their speed and quality.

In dieser Arbeit wird ein applikationsunabhängiges Reduktionssystem entworfen, das selbstständig und effizient für die ihm übergebenen Modellteile in allen Betrachtersituationen aus einem möglichen Spektrum von geometrie- und bild-basierten Approximationsformen jeweils die geeignete Approximation generiert, deren Komplexität möglichst gering ist und bei deren Verwendung ein Szenenbild erzeugt werden kann, dessen Bildfehler die vom Nutzer vorgegebenen Schranken nicht überschreitet. Das System nutzt bild- und geometrie-basierte Approximationsformen für unterschiedliche Bereiche im Sichtvolumen des Betrachters. Nailboards sind die benutzten bild-basierten Approximationen. In dieser Arbeit werden neue Nailboardarten vorgestellt, die für die Approximation von semi-transparenten Objekten und von dynamisch beleuchteten Objekten effizient verwendet werden können. Die vorgestellten Erzeugungs- und Darstellungsmethoden nutzen die Fähigkeiten der aktuellen Hardware intensiv aus, um die Nailboards im Echtzeitkontext nutzbar zu machen. Texturierte, sichtabhängige geometrie-basierte Approximationen werden aus einem texturierten Viewdependent Progressive Mesh (VDPM) gewonnen. In dieser Arbeit wird eine effiziente Methode zur Erzeugung von VDPM vorgestellt, aus der Approximationen mit optimal angepassten Parameterkoordinaten gewonnen werden können, ohne dass ein der VDPM-Erzeugung nachgeschalteter Optimierungsschritt der Parameterkoordinaten aller im VDPM kodierten Approximationen notwendig ist. Die Erzeugung der notwendigen Texturen erfolgt unter Nutzung einer schnellen Parametrisierungsmethode und hardware-gestützter Methoden zur Erzeugung dicht gepackter Texturatlanten. Durch die Kombination von selektiven Zugriffsmethoden auf TFGR mit effizienten Randanpassungsmethoden, wird erstmals ein effizientes und qualitativ hochwertiges Multiresolution Rendering mittels TFGR ermöglicht. Aus dem TFGR werden texturierte sichtunabhängige Approximationen gewonnen. Zur echtzeitfähigen, vollautomatischen Erzeugung aller drei Approximationsformen wird in dieser Arbeit ein Reduktionssystem vorgeschlagen, das diese Approximationsformen verteilt generiert. Für eine effiziente Kommunikation innerhalb dieses Systems werden entsprechende Kompressions-, Caching- und State-Differencing-Mechanismen vorgeschlagen. Lastverteilungsmechanismen sichern eine effiziente Ausnutzung der zur Verfügung stehenden Ressourcen ab. / In this thesis, an application-independent system for the distributed generation of object approximations used for multi-resolution rendering is proposed. The system generates approximations of objects of a scene sent to him in an efficient and fully automatic manner. The system is able to generate different kinds of geometry-based and image-based object approximations. For each given objects of a scene it generates that kind of approximation that is suitable for the current view. That means that its complexity is minimal and that it causes an error in the image generated with this approximation that does not exceed a user-specified threshold. Nailboards are image-based approximations that approximate objects whose size is small compared to the whole scene. In this thesis new kinds of nailboards are presented which can be used efficiently for the approximation of semi-transparent objects and objects in scenes with a dynamic illumination. Capabilities of current graphics hardware are intensively used to generate and render all kinds of Nailboards in real-time. So-called textured view-dependent progressive meshes (VDPM) are used as view dependent geometry-bases approximations for objects whose size is large compared to the whole scene. In this thesis an efficient method for generating VDPM is presented. This method allows the extraction of approximations with optimally adapted texture coordinates without the necessity of an separate optimization step for the texture coordinates in the generation procedure. The textures necessary for the compensation of detail loss are generated using a fast parameterization method from Yoshizawa. The generation of texture atlases is done hardware-accelerated. Further on a hardware-accelerated method for hardware-accelerated multi-resolution rendering using multi chart geometry images (MCGIM) is presented. Out of the MCGIM view-independent geometry-based approximations are extracted. Finally a system for the distributed generation of object approximations is proposed. It generates all three kinds of approximations fully automatic and almost in real time. For an efficient communication within this system suitable compression, caching and state-differencing mechanisms are proposed. Load balancing mechanisms ensure efficient utilization of available resources.

I avhandlingen analyseras möjligheter och hinder för samnyttjande av mark utifrån en fallstudie av skyfallsanpassning i Malmö och Köpenhamn. Som bakgrund står de klimatutmaningar i form av ökad framtida nederbörd och risk för översvämningar som städerna ställs inför, tillsammans med en tilltagande konkurrens om marken från allt fler behov. Fallstudien jämför hur de båda städerna planerat för och tagit sig an skyfallsanpassningen av befintliga stadsmiljöer. Fallstudiens huvudsakliga intresse utgörs dock inte av skyfallsanpassning som sådan, utan denna nyttjas främst för att ta reda på kommunernas inställning till möjligheten att samnyttja mark, samt vilka reella svårigheter samnyttjandet medför. Analysen av fallstudien sker med hjälp av governance-teorier där ett flertal institutionella hinder belyses såväl på strukturell nivå som inom det praktiknära genomförandet. Jämförelsen mellan städerna gör det tydligt att de institutionella förutsättningarna för samnyttjande ser olika ut, men att olikheten också förstärks av kommunernas förmåga att nyttja styrmedel för att möjliggöra skyfallsanpassning genom samnyttjande av mark. Analysen använder även teorier om allmänningar och urbana allmänningar för att belysa institutionella strukturer för samnyttjande av mark utan äganderättsliga anspråk. Avhandlingen har resulterat i att kunna beskriva två olika former av samnyttjande i termer av urban allmänning. Den första formen beskriver allmänningen som ett objekt och belyser i synnerhet materiella och institutionella aspekter. I samband med att ett stort antal markområden inom såväl kvartersmark som allmän platsmark anpassas att avlasta det allmänna va-ledningsnätet vid skyfall, bildas ett nätverk som kan besk- 14 rivas som en urban allmänning. Denna form av urban allmänning utgör ett objekt som sammanfogas genom dess funktionella samband men bibehåller ett diversifierat ägande och förvaltning. Den andra formen beskriver den urbana allmänningen som en process där möjligheten till samnyttjande inom allmän platsmark föranleder inkluderande invånarmedverkan. Genom invånardeltagande och uppmuntran till initiativtagande i den egna stadsdelen tillför samnyttjandet sociala värden till stadsrummet i form av trivsel, trygghet, tillhörighet och andra uttryck för livskvalitet. Denna invånarmedverkan utgör tydliga uttryck för den urbana allmänningen som process samtidigt som själva objektet, stadsrummet, kan fortsätta att räknas som endera en offentlig resurs under kommunal förvaltning eller en gemensam resurs under privat förvaltning. Avhandlingens slutsatser beskriver samnyttjandets möjligheter som en till stora delar outforskad potential att finna synergier och funktionell integration mellan olika markanvändningar och funktioner i stadsrummet. Med ett resursbaserat synsätt ses samnyttjande av mark som ett verktyg att överbrygga fastighetsindelning och de planerade användningsgränserna utan att äventyra egendomsrätten eller planinstrumentets intentioner. Det resursbaserade synsättet ger också samnyttjande möjlighet att låta såväl allmän platsmark som kvartersmark bidra med kvaliteter till staden genom positiva externa effekter. Samnyttjandets huvudsakliga hinder utifrån fallstudierna beskrivs från ett kommunalt institutionellt perspektiv med de tre faktorerna: ett snävt sektorsperspektiv, en strikt uppdelning mellan offentlig och privat mark samt betydelsen av styrmedel. Slutsatsen är att det finns goda möjligheter att berika städernas stadsrum med fler och mer integrerade funktioner genom att utveckla samnyttjande av mark. Denna omställning ställer emellertid krav på ett förhållningssätt av tvärsektoriell samverkan och institutionell förändring. / Based on a case study, comparing the municipal storm water adaptation plans and its recent implementation in the twin cities of Malmö and Copenhagen, the dissertation analyse the possibilities and practical challenges of combined use of urban land. The continuing process of urban densification, where urban land is seen as a strictly limited and often contentious resource, accompanied by the challenge of climate change through an expected increase of precipitation and risk of urban flooding, provides the background for this study. The ultimate concern, however, is not on storm water adaptation as such, but on the opportunities and obstacles to combine different uses of land within the same area, and how local governments approach this issue. In the analysis, governance theories are used to elucidate obstacles to combined use of land on structural level as well as within its practical realisation. A comparison between the cities demonstrates that the institutional preconditions for combined land use differ, but also, that the difference is reinforced by the ability of the local governments to make use of public policy instruments in order to implement storm water adaptation through combined use of land. The analysis also draws upon commons theory and theories of urban commons. These fields of research have similarities with combined use of land regarding the need of institutional structures to govern land management without claiming ownership. Furthermore, the dissertation describes two forms of combined use of land in terms of urban commons. The first form views the urban commons as an object highlighting its material and institutional aspects. 16 Here, the urban commons forms a network of both public and private property, each one adapted to bring relief to the common sewage system, in order to avoid it from being flooded in case of cloudbursts. This form of urban commons constitutes an object where its parts are associated through its functional relatedness, but keeps its diverse ownership and management. The second form describes the urban commons as a process, where the opportunity to combine different land uses opens up for inclusive participation from the citizens. Through initiatives from citizens and encouragement from the municipality for citizens to participate in the planning of public space, social values are created and added to the local community. Values such as well-being, sense of security and belonging as well as other aspects of liveability. This citizen participation produces expressions of the urban commons as a process, while the object itself, the physical urban space, will continue to be regarded either as a municipally owned public resource, or as a common resource within private ownership. The opportunities of combined use of land is described in the dissertation as a largely uncharted potential to seek synergies and functional integration between land uses and functions in the urban space. Looking from a resource-based perspective, combined use of land is seen as a tool to bridge boundaries in the urban space. Both boundaries that are created through planning, and those created through division into property units, although, without challenging the rights of ownership nor the intentions of physical planning. Through the resource-based perspective, combined use of land is able to equip both public space and private property with opportunities to contribute with qualities to the city, that is, positive external effects. The main obstacles, as extracted from the case studies, are explained from a municipal institutional perspective and contains three main elements: a narrow sectional perspective, a strict division between public and private land, and the importance of public policy instruments. The dissertation concludes by indicating rich opportunities for both local governments and private property owners to develop urban space through developing combined use of land. This requires institutional 17 change towards collaboration and cooperation, not the least within the municipal organisation itself, where land can be considered the scarce resource it is, and therefore needs to be shared and used as beneficially as possible.

Som följd av den pågående urbaniseringen har de naturliga förutsättningarna för regn och smältvattnet att infiltrera i marken och återgå till sitt kretslopp på naturlig väg försvunnit i städerna. I Stockholm leds ungefär hälften av dagvattnet via VA-nätet direkt och orenat till reningsverken. Dagvattenflödet varierar kraftigt vilket orsakar toppar som överbelastar VAnätet  och är svåra för reningsverken att hantera. Istället för att ledas ut i VA-nätet ska dagvatten strävas efter att hanteras lokalt. Arbetet lägger fokus på dagvattenhanteringen för takparken på ett nybyggnadsprojekt i Stockholm, projektet PARK 1. Projektet ritas av White arkitekter och ska certifieras enligt BREEAM och där nå den högsta klassningen Outstanding. Hållbar användning av mark och vatten är därför en av de viktiga frågorna i detta projekt. Syftet med arbetet är att omarbeta ett gestaltningsförslag av PARK1´s takpark samt att presentera lösningar för dess dagvattenhantering. Detta utförs med hänsyn till framtida klimatförändringar och byggnadens vattenkretslopp samt samordning och tillgänglighet. Arbetet utförs främst genom litteraturstudier, men har också kompletterats genom samtal, diskussioner och studiebesök. AutoCAD, SketchUp och Photoshop används för att illustera den planerade parken samt dess växter, funktioner och konstruktionslösningar. Dimensioneringen av brunnar och stammar görs med hänsyn till 100-årsregn för att klara framtida klimatförändringar. Med hjälp av nederbördsstatistik beräknas sannolik nederbörd för parken, denna mängd motsvara det dagvatten som ska hanteras lokalt. Avrinningsytan går från att vara en parkeringsplats där allt dagvatten belastar VA-nätet till att bli en takpark där dagvattnet utnyttjas till bevattning och 25 procent av byggnadens WCspolning. Dagvattnet blir direkt på platsen omvandlat till spillvatten och som följd blir tillförseln till vatten- och avloppsnätet från byggnaden jämn och stabil och färskvattenförbrukningen sänks. / As a result of ongoing urbanization, natural conditions for rain and meltwater to infiltrate in the ground and regress to the natural water cycle have disappeared in cities. About half of the stormwater in Stockholm is transported through the municipal water sewerage system directly to sewage treatment works. The flow of stormwater varies vigorously, causing flow peaks that overburden the system and treatment works. The aim should be to handle and use the stormwater locally instead of releasing it to the system. The focus of this bachelor thesis is how stormwater from a soon to be built construction project in Stockholm can be handled. The project, PARK 1, is designed by the architectural  firm White Arkitekter and is set to be BREEAM certified and to reach the classification outstanding. Therefore, sustainable use of land and water resources is one of the key matters in the project. The purpose of the study is to rework a existing design proposal for the rooftop garden planed on PARK1 and present solutions for stormwater usage. Consideration must be taken to future climate changes, coordination among disciplines and accessibility. The work was conducted mainly through literature studies and complemented by discussions and site visits to reference projects. AutoCAD, SketchUp and Photoshop were used to illustrate plans and details of the park proposal with its plantations, activities and technical solutions. Estimations of the quantity of roof outlets and dimensions of vertical downpipes were made for 100-year rain conditions. Through quantitative analysis of precipitation statistics the expected precipitation were calculated. Which after runoff covers the irrigation needs of the  park and 25 percent of the water needed for flushing of the buildings WC:s. The runoff surface is altered from being a parking lot where all stormwater ends up in the municipal water sewerage, to a rooftop garden where all of the stormwater is handled locally. This allows stormwater to be transformed into wastewater on sight, thereby contributing to a steady flow in sewer pipes in addition to help lower the buildings fresh water consumption.

Med ett förändrat klimat förväntas nederbörd och kraftiga skyfall öka i framtiden. Detta i kombination med en ökad urbanisering och allt fler hårdgjorda ytor i städerna leder till att befintliga dagvattensystem kommer bli överbelastade. Nederbörden förväntas öka med 10-20 procent och avrinningen med 5-25 procent under det närmaste seklet. I många städer har de naturliga avrinningsområdena försvunnit i samband med urbaniseringen och bostäder byggs på olämpliga platser med stor översvämningsrisk. Behovet av en hållbar dagvattenhantering är betydande för att undvika negativa konsekvenser i städerna framöver. Den traditionella dagvattenhantering med rörsystem blir alltmer kritiserad för att vara ohållbar. I Malmö är dagvattenfrågan högst aktuell då staden nyligen blivit drabbad av översvämningar. Studiens fokus ligger på vilken syn större fastighetsägare och VA-huvudmannen har på dagvattenhantering i ett förändrat klimat. Studien är av både kvalitativ och kvantitativ karaktär och består av två intervjuer samt en kompletterande enkätundersökning. De slutsatser som framkommit av studien är följande: Det behövs ett ökat samarbete med skyfallsproblematiken i Malmö, förändring av lagstiftningen för tydligare ansvarsförhållanden, fastställa finansieringen av åtgärder, arbeta mer mot öppna lösningar och minska fokus på ledningsnätet, öka kunskapen hos stadsplanerare och fastighetsägare, lyfta dagvattenfrågan tidigt i planprocessen samt våga arbeta mot en långsiktigt hållbar stadsplanering som inte fokuserar på kortsiktiga vinstintressen. / As a result of the changing climate precipitation and intensified rainfalls is expected to increase. This combined with an increased urbanisation and more of hard surfaces in cities causes greater pressure on exsisting storm water systems. The precipitation over Sweden is expected to increase with 10-20 percent and the run-off with 5-25 percent over the next century. Due to the urbanisation the natural drainage areas have disappeared and areas with high flood risk have been exploitated. To avoid negative consequenses in the future, sustainable storm water management is needed. Conventional storm water systems is more and more criticized of being unsustainable. The storm water issue is a highly disscused topic in Malmö as the city flooded during 2014. The focus of the study is property owner and the public water suppliers view on storm water management in a changing climate. The study uses both quantitative and qualitative methods and consists of two interviews and a supplementary questionnaire. The study’s conclusions are as followed: the need for increased cooperation with torrential rain problems in Malmö, change in legislation in terms of clarify responsibilities, determine the financing of measures, work more towards open solutions and reduce the focus on pipe-based storm water system, increase knowledge among city planners and property owners, bring up the stormwater issue early in the planning process and a determenation to work towards long-term sustainable planning rather than focusing on short- term profits.

Reduction in dopamine receptor D2, has been associated with insufficient brain reward, food addiction, obesity, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Our aim was to assess whether the genetic variability responsible for this reduction is associated with poor dietary compliance and life style habits in T2D patients. Genetic-analysis was done for 109 T2D individuals who completed a 24-week randomized clinical trial and were assigned to follow either a low-GI or a high-fibre diet. Polymorphisms of TaqIA and C957T were compared with physical and biochemical measures. Regardless of dietary treatments, individuals with the C957T-T allele and the TaqIA-A2 allele were significantly associated with blood pressure reduction. Carriers of the T allele significantly lowered their body mass index (BMI) over the 24-week trial. Our findings suggest that the presence of the TaqIA-A2 allele is associated with a decrease in blood pressure. The C957T-T allele was associated with decrease in pressure and body weight.

Reduction in dopamine receptor D2, has been associated with insufficient brain reward, food addiction, obesity, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Our aim was to assess whether the genetic variability responsible for this reduction is associated with poor dietary compliance and life style habits in T2D patients. Genetic-analysis was done for 109 T2D individuals who completed a 24-week randomized clinical trial and were assigned to follow either a low-GI or a high-fibre diet. Polymorphisms of TaqIA and C957T were compared with physical and biochemical measures. Regardless of dietary treatments, individuals with the C957T-T allele and the TaqIA-A2 allele were significantly associated with blood pressure reduction. Carriers of the T allele significantly lowered their body mass index (BMI) over the 24-week trial. Our findings suggest that the presence of the TaqIA-A2 allele is associated with a decrease in blood pressure. The C957T-T allele was associated with decrease in pressure and body weight.

Study of biosensors has become an essential part of research in biotechnology. Biosensors as fast, portable, highly sensitive, and low-cost bioanalytical detection devices have been utilized in many fields of human activity. The first part of the presented work focuses on electrochemical biosensors for rapid environmental screening of herbicides as water pollutants. A sol-gel immobilization method for a photosystem II (PSII) complex is studied in order to enhance the sensitivity and the signal strength and stability of a PSII-based biosensor. Computer simulations of a PSII biosensor are employed with the aim to find out how the immobilization membrane properties influence the biosensor parameters. Newly developed immobilization by a thin-layer membrane based on the results of computer simulations and revised measurement protocols are presented. The second part of the work is devoted to synthesis and electrochemical detection of newly developed metal labels for electrochemical immunosensors. The synthesis of dendrimer-encapsulated silver nanoparticles and biorecognition properties of biotin-nanocomposite conjugates are discussed. For detection of synthesized labels, a microfluidic detector was manufactured and tested and different approaches to packing of a microfluidic chip employing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were investigated. Newly designed microstructures for a microfluidic separator of magnetic beads (MBs) were studied by computer simulations. The separator was made and trapping of MBs for the further employment in MBs-based immunoassays are presented

Magister Scientiae - MSc (Chemistry) / Pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known for their toxic effects which may lead to the cause of degenerative diseases in both humans and animals. PAHs are widespread in the environment, and may be found in water, food, automotive industry and petrochemical industries to name but a few sources. Literature reports have highlighted industrial workplace exposure to PAHs as a leading cause for development of cancer in workers. Particularly, workers in the petrochemical industry are adversely affected and the incidence of skin and lung cancer in this population group is high. The United States of America in its guidelines developed by environmental protection agency (EPA) has identified 18 PAHs as priority pollutants. Among these are anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene and pyrene which have been selected as the focal point of this study due to their significance in the petrochemical industry. Due to the carcinogenic and mutagenic properties reported in literature for certain PAHs, there have been monitoring procedures taken in most countries around the world. The commonly used analytical methods for the detection of PAHs from industrial samples are high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to fluorescence detection, membrane filtration, ozonation and reverse osmosis. Analysis of PAHs from the petrochemical industry is typically performed by HPLC method as well as sono-degredation in the presence of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide.